9. The conflict between Gregory VII and Henry IV is referred to as the Investiture Controversy. The 11th century dispute between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor was centered on who would have the right to appoint church officials i.e. investiture. The stake of this conflict was of course, money in the form of simony i.e. The sale of Church offices, as well as the amount of money that was associated with a high rank within the church. Moreover, secular rulers were interested in appointing a loyal bishop or abbot because the latter were part of the secular governments. The consequences were disastrous for Germany which was dragged into a civil war that lasted almost half a century. The triumph belonged to the great dukes and abbots and was followed by the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire. Furthermore, a consensus was reached in the sense that investiture was eliminated, and the process of appointing church officials was influenced by secular leaders.
10. The rebellion of 1215 was generated by the barons' displease with the measures adopted by King John of England. After being crowned, King John became increasingly less popular both with the commoners and the barons because of a series of military defeats which brought about a huge tax increase needed in order for England to reclaim Normandy. The purpose of the rebellion was to find a way to limit the monarch's rights and attributions. The Magna Carta issued in 1215 is considered a cornerstone of modern English law because it incorporated several clauses...
Furthermore, it contributed to the development of the constitutional law in its present form.
References
Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. The Investiture Controversy. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988: 106-134.
Erman, Adolf. A Handbook of Egyptian Religion. Trans a.S. Griffith. London: Archibald Constable, 1907: 5-38.
Hansen, Mogens Herman. "City States in World History" in Polis. Oxford University Press, 2006: 4-28.
Jacobs, Louis. "Introduction" in the Jewish Religion: A Companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995: 3-9.
Lewis, Bernard. "Islam and Europe" in Islam and the West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994: 3-42.
Kreis, Steven. "A brief social history of the Roman Empire." 2001. The History Guide. http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture13b.html
Chronology of the Roman Empire." Islam. Religion Cults. http://eawc.evansville.edu/chronology/ropage.htm
Pillars of Islam http://www.religion-cults.com/Islam/islam3.html
Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures http://inst.santafe.cc.fl.us/~ebonahue/MinoanMycenaean.htm
Turner, Ralph V. "The Meaning of Magna Carta since 1215" History Today 53 (September 2003)
Hanko, Herman C. "Innocent III and Papal Hierarchy. http://www.rsglh.org/innocent_iii_and_papal_hierarchy2.htm
