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Additionally, subjects were asked whether or not the test stimuli and the study stimuli were the same or different in location, which tested their spatial memory organization. Interference and non-interference tasks were combined with the memory tasks. The study showed that while memory for temporal information was impaired by some interference tasks, the spatial organization task was not. The conclusion of the data supported the idea that temporal and spatial memory organization are different, in that each task is made more difficult through the use of different interference. This data suggests that the memory organizational structures are different (Halbig, 1998).
Another study by Smith (2001) showed similar results, using brain imaging information. In this study, subjects were asked to perform a memory tasks while simultaneously verifying equations. While the subjects performed the tasks, positron emission tomography scans were taken. When the two tasks were done simultaneously, the researchers found that some subjects were impaired, in that they were unable to correctly complete both tasks. The brain activation scans were examined in these subjects, and showed results similar to those found by other researchers. Regions in the prefrontal cortex were active in the dual-task procedures, but were not active during the single tasks. In subjects who showed ability to do both tasks, there were no prefrontal regions active during the dual task. Again, these results imply that, in some cases and in some patients, memory organization skills differ...
This implies that each task uses different areas in the brain, resulting in possible dissociation (Smith, 2001).
While more research in this area needs to be done, it is clear that, at least in some cases, brain functions in memory organization use different areas of the brain, and a combination of more than one type of task may result in an ability to complete either task. The result, in some cases, can be dissociation or double dissociation, in which one or more of the activities operate completely independent of one another. The importance of this information could be far reaching, in that as researchers know more of how the non-injured brain organizes memory information, there are potentials to apply that information to injured patients to enable them to better organize memory information.
References
Westen, D. (2002). Psychology. Boston, M.A.: Boston University.
Wilson, B.A., Clare, L., Young, A.W., Hodges, J.R. (1997). Knowing where and knowing what: a double dissociation. Cortex, 33, 529-541.
Halbig, T., Mecklinger, A. Schriefers, H.J. And Friederici, A.D. (1998). Double dissociation in the processing of temporal and spatial information in working memory of intact human subjects. Neuropsychologia, 36 (4), 305-312.
Smith, E.E., Jonides, G.A., Miller, A. Reuter-lorenz, P., Koeppe, R.A. (2001). The neural basis of task switching in working memory: effects of performance and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 2095-2100.
Human Memory If a person behaves in a confused or agitated way, I would begin to suspect that all is not well. Drowsiness, abnormal eye movements, and a staggering gait are also symptoms that, together with the undesirable emotional and cognitive states, are symptoms that generally appear for Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (Heath Grades Inc., 2011). The idea of "activation" concerns the frequency of memory use. The more a memory is used, the more
Human Memory Psychology This literature review upon human memory will cover a fairly wide spectrum of ideas regarding the subject. While there will be a number of connections among the divisions or categories of this literature review, there will certainly be several distinctions or differences among them. The psychological research a part of the review will span, roughly, the duration of the 21st century thus far, with a few sources of
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