Human Behavior Essays (Examples)

Human ehavior in Organizations

Understanding human behavior is critical in organizations

The existence of an organization does depend on the employees; therefore, it is important to understand human behavior. Understanding human behavior will make it easy to work in an organization composed of employees with different personality, attitudes, values, perception, motives, and abilities. Managers should understand behavior because they work with people; interact with them in terms of communication, and in terms of work. Managers should understand the likelihood of individual differences arising among the employees. When a manager notes a difference, the next thing to do is learning the source of the difference. y so doing, the manager will leverage the difference effectively because the complexity is understood; therefore, managers may understand why people behave differently. This case is evident in organizations with a diverse workforce; therefore, managers should recognize the cultural differences that may exist (rett, ehfar and…

Bibliography

Brett, J., Behfar, K., Kern, C.M., (2006). Managing Multicultural Teams, Harvard Business

Review: Harvard University Press

Fernandez, P.J. (1981). Prejudice in organizations. Racism and Sexism in Corporate Life, Lexington, Mass: DC. Health

Case Study

Modified Gestalt theory would support the idea that Chris has a strong genetic predisposition for developing schizophrenia, given his brother's illness. He was raised in an unstable home environment, because of his father's alcoholism that may have exacerbated the young Chris' sense of constant stress and his difficulty to perceive the world in a hostile, non-threatening fashion. Chris is rational at times, other times he is paranoid, and goes through various degrees of awareness about his state of rationality (hence the usefulness of the Gestalt stress on the 'present point in time' to describe sanity). A resumption of medication may be necessary, although this may not be necessary for throughout the duration of Chris' life.

Chris has been disturbed by a shift in the relationship of his marriage. His wife wishes to have another child and he has just unexpectedly re-encountered a threatening individual from his past. Psychotic…

Works Cited

Latner, Joel. (1992). "The Theory of Gestalt Therapy." From Gestalt Therapy

Perspectives and Applications. Cleveland: Gestalt Institute of Cleveland (GIC) Press. Nevis, Edwin C. Ed. Retrieved 14 May 2007 at  http://www.aagt.org/html/character__psychopathology__an.html

Human Behavior, Physiology and Freedom

What determines exactly where human behavior comes from? Who is the ultimate authority that in effect, evaluates the appropriateness of such behavior? What is freedom and to what extent does behavior influence freedom? What physiological and environmental factors contribute to the assessment of such factors? Is cultural design and the control of freedom and behavior the answer to solving behavioral issues?

The answers to these questions are complicated and involved. Human behavior is the result of many complex biological and physiological processes, including cell growth, adequate nutrition and hormone presence in the body. Does it seem interesting that males and females often are cited as communicating differently? This is in part the result of the prevalence of different hormones in the genetic make up of males and females. Scientifically, it has been proven that a deficiency of nutrients and/or certain proteins in the body can…

The roles that males and females may also vary -- although a woman biologically gives birth to a child, a man may assume more or less care for the child, depending upon the situation of a couple. A man who loses his job and has a wife who must support the family temporarily may care for his child, even though a biological explanation for human behavior might theorize that a man has less of a hormonal attachment to the child, and the species would benefit if males generated more children with a wider range of females.

The psychodynamic approach also examines the interaction between culture and biology but from a more personal perspective, given its origins in psychoanalysis. Freud asked the question of why human beings marry outside of their kinship group, even though the first object of affection for both men and women is the mother, specifically the mother's…

Works Cited

Hofstetter, Fred T. "Cognitive vs. Behavioral Psychology. Excerpts from Chapter

Four of the McGraw-Hill textbook Multimedia Literacy. 1997. 23 Apr 2007.  http://www.udel.edu/fth/pbs/webmodel.htm 

Rubin, Paul H. "Book Review -- Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior by Kevin N. Laland and Gillian R. Brown, Oxford University Press, 2002." Human Nature Review. Vol. 2: 279-282. 9 July 2002.23 Apr 2007.  http://human-nature.com/nibbs/02/rubin.html 

Stevenson, David B. "Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development."

Human Behavior: Values, Cultural Design, And Control

We are all controlled by the world in which we live, and part of the world has been and will be constructed by men. The question is this: Are we to be controlled by accidents, by tyrants, or by ourselves in effective cultural design?" - B.F. Skinner

Cultural Design is much like "instrumental conditioning," where people are conditioned to respond favorably to a situation or stimulus that produces positive reinforcement. Pavlov first introduced the idea of conditioning in animals. Conditioning or cultural design however, can also be related to human behavior. How exactly does cultural design relate to the concepts of dignity vs. punishment? Why are moral struggles considered noteworthy to so many people?

The plight of so many individuals is finding purpose and function in life. One may argue that by subjecting persons to punishment, their dignity suffers and thus they are…

References

Bernhardt, Stephen L. (1997). "Types of Therapy" March 16, 2003, http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/3628/index9.html

Plato, Timaeus, 30B.

Wilhite and Payne, chapters 3 and 4 and the target article by B.F. Skinner.

The characters of God, Stan, and Jesus are also significant in this epic and because they are considered valuable in their roles in the poem, we can assume that Milton found similar value with these characters in life itself. Through these characters, Milton is presenting not only a hierarchy but also a way in which things should operate. God's supremacy is unquestionable in this realm and demonstrated early in the poem through events leading to Satan's attempt to overthrow him. In addition, Adam and Eve have free will, which also allows us to see the power of God through his creations. He did not create robots but real creatures that can make their own decisions -- even when they will be the worst decision of their lives. This foundation provides the perfect backdrop to the story of man and his behavior as he walks this earth.

Adam and Eve prove…

Works Cited

J. Martin Evans, "Milton's Imperial Epic, in of Poetry and Politics: New Essays on Milton and His World." 1995. GALE Resource Database. Site Accessed March 23, 2009.



Flannagan, Roy. John Milton. New York: Blackwell Publishing. 2002.

Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. The life of John Milton. New York: Blackwell Publishing. 2002.

Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Family Challenges

Human interactions are guided by the ability of every player to get close to the other in such a manner that allows each of them to handle the issues that affect them. This is mostly witnessed in a family setup, where the people are made to understand the best of what can upset them at all times. This is where the players in a family setup have to consider making up with their desires and addressing everyone's concern for the sake of the family unity. In most instances, the people who must be accommodated are the children because their happiness is premised on the guidance from parents (Papero, 2010). The two most essential theories used to foster our understanding of family relationships are the family systems theory and the attachment theory.

Attachment Theory

Attachment theory explains how the human beings in every…

References

Ackerman, N. (2009). A Theory of Family Systems. New York: Gardner Press.

Papero, D. (2010). Bowen Family Systems Theory. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Slade, A. (2014). Attachment Theory. London: Sage

Human Behavior Theories Application

There are several factors that have been used to explain human behavior in the past and there have been accurate instances that these theories have proven to be applicable and true. The subject of this human behavior study application will be a close friend with whom we study in college. Vincent (not real name) has been a friend from the mid childhood years and we have been through high school together and now at the college. He is an engineering student who has all along proven to be very committed to the academics and been leading in position and performance in high school. Vincent is 19 years old and of the African-American race, his family resides in California and most of the extended family members value collective living and not living separately in different cities. He is not from a rich background and depends mostly on…

From issues mundane to issues involving the survival of humankind itself, Prospect Theory helps people to analyze the way they analyze the world in order to come up with a much better understanding of the potential risks and outcomes they are faced with. The assignment of value within the decisions and outcomes has a bearing on the decisions themselves, and as each group of people assigns certain value to both the specific, shorter-term outcomes as well as the aggregate outcomes, the decisions and the human decision making process becomes much more complex.

eferences

Holyoak, Keith J. "Problem Solving." In Smith, Edward E. And Daniel N. Osherson. Thinking,

an Invitation to Cognitive Science. (2nd ed.) pp. 267-296. London: MIT Press, 2004. Print.

Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman. "Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty." Journal of isk and Uncertainty, Vol. 5, No. 4. Pp. 297-323. Print.

Markman, Arthur B. And…

References

Holyoak, Keith J. "Problem Solving." In Smith, Edward E. And Daniel N. Osherson. Thinking,

an Invitation to Cognitive Science. (2nd ed.) pp. 267-296. London: MIT Press, 2004. Print.

Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman. "Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 5, No. 4. Pp. 297-323. Print.

Markman, Arthur B. And Douglas L. Medin. "What is Decision Making?" In Decision Making,

human behavior to understand the range of behaviors that people show under the influence of emotions, parenting, culture, attitudes, values, ethics, force and genetics. It is understood through this research how the human behavior can be usual or unusual and acceptable or acceptable. The main focus is on the work of social scientists including Finn, Jacobson, and Payne. Finn and Jacobson wrote an article "Just practice: Steps toward a new practice paradigm" and Payne presented "Modern social work theory." The human behavior theories presented in these two articles are offered here for the purpose of analysis and understanding. There are different behavioral elements that a person can show for example respect, discrimination; cooperation and collaboration (Focus on social work, 2009). It is not possible to behave equally with all the human beings because, articles suggest, emotions play an important role in defining human behavior but at least there should be…

References

Campesino, M., and Schwartz, G.E., (2006), "Spirituality Among Latinas/os Implications of Culture in Conceptualization and Measurement," ANS Advance Nursing Science, 29(1): 69 -- 81

Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, (2008), Retrieved from:

 http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp 

Crombie, D.L., (1966), "An evolutionary approach to human behavior," Journal of the College

Human ehavior is critical to organizations -- discuss the benefits of self-evaluation/self-assessment as it relates to leaders today 'Understanding human behavior is critical to organizations:'

Discuss the benefits of self-evaluation/self-assessment as it relates to leaders today 'Know thyself.' This principle is not only a vital cornerstone of philosophy and psychology -- it is very important in the world of commerce. Without self-knowledge, a business leader is unable to effectively lead others, particularly persons of different personality types or who come from alternate cultural worldviews. Without engaging in self-assessment, managers cannot understand the needs of subordinates or superiors, customers, or unexpected situational requirements. Self-assessments and self-evaluations, when properly conducted "can lead to the development of a strategic organizational plan with clearly defined short-term and long-term goals, measurable objectives, identified fiscal and personnel resources, and enhanced consumer and community partnerships" (Self-assessments, 2013, NCCC).

To better understand the need for self-assessments, examining an…

Bibliography

DISC. 2013. Changing Minds. Available:

 http://changingminds.org/explanations/preferences/disc.htm  [7 Oct 2013]

Dunning, D, Heath, C. & Suls, J. 2004. Flawed self-assessment: Implications for health, education, and the workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(3) 69-106

doi: 10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x

Democracy Now

Human Behavior And Social Environment

Democracy Now episode critique

Sundance Film Festival

URL: http://www.democracynow.org/

Date of the show: January 24, 2011

Tax Justice Network USA chair Jack Blum; Sheena Joyce, co-director of the new documentary The Atomic States of America, and Robert Redford

This show profiles several movie-makers with features being shown at the Sundance Film Festival. The films deal with areas of social justice. The first speaker appears as a 'talking head' in a documentary entitled We're Not Broke, a film on the widespread phenomenon of corporate tax evasion in America. The second speaker, the director Sheena Joyce, discusses America's long and troubling relationship with the use of nuclear power. The final speaker, Robert Redford, is a well-known actor and director as well as the creator of the Sundance Film Festival. He designed the festival to showcase radical and independent films offering a different perspective upon American…

Much has been said about violence and the media, but media in general is causing extensive health problems for our nation, too. A parenting Web site notes, "Children who consistently spend more than 4 hours per day watching TV are more likely to be overweight. Kids who view violent acts are more likely to show aggressive behavior but also fear that the world is scary and that something bad will happen to them" (Editors, 2010). Most everyone knows that obesity is a substantial problem facing the nation, and childhood obesity is growing dramatically, as well. The sedentary behavior of watching television and playing video games only contributes to this problem, as does the nation's obsession with fast food and processed food. Interestingly enough, the media is rampant with fast food and junk food advertising, and the children watching these ads clamor for the latest junk foods, so while children are…

References

Editors. (2009). Effects of video game playing on children. Retrieved 30 March 2010 from the National Institute of Media on the Family Web site:  http://www.mediafamily.org/facts/facts_effect.shtml .

Editors. (2010). How TV affects your child. Retrieved 30 March 2010 from the KidsHealth.org Web site:  http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/family/tv_affects_child.html .

"Kill Your Television, Prevent Violence." (2008, March/April). Mothering 32.

human behavior a factor in assuring reliable protection?

Because even the most robust and advanced system is not going to work reliability or effectively if the administrators and/or users do not operate and administer it effectively and/or do not know how. Either people know or they do not know and if they do know, the question is do they/will they?

Why is proper understanding so important to effective information security?

Because knowing a rule is one thing. However, understanding why it is necessary and proper is yet another. Knowing why things can or must be done a certain way is important in reinforcing why the procedure is called for or necessary.

How are levels of advanced knowledge reached? Why is a capability hierarchy necessary?

Advanced levels of knowledge can only be effectively reached when lower levels are already learned and firmly in place. A hierarchy is necessary because not unlike…

Human Behavior is critical to organizations - discuss the benefits of self-Evaluation/self-assessment

There are myriad benefits associated with self-evaluations and self-assessments as they relate to leaders today. In fact, one can argue that such assessments help to provide the very foundation of leadership. It is critical for a leader in today's organizations, which have an increasing amount of diversity to contend with (and which is considered "good for business") (Galer, 2014), to determine a leadership style to lead most effectively. Doing so requires understanding the strengths and assets of one's organization, as well as the strengths, assets and weaknesses of one's self. The principle way that self-assessments can help today's leaders is by providing an objective means of measuring the latter.

It is essential for a leader to conduct self-assessments fairly regularly, for the simple fact that there are several mutable factors pertaining to leadership and individual "traits" (eilly, 2013)…

References

Galer, S. (2014). New study redefines workplace diversity. www.forbes.com Retrieved from  http://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/01/24/new-study-redefines-workplace-diversity-it-no-longer-means-what-you-think/ 

Reilly, E.T. (2013). Leadership self-assessment. www.td.org. Retrieved from  https://www.td.org/Publications/Blogs/Human-Capital-Blog/2013/01/Leadership-Self-Assessment 

Rowold, J. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Extending the transformational-transactional paradigm. Zeitschrift fur Personalforschung. 28(3), 367-390.

Tuck Everlasting:

Human Behavior and the Social Environment (HBSE) and the life cycle

The Tuck family in the young adult novel Tuck Everlasting is in many ways shut off from the normal processes of development: it is denied the ability to grow older and thus its members remain in the same stage as when they were granted immortality. Most individuals proceed through a period of biological, psychological, and sociological development particular to the individual's life cycle. For example, it would be expected that Jessie Tuck would eventually leave his parents, start his own family, and then begin to age like his mother and father (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman 2009: 7). As parents gradually take on the infirmities expected of those growing older, quite often children will become caretakers of the elderly, restoring the favor the elderly bestowed upon them as children (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman 2009: 618-619). However, the Tuck family lives…

Reference

Babbit, N. (1975). Tuck Everlasting. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux.

Zastrow, C & Kirst-Ashman, K.K. (2009). Understanding human behavior and the social environment. Cengage.

human science sources and human behavior related articles and literature. There will be a deep analysis of what had been written about the sleep trends and the activity of the human brain, the optimum sleep hours required for optimum performance. Some of the search terms that will feature in this research literature will be cognitive ability (Thoracic Sleep Group, 2010) to refer to the extent to which the various participants are able to recognize concepts and imbibe them. Wakefulness is yet another term that will feature to refer to the ability and the duration that participants are able to comfortably pay attention to academic issues in class or library. Sleep deprivation (Steadyhealth, 2007) is yet another term that will be predominantly used in this case to refer to the lack of sleep hours that are equal to the average sleep hours that will have been calculated from the collected data…

References

Steadyhealth, (2007). Going-To-Bed-Late - Impact on Health and Academic achievement.

 http://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/Going_To_Bed_Late____Impact_on_Health_and_Academic_achievement_a685.html 

Thoracic Sleep Group, (2010). Cognitive function after Sleep Deprivation.

 http://www.thoracicandsleep.com.au/latest-news/122-cognitive-function-after-sleep-deprivation

Abnormal psychology, a sub-field of psychology, has no established core theory, unlike other scientific disciplines such as math, physics, or chemistry (Long, 2009). In order to treat patients with psychological disorders, professionals in the field use knowledge gained from clinical psychology studies, particularly information gained from studies related to psychopathology. Beginning in the 1900's, researchers proposed several theories and treatments of abnormal psychology which centered on the relationship of psychological, physical, and social conditions in the individual and society. During its beginnings, psychology was often studied in conjunction with philosophy, but today it is more commonly applied in the fields of neurology and physiology (Comer, 2003). Modern day psychological theories have found practical applications within the areas of business, personal development, computers, health and even sports. This holds true for the field of abnormal psychology as well.

Models

Studies in abnormal psychology follow three different theoretical models (Long, 2009). These…

References

Comer, R.J. (2003). Abnormal Psychology. Boston: MacMillan Publishing Company. 611 pages.

Hansell, J. & Damour, L. (2005). Abnormal Psychology. New York: Von Hoffman Press.

Long, H.V. (2009, August). Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Psychology. Retrieved from  http://www.bukisa.com/articles/45103_historical-perspectives-on-abnormal-psychology

Human behavior observation that will be made here entails observing a willing participant who is a student at a local college. The observation will run through five days with each observation span lasting 30 minutes from 9:00 PM which is the time that the college library closes and 9:30 PM which is the regular time that the participating student indicated that he usually sleep. This timing was deemed appropriate since it would not significantly interfere with the academic activities of the student as the behavior observation exercise was meant to uphold the rights of the student and the ethics necessary. The aim of the observation will be to see if there are any behavioral changes in the participant across the week from Monday through to Friday and to locate the possible causes of these behavioral changes.

The college is located away from any major town and majority of the students…

References

McLeod S., (2007). Skinner --Operant Conditioning. Retrieved September 30, 2015 from  http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html 

National Academy of Sciences, (2011). The Science of Adolescent Risk Taking: Workshop Report. Retrieved September 30, 2015 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53409/ 

Verial D., (2014). The Effects of Environment on a Child's Behavior. Retrieved September 30, 2015 from  http://www.livestrong.com/article/122830-effects-environment-childs-behavior/

Human Behavior in the Social Environment

The way human beings behave when they are in a social environment varies as compared to when they are alone. In isolation, people will behave in such a manner that portrays their identity. However, when in the company of many people in a social place, people tend to experience tension and the desire to please other arises. Therefore, the kind of personality people show when in the public watch is likely to be misleading (Dewey, 2013). This study gives an account of what was experienced by the researcher while in the in a church service. In this church session, the worshippers are freely interacting. The observer notes everything about them including their ethnicity.

The interaction session

At the interactive session, the people here noted to be having their discussions in some groupings. These groupings were made up of women, men or children isolated groups.…

References

Dewey, J. (2013). Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology. New York: Modern Library.

Goman, M. (2011). Human-Environment Interactions. New York.

Izard, C. (2010). Human Emotions. New York: Plenum Press

Human elation -- A Social Science Perspective

Fundamental differences between the social sciences and the natural sciences

Science is commonly taken to be an attempt at predicting, understanding, and explaining our world, using distinctive modes of analysis for developing theories. However, defining a collection of attributes that distinguish sciences from religion, fortune telling, astrology and other such disciplines (not categorized under sciences), which also aim at understanding and explaining our world, is not a simple task (Okasha, 2002). Wittgenstein maintained, in the context of games, that no fixed group of features exists for defining a "game" -- one can, however, find a loose collection of common features that most games possess; Okasha feels that sciences can also be explained in a similar manner. On the basis of some common features among sciences, two branches of science -- social and natural sciences -- will be contrasted in this paper (Donmez &…

References

Allardt, E. (1969). Political Science and Sociology. Scandinavian Political Studies.

Bayer, O. & . (1992). Sozialwissenschaften. In H. & . Seiffert, Handlexikon zur Wissenschaftstheorie. Munchen: Ehrenwirth.

Blunden, A. (2000). What is the most important problem of social science?

Buchel, W. (1992). Naturwissenschaften. In H. & . Seiffert, Handlexikon zur Wissenschaftstheorie. Munchen: Ehrenwirth.

The desire to change itself must be implanted with schooling, and may have its roots in genetic factors. However, it is equally impossible to predict with absolute certainty, even given known genetic and environmental circumstances, who will flourish. hat of the 40% of individuals with the same genetic makeup and social influences who do not become schizophrenic? Unlike a stamp-imprinter, a human being apparently 'set' at an early age can make a surprisingly unique and better 'stamp' than its designers might expect. Additionally, many individuals with favorable life circumstances do not succeed, despite the stamp label manufacture's belief that their imprint is perfect, given the care put into the design.

Of course, Hospers would say this is due to other factors beyond the individual's control or the observer's perception -- but ultimately, the way his philosophy of determinism functions seems like a self-fulfilling prophesy and only works when rationalizing backwards…

Works Cited

Fay, Thomas. "Chapter IX: Metaphysics of the Person -- Determinism and Responsibility."

St. Johns' University. April 19, 2009.

http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-4/chapter_ix.htm#N_222_

The question that Caine struggles with is whether life has any real meaning, taking into account the ugly, cruel, but still unimaginably changeable circumstances under which many people are able to live -- "in particular, young black men caught in a web of presumption and prejudice about their alleged natures and what they might be capable of -- becomes the fundamental question" (Flory 2008) for Caine and for the entire film.

environmental perspective. Less than thirty minutes into the Menace II Society, Caine's grandfather asks him if he even cares if he lives or dies. This question is a philosophical topic, as suggested by Camus, but it is also a psychological question because what happens when a person becomes ambivalent about their life? And what drives them to become so? There is some suggestion that focusing on race by delineating how a presumed guilt of African-Americans and other related conditions…

References

Banks Gregerson, Mary. (2009) the cinematic mirror for psychology and life coaching.

Springer; 1st edition.

Carroll, Grace. (1998) Environmental stress and African-Americans. Praeger.

Erikson, Erik H. (1994) Identity and the life cycle.

Social Influences on Human Behavior
Patterns of attachment
Four main patters of attachment seen among children exist. The first is the secure pattern of attachment where the child exhibits sadness and is unable to carry out any task when his/her mother leaves. In this case, the child becomes very delighted when the mother returns. The mother to the child is a safe haven and a good base from which he/she can survey the environment. The next is ambivalent attachment and in this case the child shows extreme sadness on the departure of the mother. Fear of strange faces is equally common in this form of attachment. When the child is reunited with the mother, he/she will move close to her but won’t stay with her for long. The children in this form of attachment have a tendency to cry and explore more. The next is the avoidant attachment; in this…

References
Goldstein, H. (Ed.). (2000). Joe the king: A study of strengths and morality.
McLeod, S. A. (2008). Mary Ainsworth. Retrieved on September, 18, 204.
Rose, J., & O’Reilly, B. (2016). A systematic review of attachment-based psychotherapeutic interventions for adopted children. Early Child Development and Care, 1-19.

 

Social Concerns

Theory to Social Concerns or Human Behaviors

The Theory of Social Concerns or Human Behaviors provides a broad framework into which more narrowly focused research can be viewed from. This analysis will consider three individual research journal articles and first provide an overview of the work that was conducted. Then this analysis will try to relate the study and its results to the broader theories mentioned. The external factors related to a child's development can have a substantial influence on their development as well as be highly correlated with MEB issues later in life. The paper will conclude with a short discussion of why this research is important to society in regard to public health initiatives.

Parenting a Child with a Disability

Parents who have children with disabilities often have additional challenges that are presented in the situation when compared to the responsibilities of parents when their children…

Works Cited

Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. (2010). The Role of Behavioral Science Theory in Development and Implementation of Public Health Interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 399-418.

Ha, J., Greenberg, J., & Seltzer, M. (2011). Parenting a Child With a Disability: The Role of Social Support for African-American Parents. The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 405-411.

Herrenkohl, T., Lee, J., Kosterman, R., & Hawkings, J. (2012). Family Influences Related to Adult Substance Use and Mental Health Problems: A Developmental Analysis of Child and Adolescent Predictors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 129-135.

Yoshikawa, H., Aber, J., & Beardslee, W. (2012). The Effects of Poverty on the Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Health of Children and Youth. American Psychologist, 272-284.

Mottern (2008) writes that Dr. William Glasser's internal control approach labeled as 'Choice Theory' postulates that the following five fundamental needs drive all of human behavior -- a physiological need to survive and 4 psychological needs (belongingness or love or acceptance; authority or acknowledgement or accomplishment; independence, or individuality or choice; and learning or excitement or enjoyment. To sum up, choice theory basically suggests that one's behavior is one's own choice.

People develop all through the course of their lifespan. In this context, the term 'development' may be defined as: one's capacity of making progressively better choices with regard to fulfilling one's fundamental needs. A choice will then be "good" if it brings one nearer to satisfying fundamental needs in a harmless manner (both to ourselves and others). A less effectual or "bad" choice would be one that fails to bring one nearer to satisfying fundamental needs, or one that…

However, unlike Leucippus, Holbach is not simply interested in the science of materialism, and is more apt to entertain different explanations for specific types of matter. There is more to be understood than mere appearance in the rearrangement of material essences: "Determinism is universal, in Holbach's view, but different sorts of bodies may have peculiar properties that require peculiar explanations. Despite his avowed materialism, Holbach does not demand the sorts of reductive explanations of mental events that materialism might ordinarily seem to require (LeBuffe 2002). For Holbach, there is more interesting unpredictability in the behavior of types of matter, and the observation of what Leucippus might call mere surface differences.

orks Cited

Berryman, Sylvia. "Leucippus." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002. April 18, 2009.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/#2

LeBuffe, Michael. "Holbach." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002. April 18, 2009.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/#2

Works Cited

Berryman, Sylvia. "Leucippus." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002. April 18, 2009.

 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/#2 

LeBuffe, Michael. "Holbach." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002. April 18, 2009.

 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/#2

Bacon's work is less centered on the individual himself as the center of reality and of the mechanism of understanding reality. His rational explanation of the world focuses on nature. His preface of Novum Organum gives some interesting details about his perception of the Nature as the common denominator of understanding reality, the basic premise and concept of all subsequent understanding. Similar to the understanding of Nietzsche and Darwin related solely on the individual, Nature is also very difficult to pinpoint, shouldn't be dogmatized through its unpredictability and capacity to remain a differentiated entity.

Bacon proposes a method that includes "determining certain degrees of certainty" and, a definite element of rationality, using the mind as the main instrument of identifying and understanding the reality surrounding us, although the senses are also something that should be taken into consideration into the equation of understanding reality. Thus, through Nature, using his mind…

As we can see, the absence of a Supreme Being from the discussion around understanding the reality around us leads to the necessity of finding another point of reference. In some cases, this point of reference is the individual (Nietzsche, Darwin), in others, it is the existing society (Plato) or nature itself (Bacon). It is from different perspectives that all these writers and philosophers attempt to understand and describe the same surrounding realities. The differences most likely comes from the different instruments used.

Darwin, Charles. 1871. Descent of Man. On the Internet at  http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/descent_of_man/chapter_01.html.Last  retrieved on September 17, 2008

Bacon, Francis. 1620. Novum Organum. On the Internet at  http://history.hanover.edu/texts/Bacon/novorg.html.Last  retrieved on September 17, 2008

" (ND, p.1) According to Ryan the human brain is an "evolved system" and one that is organized "to an underlying evolutionary logic." (ND, p.1) It is the claim of evolutionary psychologists that "the human brain has not changed" and furthermore, that it has not been "under any evolutionary pressure to do so -- in any significant way over the past 100,000 years, and therefore, modern man maintains the 'mind' of his Stone Age ancestors." (ND, p.1)

Lynch (2004) author of 'The Neuro Revolution: How rain Science is Changing Our World" states that "emotions and feelings are mediated by distinct neural systems. Whereas emotions are automatic responses to stimuli, feelings are 'private, subjective experiences' that emerge from the cognitive processing of an emotion eliciting state."(p.1) Therefore, it can be understood that indeed human brains are to some extent hardwired however, the individual's cognitive processing capacity has a great deal to…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark, William R. & Grunstein, Michael. Are We Hardwired?: The Role of Genes in Human Behavior. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2000.

Benderly, B.L. Are We Hardwired? The Role of Genes in Human Behavior. Genome News Network. 2000 Nov 3. Online available at:  http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/11_00/Hardwired_review.php 

Tancredi, L. Hardwired Behavior. What Neuroscience Reveals about Morality. 2005. Cambridge University Press. Online available at:  http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/60017/sample/9780521860017ws.pdf 

Ryan, Terry. Review: How Hardwired is Human Behavior? The 21st Century Learning Initiative. Online available at: http://www.21learn.org/archive/articles/ryan_nicholson.php

Communal Property

Human behavior with respect to communal property is a critical issue of our time. The individual profit-maximizing activities of each individual all contribute to the erosion of critical common resources. There are a number of perspectives that help to explain why this occurs.

The tragedy of the commons explains this phenomenon. Hardin (1968) notes that individuals seek to maximize their outcomes -- this could be wealth or it could be utility. In either case, such behavior is strictly oriented to one's own personal well-being. The concept of perfect rationality is applied only in a narcissistic context. This is true even in collectivist societies, because such societies seldom view the human race as the collective unit. Thus, nobody makes their decisions with the good of the entire species in mind. The tragedy is that the cost of things is not reflected in our decision-making. In economics, the concept is…

References

Durham, (1991). Neutrality and opposition: From cultural reason to cannibalism. In possession of the author.

Feeny, D., Berkes, F., McCay, B. & Acheson, J. (1990). The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later. Human Ecology. Vol. 18 (1) 1-19.

Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, Vol 162, 1243-1248/

Unfortunately, hormone effects and interactions can be so complex that even the best known hormones are not completely understood." (MacDougall) Hormones are most often discussed in connection with sexual behavior. But they are responsible for almost every reaction and action. When a person takes on too much stress, stress hormones are to blame and these hormones cause the behavior from that. Similarly during a phase of depression when a person is undergoing acute pessimism, the production of endorphins stopped or is lowered which is the really cause of depression. For this reasons, medication is given which balances chemical reactions in the body to normalize behavior. Human behavior is thus a sum total of different influences including heredity, hormones, environment and psychology. Dr. Leary has explained this in an apt manner when he said:

The science of human behavior in the largest sense of the word behavior, the sense which includes…

References

Leary, Daniel B., Modern Psychology: Normal and Abnormal, Philadelphia and London, J.B. Lippincott Co., I928

Peter MacDougall, UBC archives. Accessed online 10th Jan, 2006 from,  http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/432/THE432_1988_02_10.pdf

Mind and Human Behavior

Define and discuss a particular theory of consciousness

Consciousness can be best grasped in context as a facet of an interactive wakeful state wherein most cognitive processing occurs non-consciously. However, on combining non-conscious and conscious processing in the wakeful state, how can we differentiate one from the other, how can consciousness be defined, and what purpose does it serve? The conclusions drawn with respect to the former question critically influence how the latter question is answered. What property makes a state non-conscious rather than conscious? This section will support the argument that, out of all possible answers commonly put forth (i.e., accessibility, intentionality, reflexivity, subjectivity), the element-- reflexive, auto noetic-consciousness -- is the only one observed solely in the state of consciousness (Peters, 2013).

The Quantum Theory of Consciousness

The consciousness issue has opposed traditional approaches, in which the human brain is perceived as a computer…

References

Albensi, B.C. and Janigro, D. (2003).Traumatic brain injury and its effects on synaptic plasticity. Brain Inj. 17(8): p. 653-63.

Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York: Freeman.

Cerasoli, C. P., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic Motivation, Performance, and the Mediating Role of Mastery Goal Orientation: A Test of Self-Determination Theory.JournalOf Psychology, 148(3), 267-286. doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.783778

Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002).Motivational beliefs, values, and goals.Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109-132.

psychology, theories of personality abound. Two of the most significant theories of personality include psychodynamic and humanistic/existential theories. Although these two theories share some features in common, they are based on widely different assumptions about human nature and human behavior. Each describes the way personality impacts human behavior under certain situations. However, psychodynamic theory presumes that human personality is static and less likely to change. Humanistic and existential theories are built on the assumption that human personality is dynamic. The differences between psychodynamic and humanistic theories of personality also have an impact on their approaches to treatment interventions and therapy.

Psychodynamic theories of personality are based on the theories of Sigmund Freud, who believed that human personality is determined by subconscious factors and the person's psycho-sexual nature. The personality is divided into three main and immutable components according to the psychodynamic worldview. Those three components include the id, ego, and…

References

"A Comparison of Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapy," (2015). Retrieved online:  http://sulcatamandy.hubpages.com/hub/psychodynamic-therapy-vs.-humanistic-therapy 

"Humanistic Theories of Personality," (n.d.). Retrieved online:  http://home2.fvcc.edu/~rhalvers/psych/Personality3.htm 

McLeod, S. (2007). Psychodynamic approach. Simply Psychology. Retrieved online:  http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychodynamic.html

Appreciating Diverse Views on Abnormal Behavior

Experience and genetic inheritance influence human behavior. The manner in which individuals grow is driven by social circumstances and experiences within the setting of their inherited genetic potential (Walker, 2002). The scientific concern is just how the hereditary potential and experience interact to generate human behavior. The text illustrates that abnormal behavior is that behavior that deviates from the normal or what is expected. Most people avoid what they define for themselves as abnormal behavior. For instance, we will probably opt not to sit next to a person acting in an odd manner or dressed in weird clothes in a train or bus. People hate individuals who smell dirty, and if possible we try to stay away from them. Based on this, the abnormal behavior seems to be that which is outside the parameters of the norm in the society.

Every individual is born…

References

Kleinman, A., & Lin, T.-Y. (2001). Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Plante, T. G. (2006). Mental Disorders of the New Millennium. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

Walker, S. S. (2002). Ceremonial Spirit Possession in Africa and Afro-America: Forms, Meanings, and Functional Significance for Individuals and Social Groups. Leiden: Brill.

rose when determining the human behavior lead to varying answers depending on the presupposed paradigm. (VASILACHIS DE GIALDINO, 1992). In the paper presented by Peterson Armour, I think the topic had the tendency to answers the raised questions differently, depending on whether the Epistemology of the subject is rejected or accepted. The author has tried his best to form a conclusion, which is independent from his personal views.

To discuss the ontological, axiological, and epistemological assumptions made by the author made in this study, a few questions need to be analyzed. How this 'reality' can be realized? What is the association between the knower (in this case the author and the respondents of the survey) and the known (the effects homicide on family members)? What principles, personality and assumptions guide the process of determining the achievements of this study? What is the possibility that this research will be repeated by…

References

Armour, P. M, (2002), Journey of Family Members of Homicide Victims: A Qualitative study of their post homicide Experience, Austin, Educational Publishing Foundation

Creswell, J.W. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Flick, Uwe (1998). An introduction to qualitative research. London: Sage.

Morse, Janice M. (2002). Intuitive inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 12(7), 875.

Autobiographical

As one of ten children, my family structure reflects my unique cultural background. All ten of us were raised by my mother alone; we struggled financially but rarely emotionally because of the immense love and support given to us by my mother. Having a strong maternal influence in my life might also reflect the Hispanic and Christian culture in which I was raised. Both Christianity and Puerto Rican culture impacted my world growing up. For instance, my mother imparted her religious beliefs to her kids, beliefs that were strongly rooted in the Christian tradition. In addition to my mother, I had various role models who helped forge my identity and behaviors. Christianity also serves to link our otherwise oppressed minority community with the dominant culture in America. Although I grew up in an environment that supported bilingualism and respected Hispanic culture, I occasionally met with biases and prejudices in…

Infants

We don't really know everything a newborn infant is capable of, but we know that mother and infant relate to each other within the first few minutes of life (Klaus, 1998). When we think of infancy, in my opinion we have to keep in mind that we cannot observe brain activity. The baby that can reach for a toy at seven months was learning things all along that brought him or her to that point. So I believe infancy to be a crucial part of child development.

If this is true, then the role of the caregiver is crucial. We know that babies are cared for in different ways by members of different cultures. In the United States, a mother is likely to place the baby in some kind of stroller and push the child in front of her. However in some African and Asian cultures, the mothers carry…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gonzalez-Mena, Janet. 1997. "The cultural context of infant caregiving. Childhood Education, Sept. 22.

Klaus, Marshall. 1998. "Mother and Infant: Early Emotional Ties." Pediatrics 102:5, November.

Mogilner, Celly. 1995. "Maternal social and physical contact: links to early infant attachment behaviors." Journal of Genetic Psychology, December.

Small, Meredith F. 1997. "Making connections (adult-infant connections) (1997). American Scientist, November.