¶ … history of the WWW, HTML and the architecture used to develop the World Wide Web. The study traces the history of the WWW to Berners-Lee who develops the first web page in 1990. However, before 1993, the WWW was only being used by the government and top research organizations; it was in 1993 that the Web was allowed for a public use. The study also identifies the HTML, XML Standards URI, and Protocols as the basic architecture to design the Web technology. The HTML consists of the structural open and close tags used to display information over the Web. The paper provides the annotated bibliography of three research articles that reveal the history of World Wide Web and basic architectures to design the WWW. Introduction

The WWW (World Wide Web) was designed to share information interactively through which organizations and individuals can communicate with one another using machine. Since the inception of WWW in 1989, the WWW has revolutionized the communication and computer world. In essence, the internet has become a mechanism for dissemination of information, broadcasting and medium of interaction and communication between computers and individuals without a regard for a geographical location. Typically, the internet represents the benefits of investing in R & D (Research and Investment). However, the HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is an official language of the WWW that is first conceived in 1990. The HTML is used to define the layout and structure of a Web page, special function of the page and the way the pages looks using the tags and attributes. However, both the WWW and HTML requires protocols and architectures to function efficiently. (Maged, Kamel & Steve,2007).

Objective of this paper is to explore the history of World Wide Web, and HTML. The paper also provides the protocols, architectures and Web information systems. The annotated biography of three articles is provided in the last section.

History of WWW and HTML

Vannevar Bush was the first pioneer of hypertext in 1945, which laid a foundation for Tim Berners-Leen to invent the HTML and WWW in 1990. (Berners-Lee, 994). Typically, HTML and WWW was the product of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), a technical and complex markup language used for document management, electronic exchange and document publishing. Thus, the HTML was created to assist people who do not specialize in SGML to exchange and publish technical and scientific documents. In essence, Tim Berners-Lee was the primary developer of the HTML and in 1992, Tim Berners-Lee developed a true browser, which was implemented in Objective and ran on NeXt workstation that assisted developers to create, edit and view web documents. However, the first HTML was created and formally published in 1993. (Aghaei, Nematbakhsh, Farsani,2012).

The history of the WWW also formally started from Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 who published a summary of WWW. By August 6, 1991, the web was publicly available; however, several news media reported that the Tim Berners-Lee published the first photo on the web in 1992. Before 1993, the World Wide Web was not available to the public. However, on April 30, 1993, the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) announced that the WWW would be available free to the public. MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in collaboration with LCS (Laboratory for Computer Science also pioneered the internet development in October 1994. However, many websites were relative small at the end of 1994. Towards the end of 1990s, the internet technology had been available for individuals and organizations in the United States and outside the United States. (Christian, Tom, & Tim, 2009).

However, the World Wide Web and the HTML requires some basic architecture for their designs and implementations.

Architecture for the Design of the WWW and HTML

The web architecture includes the XML (HTML), HTTP, and Standards URI, Protocols. Web information system is a system that uses the internet technologies to provide services and information to users using the application software to maintain and publish data across the web using the hypertext-based protocols. The common form of URI (uniform resource identifier) is the URL (uniform resource locator) which is informally being referred as web address. Typically, the URI consists of a short string used to identify resources over the World Wide Web. In other words, the URI is the method of identifying a point of content in a web page that include electronic mailboxes, sound clip, downloadable files, video documents, and images. Typically, the most common form of URI within a web page is URL that describes mechanisms to access resources on the system....

For example, the URI identifies how a file cab be accessed with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and Web protocol application.
The HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is also part of the architecture to design the World Wide Web. HTTP is a set of rules used to transfer files that include graphic, text, image, video, sound as well as other multimedia files across the World Wide Web. Typically, the HTTP runs over the IP/TCP protocols; and HTTP allows users to specify preferences in term of data format and language. In other words, the HTTP is an application protocol that is used to collaborate, distribute, hypermedia and distribute data within the information systems. The HTTP also describes how messages are transmitted and formatted and shows the action that web browsers should be taken in response to these commands.

Protocols XML (HTM)

The HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a web core language that is used to create web pages applications and document. Typically, the HTML elements consist of start tag and end tags. It can also consist of opening tags and closing tags. Although, the web browser does not display tags when displaying information over the webs, however, the HTML can assist in creating a structured document using the structural semantics that include headings, lists, paragraph, quotes, links and other items. In essence, the WWW composes of the HTML that is used to transmit document from the web servers cross the web browsers using the HTTP protocols. (Christian, Tom, & Tim, 2009).

The XML (Extensible Markup Language) (XML) is another web architecture used to define set of rules for encoding document in machine readable and human readable format. The XML design goals are to enhance usability and generability across the internet. By 2009, the developers have formatted hundreds of document using then XML syntax. For example, the SOAP, RSS, Atom and XHTML use the XML syntaxes to develop web pages. Moreover, the XML format has become a default application for many office tools that include Microsoft Office, LibreOffice and OpenOffice.org.

Conclusion

The WWW has become the world's largest network system and distributed application. The study traces the history of the WWW to Berners-Lee who is the first pioneer of WWW. The study also discusses the basic architecture used to design Web that includes the HTML, XML, HTTP and URI. Since the inception of the Webs in early 1990s, the Web technology has transformed from Web 1.0 generation to the Web 4.0 generation. The study also discusses the annotated biography of three articles that discuses the history of WWW and its architecture.

Annotated Reference

This section provides the annotated reference of research articles that discusses the history, and architecture of the World Wide Web.

Aghaei, S. Nematbakhsh, M.A. Farsani, H.K. (2012). Evolution of the World Wide Web: From Web 1.0 to Web 4.0. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology.3(1).

Aghaei, Nematbakhsh, Farsani, (2012) in their article identify the WWW as the largest network information systems that man has ever invented. The authors explore the evolution of the web-starting web 1.0 to web 4.0 and traced the history of the World Wide Web to Tim Burners-Lee who was the first pioneer of the WWW in 1989. Since its invention, a significant progress has been made to the web technology within the past two decades where the Web was upgraded from Web 1.0 to Web 4.0. The Web 1.0 was the Web first generation that could be considered as the read only web. However, Aghaei (2012) maintains that Web 1.0 has limited use for businesses and individuals because it delivers limited content contributions or interactions where users can search for limited information. Aghaei, et al. (2012) also maintains that the Web 2.0 technologies assist users to manage and assemble large global crowds similar to social interactions. However, the "Web 3.0 or semantic web desires to decrease human's tasks and decisions and leave them to machines by providing machine-readable contents on the web" (Aghaei et al. 2012 p1). The Web.3.0 allows human -- machine co-operations which assists in 'organizing a large number of the social web communities." (Aghaei et al. (2012) p 1). According to Aghaei et al. (2012), Web 4.0 is a symbolic web that allows the execution of intelligence interaction. However, the authors point out that Web 4.0 is still inconclusive and undergoing some progress. The dream behind the symbolic Web 4.0 is that it will assist in building a powerful interaction between human and machine. With Web 4.0, the machine will be very clever in reading web contents, which will assist in developing powerful websites that deliver…