Northern opposition and leadership during the American Civil War

Copperheads

At the outbreak of the Civil War, political divisions in the north became evident. Not all Northerners supported Republican President Lincoln's war. The greatest antiwar contingency was in the Democratic Party, naturally, given that it was the Southern Democrats that fought most vehemently for the preservation of Southern culture and for slavery. Northern democrats sympathetic to the Southern cause protested the war and called themselves "Peace Democrats." Peace Democrats became known also as Copperheads.

George McClellan

George McClellan was the Northern Democratic party candidate in the 1864 election. McClellan was chosen under the assumption that he would champion the Copperhead cause. The Democrats wanted to nominate a candidate who would oppose Lincoln vigorously by calling for an immediate end to the war. However, McClellan was not as radical a Peace Democrat as many in his party would have hoped and he went on to lose that election to the incumbent.

Jefferson Davis

A "moderate secessionist before the war," Jefferson Davis became the first and only President of the Confederacy (Brinkley 346). Davis's mandate in the South was weakened by the rabid states' rights political philosophy that reigned there. Southern fear of a federal government, even a Confederate one, rendered Davis practically -- but not thoroughly -- impotent during the Civil War.

4. Robert E. Lee

In 1862, President Davis appointed Robert E. Lee as his principle military advisor. Lee would go on to become the commanding General of the Confederate forces and remains one of the most famous Confederate heroes. Ironically, Lee "opposed secession and was ambivalent about slavery," (Brinkley 352). He nevertheless earned the South some key military victories.

7. McClellan's Peninsular Campaign

As Commander of the Army of the Potomac, McClellan set out to capture Richmond, Virginia. The capture involved an unconventional and complex water-borne approach in which McClellan's troops sailed down the Potomac. The event was known as the Peninsular Campaign.

8. Emancipation Proclamation

President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. The proclamation declared all slaves in the Confederate states to be forever free. Oddly, the Emancipation Proclamation did not declare slaves to be free in slave-holding Union states or within Confederate states that had already been seized by the Union army.

9. Battle of Vicksburg

In 1863, Grant attacked Vicksburg, a town in one of the last Mississippi River regions to still be controlled by Confederate forces. The town seemed well protected but Grant surrounded it and from all sides and then attacked from the South. Vicksburg was cut off and Union forces won the battle.

10. Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg was a major, if not the greatest, turning points in the Civil War.

1. What events led to the outbreak of the Civil War? Your answer MUST address SPECIFIC EVENTS (Political, social, economic, etc.)

Slavery was one, but not the only, cause of the Civil War. In fact, the institution of slavery represents a combination of social, political, and economic forces at play throughout the United States. For one, Westward expansion and the principle of Manifest Destiny gave rise to the important issue of whether to allow slavery in new territories or to leave the question of slavery up to the residents in the new territory or state. The Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision, the formation of the new Republican party and the election of Lincoln, the Nat Turner rebellion, the introduction of Uncle Tom's Cabin into popular culture, and especially Westward expansion were among the most important events that led up to the outbreak of the Civil War.

The Compromise of 1850 was disastrous in that it accomplished nothing to promote human rights and civil liberties. California was admitted to the union as a free state. In exchange, other new lands gained in the Mexican War had no restrictions on whether slavery was or was not permitted. The slave trade was being phased out, but the practice slavery itself was preserved in the District of Columbia. The fugitive slave laws were enhanced too. So disastrous was the Compromise of 1850 that northerners did not take the Fugitive Slave Law seriously and did not enforce it. Another disastrous piece of legislation that preceded the Civil War, and helped spark it, was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The Act overturned the Missouri Compromise and divided Kansas and Missouri into two states: one slave and one free. As Brinkley states, "No other piece of legislation in American history produced so many immediate, sweeping, and ominous political consequences," (327). Significant regarding the build-up to the Civil war, the Kansas-Nebraska Act caused the creation of the new Republican Party. Also, the Kansas-Nebraska Act led to the "bleeding Kansas" episode during which abolitionist and pro-enslavement advocates battled in pre-Civil War skirmishes.

Both the Nat Turner Rebellion and the popularity of Uncle Tom's Cabin represented the darker sides of slavery and promoted the politics of liberation. However, no other event in American history illustrates so well the way racism has permeated American politics as the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision. The Supreme Court took a strong racist stance that bolstered the pro-slavery cause immediately prior to the Civil War. Clearly, the nation was divided. On the one hand, decisions like Dred Scott showed that racist Americans served in positions of power at the federal level and could forever impact the quality of the country. On the other hand, abolitionists saw the necessity for a swift end to slavery in order to preserve the Constitutional rights and ideals upon which the nation was founded. The southerners could not foresee a means to have a viable economy without free and forced labor; the northerners did.

Even Democrats were divided, leading to the eventual election of the Republican candidate for President in 1860. Lincoln, who was "not an abolitionist" but who also believed that "slavery was morally wrong" steered the United States in a direction different from what most Southern whites wanted (Brinkley 332). After Lincoln was elected, the Southern states viewed the federal government as being illegitimate and decided one by one to cede from the union. The differences between slave-owning and free states were too great to overcome at the time. The economy and lifestyle of the south depended on slavery, whereas the Northern point-of-view favored sanity and genuine freedom.