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Seguin moved to the United States in 1848 and established a number of schools in various cities for the education of mentally handicapped children. His publication, "The Treatment, Hygiene and Education of Idiots and Other Backward Children," is a landmark textbook dealing with the special needs of children with mental disabilities. Maria Montessori, an Italian pediatrician built on Seguin's work in the early 1900's and her work on the education of the mentally disabled became integrated into many schools around the world (Hallahan & Mercer, 2001).
Special education in the United States remained marginalized until the early to mid-1900's. Samuel Orton, Marion Monroe and Samuel Kirk were especially instrumental in the development of special education during this time (Hallahan & Mercer, 2001). Orton worked extensively to develop ways of teaching reading to children with reading disabilities. He developed the Orton-Gillingham method for reading education, which consistently proved to increase the IQ scores of his students. Monroe developed diagnostic tests that effectively identified students with reading disabilities and created individual teaching programs based on the outcomes. Samuel Kirk advanced this assessment approach for identifying specific learning disabilities in children by developing the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) (Hallahan & Mercer, 2001).
Kirk is credited with the terming of the diagnostic label "learning disabilities." He went on to define special education by eight specific features that became the foundation of a political movement to implement structured special education programs: special class organization, special materials, special diagnosis, special clinical teaching procedures, intensive use of learning principles, systematic instruction, individualized instruction, and parent education (Cook & Schirmer, 2003). These efforts led to the establishment...
In 1970, a law passed (Public Law 91-230) that consolidated the Education of the Handicapped Act and gave authority to the U.S. Office of Education to award grants to support teacher education and research in special education (Richardson & Parker, 1993).
References:
Cook, B.G., Schirmer, B.R. (2003) What is Special About Special Education?: Overview and Analysis. Journal of Special Education, 37, 3, 200-205.
Copeland, I. (1995). The Establishment of Models of education for disabled children. British Journal of Educational Studies, 43, 2, 179-200.
Hallahan, D.P., Mercer, C.D. (2001). Learning Disabilities: Historical Perspectives. Executive Summary. Special Education Programs (ED/OSERS), Washington D.C. Available from: http://www.air.org/ldsummit/.
Lanska D.J. (2010). Chapter 33: the history of movement disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 95, 501-546.
Special Education. (2011). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179408/education
Individuals and Society Action theories and structural theories are both endeavors to understand different aspects of society. They try to explain the behaviors of individuals as separate entities and also as a part of group. They further attempt to explain the effects or implications of people's actions on society and on making on rules, norms and customs that prevail in a society. According to action theories, sociology is a science "is a
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Individual Literature Review Transformational Theory Change theories have long been used to address leadership styles in education and other positions of power and respect. One of the theories to which educational leaders widely subscribe is transformational theory. This theory involves the study and understanding of leadership as a process by which one individual engages with another (Wolinski, 2010). From that engagement a connection is formed. It is believed that connection will create
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In their study, "Thinking of Inclusion for All Special Needs Students: Better Think Again," Rasch and his colleagues (1994) report that, "The political argument in favor of inclusion is based on the assumption that the civil rights of students, as outlined in the 1954 decision handed down in Brown v. Board of Education, which struck down the concept of 'separate but equal,' can also be construed as applying to special
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