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Gregory VII and Henry IV
The conflict between Gregory VII and Henry IV occurred over disputes regarding the authority of each leader. Henry IV was appointing church leaders (investiture), and church leaders kidnapped Henry and assumed the role of regent until Henry became of age to take the throne. Henry, as ruler, appointed an archbishop for Milan. In fact, although Henry came of age in 1065, he had to force the church regents to allow him to ascend the throne. Meanwhile, the Pope wanted someone else to be Archbishop of Milan. Both leaders were looking to extend their authority over the other man's turf.
This turf war went on for some years, and in 1076, Pope Gregory declared that Henry IV was deposed, or no longer on the throne. In addition he excommunicated him, kicking him out of the Roman Catholic Church. This struggle then spread to the nobility of Germay, who sided with Pope Gregory and declared that Henry IV could not continue to rule unless he was reinstated into the Church. They planned to convene a meeting to determine Henry IV's future as monarch, and gave the chairmanship to Pope Gregory. Henry IV went to the Pope and gained absolution from the Pope.
Unfortunately, Henry had misread his nobles. They wanted him out, and declared one of their own, Rudolf, the "antiking," which began a civil war. By 1080, Pope Gregory had again excommunicated Henry IV. Henry retaliated by forming a coalition of German and Italian bishops, who declared Gregory VII deposed as bishop. They placed Clement III as the "antipope." In that year Rudolf. His supporters attempted to appoint a successor, but backed by Normans, Henry prevailed. He took the war to Rome and by 1088 had consolidated his hold on the German throne. However, he continued to support Clement III as pope, which displeased the German nobles. These events helped define relationships between the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church and the rulers of Catholic countries.
Bibliography
Investiture." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2004: Columbia University Press.
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