¶ … Migrant Health Problem Presently, access to social and health services for most migrants is determined by their legal status. Undocumented migrants have least possible access to health services. Legal status is one of the preconditions for ability involved in receiving adequate care. Further, the availability, acceptability, quality and accessibility of such services is dependent on different influences such as cultural, social, linguistic, structural, gender, geographical and financial factors. From this, different knowledge and beliefs about ill health and healthy status deter migrants from engaging national health services.

Health literacy within such awareness senses entitlements individuals to availability and care services that pose barriers to using similar services (Becker, 2003). The situation also shows dependence on various migrants irrespective of the existing legal or socio-economic statuses. The nature of mobility makes it difficult to establish the available providers of health care service. Temporary and seasonal workers prefer delaying care until there is an achievement of the respective places of origin (Okie, 2007). Working hours of migrants allow for distanced inclusion of the workplaces without allowing them get sufficient care in times of open public health services.

Therefore, mobility takes long-term care and follow-up treatment as with cases of tuberculosis as directly observed treatment difficult. The implications of lacking access to care and traveling causes migrants to face an inability to complete the treatment determine tuberculosis dynamics (Huang, Yu, & Ledsky, 2006). This has led to the development of TB multi-resistant drugs. Ethnic and cultural sexual and reproductive health practices, as well as behavioral norms, are among the critical concerns of migrant groups including the use of contraception and female genital mutilation. The practices conflict or challenge with beliefs of host communities. Management and recognition of sexual and reproductive health issues call for cultural competence among health care providers. The cultural competence is not a part of the existing medical education programs in most parts of the world.

Migrant peoples face high vulnerability in terms of health care and ways in which such presence continues to manifest further challenges in the healthcare system (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2013b). In turn, nations are better placed in spite of the existing dynamics of immigrants. There is the confluence of circumstances and events that present plenty of challenges for healthcare systems and national elements at large.

The fundamental principles influence of public health approaches informs the development of various migrant priorities. The primary public health goal includes avoiding disparities in access to health services and health status between the host population and migrants. Further, the principle is closely associated with ensuring that health rights of migrants are implemented. The concept entails having to limit stigmatization or discrimination as well as the removal of impediments to curative and preventive access interventions among migrants (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2013a). The elements define the primary health entitlements in host populations. The alternative principles are linked to migrations for which disasters and conflicts are put in place to achieve life-saving interventions and reduce excess morbidity and mortality. The law includes minimizing adverse impacts of migration processes for the migrants' health outcomes. In such case, the principles are taken on based on policy frameworks and defining public health strategies among migrants.

Many migrant people in foreign countries lack substantial legal status. Such individuals are involved in various aspects of poor living, which is the sole migrant source (Carrasquillo, Carrasquillo, & Shea, 2000). This means that the people are in the region without permission and consent of the host country's Government. It makes the conditions of getting employment and healthcare quite difficult. Many undocumented migrants are a bother to the host country and many people involved below the poverty lines. The less educated and lacking healthcare insurance face serious burdens from health care system where costs cannot cover and absorb or shift into categories that pay for health care (Huang, Yu, & Ledsky, 2006).

Health information regarding migrants' health and access to health services is always scarce. The existing health information systems are involved in disaggregating data in ways that permit the analysis of such major health issues found among migrants and direct migration. The comparative epidemiological studies and surveys show that such frequencies of adverse health outcomes for migrants are higher as compared to those seen by host populations (Becker, 2003). Qualitative studies focus on the attention graduating along the lines of different health perceptions and health-seeking behavior approaches. This indicates that qualitative studies complement the quantitative studies despite the limitations in existing relevant data.

The legal immigrants in the country have similar socioeconomic situations to minorities living in poverty in host countries. The people in such case forgo preventative and proactive...

Additionally, there are critical challenges in securing equitable access to health services among migrants. Ensuring improved access takes different approaches with relevance to organizations financing the each health systems (Okie, 2007). The goal of the process involves advancing financial protection mechanisms and preventing excessive expenditures that exist among economically vulnerable groups. The consideration is given to the provision of sustained health insurance among different countries of return or origin, destination and transit, especially for irregular migrants and temporary migrants (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2013a). Such environments insist on having legal status and prevent access to health services. Some countries have a rapid influx of performance migrants in short time periods constituting particular challenges in national health systems.
There are various strategies to improve the health of migrants. First, it is important to develop mechanisms of policy and advocacy. The promotion of health policies that are migrant-sensitive will allow for adherence to public health approach principles. This broadens the health elements of migrants while advocating health rights of migrants and promoting equitable health protection access as well as care for migrants. The development of mechanisms in health care enhances social protection in safety for migrants and raising awareness in the promotion of international cooperation (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2013b). The efforts revolve around migrants' health across countries of destination and transit, return or origin.

The involvement of all stakeholders promotes cooperation in developing health policies for local and central governments as well as among civil society representatives. Top leadership can lead in encouraging collaboration between health and foreign affairs among other concerned care ministries in countries involved (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2013a). It is possible to strengthen interagency, international and interregional cooperation for migrants' health while emphasizing on developing partnerships with alternative organizations such as International Organization for Migration and UNHCR.

The other strategy includes assessment, information dissemination and research (Carrasquillo, Carrasquillo, & Shea, 2000). Assessment of migrants' health and trends of migrants' health allows for identification and filling of gaps in service delivery. This is aimed at meeting migrants' health needs while disaggregating all forms of health information by gender, origin and age and by migratory and socioeconomic status. The promotion of health and migration knowledge production like qualitative and quantitative studies triggers the documentation and dissemination of best lessons and practices. These are essential in addressing health needs of migrants in origin or return countries (Huang, Yu, & Ledsky, 2006). Dissemination of good practices improves along the migrant-friendly health care practices to various regions of the world.

The alternative to the above approach is broadening capacity building. Training and sensitizing the relevant health stakeholders and policy-makers taking part with the health of migrants in transit and destination countries promotes increased religious, linguistic, and cultural and gender sensitivity. This is associated with the health of migrants for the health service providers as well as training health professionals that address various health aspects such as population movements (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2013b). The creation of networks of collaborating centers and academic institutions as well as other partners further research to the health of migrants and enhancement of capacity in technical cooperation. The training of health professionals defines the diseases as well as pathologies prevailing in the origin or return countries.

Conversely, the diseases are held at high prevalence for destination countries and other migrants that are changed and taken back to the origin or return countries. For example, the immunization coverage remains low within the origin or returns the country, and original population risks are carried onto destination countries (Carrasquillo, Carrasquillo, & Shea, 2000). This is until the coverage of such migrants reaches similar levels of host populations. The prevalence of the communicable diseases and other neglected diseases continues to where there is increased the likelihood of migrants to be affected by conditions and transport across the borders (Becker, 2003). The evidence, in this case, allows for non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, cancer and diabetes with an increased burden for migrant populations. This is imposed on considerable demands on health systems in destination countries. The comprehensive immigration reforms are enacted and traversed through peoples in different borders addressing the problems of performance (Okie, 2007).

In conclusion, one of the critical health dimensions includes health risks that migrants engage in addressing public health implications. Most migrants travel accompanied by respective epidemiologic profiles, the level of exposure to various infectious agents as well as the lifestyle-related risk factors.…