Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
¶ … Military in Less Developed Countries
From archaeological records, we can tell that warfare and aggression have been part of human history for thousands of years. Since the rise of urbanization about 5,000 years ago, war has been part of most every civilization. One source, in fact, notes: " . . . 14,500 wards have taken place between 3500 BC and the late 20th century, killing 3.5 billion people and leaving only 300 years of peace" (Henderson, 2010, p. 212). Psychologically, humans seem predisposed to war and conflict for a variety of reasons: economic conflict, political conflict, violent crime, conquest, or power. Marxian theory says that war takes place due to competition for resources, yet the Malthusian theory says wars occur because of either a power vacuum or as expanding populations encounter scare resources. Yet neither of these theories explains one of the odd facts of the 20th century -- that of the replacement of colonial regimes with military or autocratic regimes controlled by the military when the colonial powers leave (Cashman, 2010).
Part 1 - Ironically, the role of the military in less developed countries tends to be disproportionate...
For example, lesser developed countries like Syria, Iran and Pakistan often spend more than the United States and the UK as a portion of their GDP. In 2008, for instance, about $1.5 trillion was spent on military issues globally. Of that, the United States and Europe (1st world) spent 68% of the total, while the rest of the world (2nd and 3rd world) spent 32%. While this might show that the developed world spends more, it is misleading because as a portion of their own economies, this spending doubled or tripled the developed world (Institute for Strategic Studies, 2009). Other examples of countries that are small yet spend a large portion on military are: Guinea-Bissau (2.1% of GDP); Burundi (3.8%); Tajikistan (2.2%); Djibouti (3.7%), Kyrgyzstan (3.6%); Turkmenistan (2.9%); Chad (6.2%); Namibia (3.7%); Botswana (3%); and Armenia (4.2%) (SIPRI, 2012).
Within these, and other LDCs, we find that the military has either replaced a European Colonial power (Africa), another large power (the U.S.S.R. And the Asiatic Republics), or a power vacuum of sorts resulting from a coup or revolution. The military role in these countries…
REFERENCES
Cashman, G. (2010). What Causes War? Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Haas, M. (2008). International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Routledge.
Henderson, C. (2010). Understanding International Law. New York: Wiley.
Institute for Strategic Studies. (2009). The Military Balance 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.iiss.org
SIPRI. (2012). The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. Retrieved from: http://milexdata.sipri.org/
Currency fluctuations tend to create instability and disrupt the planning activities of tourists. In times of an economic recession, there is normally a lot of fluctuation in the currencies. In the previous year, many currencies appreciated in value while some depreciated. The appreciation of Great Britain Pound and U.S. Dollar against currencies of other countries, such as third world countries, while the depreciation of the Pakistani Rupee, Indian Rupee
Global Business Cultural Analysis Nigeria Nigerian History Synopsis of Nigerian government Nigerian monarchy to presidential system The evolution of Nigeria from British control to a civilian democratic government Nigerian major commodities Oil Food The major elements and dimensions of culture in Nigeria Cultural dimensions Individualism Power distance Masculinity Uncertainty Model of culture Universalism or Particularize How is the integration of elements and dimensions that Nigerians doing business in the country? The effects of governments on the prospects for its business around the world How the elements and dimensions compared
Also, from Herodotus's books we see that some of them, obeying the famous oracle of Delphi, or using its predictions as an excuse, decided to surrender, and give "earth and water." This is particularly relevant on the influence of religion in that period. It was not uncommonly for wars to be delayed or even abandoned because of the predictions of oracles and the one in Delphi, which had a primary
" Examples of the mention of the use of the 'crannog' in Lough Laoghaire is stated by Brady and O'Conor to be referenced directly in the Annals of Ulster in 1436. These annals are "contemporary Gaelic records of the high profile events that occurred in Ireland, and such mention carries with it an automatic association of status and dramatic event." (Brady and O'Conor, nd) III. O'SULLIVAN (1998) Aidan O'Sullivan writes in the work
History Of Condoms While many people believe that condoms are a relatively new form of contraceptive, created not so long ago, this is far from true. Many historians believe that, in ancient Egypt, pharaohs used papyrus reeds to cover their penises during sex. Ancient Roman soldiers are believed to have used dried sheep intestines as condoms, as well (Parisot, 1987, pp. 4-6). In the East, the Chinese used oiled silk paper,
In this regard, when wage levels fell in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the standard of living for laborers and cottagers in England declined precipitously and they were compelled to use the majority of their cash, garden crops, and milk just to buy bread and clothing (Kulikoff 2000:19). Not surprisingly, many of these workers found it almost impossible in some cases to even survive, even with the