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Epstein-Barr Virus – EBV (Mononucleosis)
A contagious disease, infectious mononucleosis is mostly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC, 2018). It is, however, important to note that in most cases, an infection with EBV does not necessarily progress to mononucleosis. Essentially, EBV infections are commonplace and may not present any symptoms, particularly during the childhood early adulthood phases. However, as CDC (2018) points out, “at least one out of four teenagers and young adults who get infected with EBV will develop infectious mononucleosis.” Most infections on this front spread as a consequence of close contact with an individual who is already infected, i.e. via sharing of cutlery or kissing. It is, however, important to note that in some instances, the symptoms presented could be signs of many other diseases. In most cases, a positive heterophile test, as Dunmire, Hogquist, and Balfour (2015) point out, is all that may be needed for diagnostic purposes. It should, however, be noted that due to lack of specificity of heterophile antibodies, as well as failure of the same to develop in some persons, Dunmire, Hogquist, and Balfour (2015) are of the opinion that “EBV-specific antibody profiles are the best choice for staging EBV infection.”
Some of the more common symptoms of EBV infection include, but they are not limited to, “sore throat, cervical lymph node enlargement, fatigue and fever most often seen in adolescents and young adults and lasting several weeks” (Dunmire, Hogquist, and Balfour, 2015). Other symptoms may include rash, swollen spleen or liver (or both in some instances), and body pain as well as headaches (CDC, 2018). As CDC (2018) further points out, most mononucleosis symptoms become apparent within four to six weeks of EBV infection.
There is need to consider group A beta-hemolytic streptococci virus and taxoplasma gondii in infectious mononucleosis’ differential diagnosis. This is more so the case given that as Bravender (2010) points out, “approximately 10% of those with IM will not be acutely infected with EBV.” When it comes to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci virus, it is important to note that it is in most cases clinically indistinguishable from EBV. Towards this end, there is need for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci virus throat culture as a differentiating test. As Buttaro, Tybulski, Polgar-Bailey, and Sandberg-Cook (2012)…
References
Bravender, T. (2010). Epstein-Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Infectious Mononucleosis. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 21(2), 251–264.
Buttaro, T.M., Tybulski, J., Polgar-Bailey, P. & Sandberg-Cook, J. (2012). Primary Care - E-Book: A Collaborative Practice (4th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC (2018). About Infectious Mononucleosis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-mono.html
Cunha, B. (2017). Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) Differential Diagnoses. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-differential
Dunmire, S.K., Hogquist, K.A. & Balfour, H.H. (2015). Infectious Mononucleosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 390(8), 211-240.
Prospective Clinical Study of Epstein-Barr Virus and Host Interactions During Acute Infectious Mononucleosis Article Review Balfour et al. (2005) carried out the study with an aim of discovering how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication is controlled. Using such information would offer them insights as to why some immunocompromised patients develop fatal or severe disease when they fail to contain EBV infection. According to Balfour et al. (2005), it is not easy
Mono Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a relative of herpes. The disease is most common in people under 30 years of age and is common worldwide. Almost all (90-100%) adults have been exposed and have antibodies, whereas young people remain susceptible (Handin, Lux & Stossel, 2003). This is why the disease manifests primarily in young people, and especially those who share rooms or live in crowded
At present, the symptoms presented by the student are consistent with infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This includes symptoms that appear to mimic those of the flu. In addition to a sore throat, the patient complains of aching joints and fatigue. It should be noted that an elevated temperature and swollen lymph nodes were revealed following an initial examination by the FNP. The lab results were, however,
Meningitis Select one bacterial, one fungal, and one viral pathogen capable of producing meningitis in humans. Bacterial: Neisseria meningitidis Fungal: Cryptococcus neoformans Viral: Epstein-Barr virus Describe the general characteristics and structure of each pathogen. Neisseria meningitidis: parasitic, aerobic, Gram-negative, non-endospore forming, nonmotile, coccal bacterium (Devoe 1982,-page 162). Cryptococcus neoformans: grows as a yeast, unicellular, replicates by budding, makes hyphae during mating, eventually creates basidospores (Heitman 2011). Epstein-Barr virus: mature particle has diameter of 120 nm to 180 nm;
Pressure on the superior vena cava may produce SVC syndrome, a swelling of the head and arms. SVC syndrome involving the brain can be fatal and must be treated immediately. But enlarged lymphatic tissue in the chest cavity generally tends to displace -- rather than press upon or encase -- adjacent structures. Therefore, compromised breathing and SVC syndrome are relatively uncommon signs of lymphoma. (Hodgkin's Disease, 1998-2008) Effects on Bone
However, he questions the research that has been done in this area. First, he wonders whether the exercise is a placebo effect based on the anticipation of improvement. The second question is the acceptability of this treatment. Many CFS patients actively avoid exercise and many healthcare providers in fact recommend rest at all costs rather than a concern of relapse. However, the positive aspect of the CBT and the