Modernizing Monolithic Domes

Borrowed elements from works of ancient art have played a crucial role in contemporary structural engineering development. As has been observed even in earlier times, a compilation of diverse artworks from ancient times may be assimilated using advanced technology to create a few of the best artworks across the globe (Snell et.al 198).
Domed dwellings constructed by utilizing locally- found material can be traced back to prehistoric times. Such edifices can be seen even in the contemporary age. While the precise time and place of construction of the earliest dome is unknown, the occasional primitive dome can be seen in ancient art history. One will come across references to brick domes in ancient Near Eastern art as well as corbelled stone domes across West Europe and the Middle East. The above examples, utilizing various materials like fabric, wood and mud bricks, suggest a shared source or several independent traditions. In the present age, indigenous communities worldwide construct similar edifices (Snell et.al 198).
There are several reasons underlying my decision to undertake dome construction. However, I first need to separate the myths surrounding domes from the facts. Fortunately, forty- five years of modern dome construction activities can help shed light on the matter (Stiros, 129- 152).
Ancient masonry domes were designed and constructed based on different styles. Domes were predominantly a part of church architecture, in addition to being utilized in diverse structures like hothouses, exhibition halls, shopping arcades, locomotive sheds, parliaments, capitol buildings, libraries, gasometers, and observatories. The domes were supported by triangulated frames, ribs made from reinforced concrete and light papier- mâché (Snell et.al 198).
Well- constructed domes constitute a safe, cheap and energy- conserving home, in terms of construction and maintenance. In spite of dome houses being a relatively old concept, people today still display surprise and curiosity when they hear of it. For instance, consider the igloo – a fine example of a monolithic dome – which individuals today would love to see. The durability of igloos may be attributed to their basic construction material – compressed snow blocks – that alternately freeze and melt to give rise to a sturdy, homogeneous edifice. Igloos have the following key fortes – superior insulating property and superior strength (Stiros, 129- 152). Monolithic domes are largely durable on account of their arches’ natural strength and the superior insulation offered by a marginal spherical cross- sectional surface (Snell et.al 198).
Currently, monolithic domes have formed a part of several residential, service and industrial architectural undertakings. Because of their durability, these constructions can function as efficient warehouses for cement, fertilizers, mining, and agricultural produce, among other things. Further, they frequently help limit nuclear power generation plants’ radiation (Snell et.al 198).
Monolithic dome constructions are efficient as well as extremely robust edifices which can endure earthquakes and strong hurricanes (Stiros, 129- 152). Important aspects are flexibility and construction speed. The system may be utilized for constructing homes, churches, bulk storage buildings, and schools, through modifying air form. As a matter of fact, all inflatable shapes may be constructed, (e.g., ellipsoid, low profile, and hemispheres). The edifice can conveniently incorporate windows and doors of any desired shape. Its massive internal mass as well as effective insulation renders monolithic domes one among the most energy- efficient constructions (Snell et.al 198).
The procedures and steps outlined below are required for constructing a glossy, sturdy, modern monolithic dome;
The foremost step in modern monolithic dome construction is construction site preparation. To this end, a reinforced concrete rebar foundation shaped like a ring is first created. The bars that are placed externally help link the structure to its additional reinforcements, thereby creating a monolithic structure of superior strength (Stiros, 129- 152).
Subsequently, pneumatic air is to be fixed so as to create the ring. Air is then pumped to acquire the desired form (Snell et.al 198).
The third step of the process involves polyurethanes. A polyurethane foam layer is applied within the dome. Upon hardening, this layer serves to insulate the entire edifice, in addition to offering additional reinforcement. Here, one may utilize PCC Group’s ready- to- use polyurethane systems that facilitate superior- quality insulation layer creation (Stiros, 129- 152). Examples of PCC’s product series include the Crossin® and Ekoprodur series. Such polyurethane insulation systems guarantee first- rate acoustic and thermal insulation on account of the rigid and semi- rigid foam that makes up the systems. They have several applications (e.g., attic, roof, external and internal walls, foundations, and floors). Further, Crossin® products help attain first- rate thermal conduction coefficients. Besides the aforementioned ready- to- use polyurethane systems, PCC Group offers a variety of semi- finished goods including compatibilizers, emulsifiers, Rokopol® polyether polyols, and Roflam flame retardants. All these semi- finished goods may facilitate the creation of topnotch OCF assembly foams. The above chemical products have been extensively employed within contemporary construction works (Snell et.al 198).
Reinforced concrete bar assemblage on earlier- attached polyurethane foam represents the fourth monolithic dome construction step. A special rim system is utilized here. Smaller domes call for small- diameter bars with wide gaps. In case of larger domes, one must make use of closely- situated, thick bars (Stiros, 129- 152).
The final monolithic dome building stage involves the spraying of concrete onto the previously made reinforcement. Normally, this layer’s maximum thickness about eight centimeters. It envelops concrete rods completely, leading to the creation of a thin monolithic skeleton. When the concrete dries, a tremendously resilient and firm structure is created. For improving the sprayed concrete’s properties, special additives that modify its properties are generally employed (e.g., Rofluid series products, namely, M, H, P, and T). Such concrete additives serve as highly efficient retarders of concrete bonds, decelerating concrete mix hardening. Furthermore, on account of their minimal chloride content and chemical structure, Rofluids don’t corrode the concrete reinforcement (Snell et.al 198).
Several benefits of monolithic domed edifices have been determined. Firstly, such domes are marked by superior insulation and load- bearing properties, largely on account of their domed shape (Stiros, 129- 152). Their unique design ensures they are able to endure extreme conditions and natural catastrophes, like earthquakes, cyclones and hurricanes. Thus, monolithic buildings have been preferred in areas prone to frequent natural catastrophes (Snell et.al 198).
As monolithic buildings do not require load-bearing wall-setting, individual rooms’ layout may be conveniently done. Furthermore, on account of their distinctive design, they require no roof. The above features imply that investment costs are considerably reduced, in addition to construction time being saved. Lastly, substantial savings may be obtained on account of the usage of smaller construction material quantities as compared to standard constructions (Snell et.al 198).
A challenge, or drawback, linked to the construction of modern monolithic domed structures is: the need for engaging experts equipped with special tools. The above element may increase cost of construction. Moreover, the curved surfaces within the dome’s interior might necessitate adjustment of overall interior furnishings and designs. In order to optimally utilize surfaces, particular areas which are not so easy to access, customized furniture is often required. Finally, such edifices’ original appearance might work against it as well, particularly in localities that house only traditional buildings, since monolithic domes in such areas would look entirely out of place (Snell et.al 198).










Works Cited
Snell, Clarke, and Tim Callahan. Building green: a complete how-to guide to alternative building methods: earth plaster, straw bale, cordwood, cob, living roofs. Lark Books, 2005.
Stiros, S. C. (1996). Identification of earthquakes from archaeological data: methodology, criteria and limitations. Archaeoseismology, 7, 129-152.