¶ … channel management practices that have been developed via thorough research and analysis of the world's leading companies? Channel management is a process that entails managing the relationship between a vendor and the third parties used by them to get goods and products into client's hands, while making sure that the post-sales services and support are still of high quality. A channel can be either a one- or two-tier relationship. In the one-tier relationship, a vendor is selling products directly to a reseller; in the two-tier relationship, a vendor is selling to the third parties indirectly through a distributor. Effective channel management can help to greatly increase revenue and profit margins for vendors through creating incentives for channel partners to promote or market their own branded services and support; it is also useful to be able to achieve the right overall pricing for the end users[footnoteRef:2]. [2:

KPMG. (2011). Leading practices in effective channel management. 1]

It has been noted that top companies utilize the following methods when it comes to developing channel management policies and strategies. First, top vendors create and align their channel strategies, sales, and vendor-centered post-sales services and support offerings with their corporate goals. This can entail defining the partnering approach; informal vs. formal partnerships; or multiple regional partners vs. A couple of international partnerships, with the first and the second tier relationships. It is in this stage of the process that vendors can decide if other channel partners will be mainly concentrated on sales or solutions. Second, vendors identify and define their sales model and its impact; this enables them to make sure that their goods and services are properly assigned to the proper channels. For example, whether a single or two-tiered relationship, the products have been allocated to the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) or vendor distribution channels. Third, vendors can profit by creating and modeling specific and effective marketing and incentivizing programs (such as volume targets, special pricing, price protection, etc.) to achieve the desired behavior. This often involves drafting clear and well defined program terms and conditions, and claims and reporting verification and payment systems. Fourth, vendors design service and support programs to facilitate value-added distributors (VADs) and Value-added resellers (VARs) to sell their own brands of services or vendor-branded products and to provide after-sales services to the end-consumer[footnoteRef:3]. Lastly, effective and competitive vendors design and implement channel partners policies such as: [3:

Ibid 4]

Defining reporting verification requirements (e.g., POS)

Identifying and stating the channel segments (direct vs. indirect)

Programs and expectations targeting reduction of counterfeiting and gray marketing

Notifying through circulars and other modes of communication, the expectations of compliance to the related laws and regulations and the expected professional and ethical behavior

Defining periodic reviews to ensure compliance and to show the significance of having a level playing field for all the vendor's partners

Requiring submission of periodic reviews to efficiently monitor the quality of service and support [footnoteRef:4] [4:

Ibid ]

Discussion

Distribution channels represent the different companies and stakeholders involved in the movement of goods from the producer to the end consumer and are important market instruments. Manufacturers must take charge of both the flow of the product from production to consumption and the various relationships between companies at various stages of the process. There are many distribution channels activities including: inventory, order processing, transportation, warehousing, material handling, and also the activities employed to model and manage distribution channel partnerships. This includes the choosing and supervision of the distribution channel structure or model and its players[footnoteRef:5]. Distribution channels can at times become inefficient. For example, inefficiencies can arise: if the manufacturers and suppliers, or the distributors and manufacturers, are not in agreement with each other. They can also arise if they have conflicting interests and do not usually think along the lines of solving their shared problems. Proper and effective distribution channels enable a company to: determine redundancies and inefficiencies within the system; create relationships and partnerships; and obtain cost benefits and better customer satisfaction. Some of the components of a distribution channel may perform their functions more effectively than others; a good distribution channel meets the end-user's needs in the most efficient and effective approach possible. The objective of channel management is to supervise all the different distribution and logistic processes so as to effectively and efficiently provide value to the end-user[footnoteRef:6]. Distribution channels are essentially there to complete market exchanges. Activities such as assortments for clients in the quantity and variety they prefer, providing...

Channel management also involves the activities that a company employs in order to maintain channel partnerships and effective performance of the distribution channel over time. [5:
Chapter 8: Distribution Channels and Supply Chain Management in High-Tech Markets (n.d.) 223] [6:

Chapter 8: Distribution Channels and Supply Chain Management in High-Tech Markets (n.d.) 224] [7:

Channel management entails:

a. The selection of channel intermediaries. Immediately after choosing a channel structure, a firm mist then select and recruit intermediate partners for its products.

b. Control and coordination. Based on the type of intermediary, many channel constituents are often interested in developing an identity for themselves and creating a position for their store within their area of operation. Manufacturers often have less preference regarding the particular place where the end customers buy their products, so long as the customer chooses their brand instead of a competitor's. Given this difference between the channel members' and the manufacturers' interests, manufacturers must then utilize coordination methods to guide, manage, and monitor their distributors' activities[footnoteRef:8]. [8:

A variety of instruments and mechanisms can be utilized in guiding and managing the activities of the intermediaries. Authoritative control instruments are based on one of the channel member's power to create rules, direct operations and basically impose decisions on other members. Such control might be brought about by ownership (through vertical integration) of the channel member or power arising from centralized decision making (such as in franchising). Direct and formal controls concentrate on the desired behaviors and outcomes plus when under a certain authority can realign or modify a partner's objectives and activities to ensure that the desired results are obtained. Authoritative control can also be brought about by one partner's power over the other. It is important to note that power arising from a single authority does not always infer an exploitative relationship; such power can also be used in a manner that benefits both parties. As an instrument of governance, power can be used as a basis for managing and monitoring exchange relationships[footnoteRef:9]. [9:

ibid]

Bilateral control methods arise in the interests, activities or joint initiative of both channel partners. An important mode of bilateral control entails shared expectations regarding the behavior and conduct of the channel members in terms of working together to reach mutual goals. The core of such expectations is anchored on; flexibility so as to cope with market uncertainty, sharing of both benefits and burdens between the partners, sharing of information, collaborative communication, etc. These practices create a social environment in which seeking of mutual interest is encouraged and individually motivated activities and conduct is discouraged. Shared commitment and interdependence can act as an effective basis for a two-way channel control. Interdependence incentivizes each party to regulate and monitor their own conduct. Jointly shared dependence is the best environment for adaptable, long-term channel relationships. In such partnerships, the need for power over other parties tempers the inclinations towards seeking of self-interests and encourages mutually beneficial activities / conduct. Trust or in other words the extent to which partners believe the other, will act in the best interest of the relationship; this also promotes successful bilateral relationships. Mutual trust can provide the foundation for conflict resolution and reduction, better performance effectiveness and the feeling of satisfaction in the current engagement. Mutual trust destroys the fear that the other party will act in a way to jeopardize the partnership. If both parties trust each other, each of them possesses the confidence in the other's reliability and integrity and expects the other party to act in a responsible manner. Legal instruments can also be utilized to control the partnership. Exclusive distributions, vertical restrictions and other similar instruments can be employed to align and incentivize channel members' behavior and conduct[footnoteRef:10]. [10:

ibid]

a. Consideration of legal issues. Two legal cases have of late grabbed headlines due to the high-tech distribution channels and their exclusive dealing and tying arrangements. Tying is whereby a manufacturer makes the increase the demand of a product by making it conditional on the buying or rather purchase of a second product. For instance when the department of Justice brought the case against Microsoft, they accused them of tying their Operating System (OS) to their browser. Tying may also be in the form of (bundled) rebates that allow buyers discounts for specific products, if the buyers bundle the purchase with other products of that firm. Exclusive dealing involves arrangements that restrict a reseller to sell only one…