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Observational learning is a form social leaning where learning occurs by observing the behavior of others. This is a powerful method for learning and most of what children learn is by observing their parents or other adults (Fryling, Johnston, & Hayes, 2011). Observational learning can take place at any time in a person's life, but it mostly tends to be the most common learning method during childhood. It also plays a vital role in the socialization process, as children will learn how to behave and respond by observing their parents. The articles selected comprise of 7 primary sources and 3 secondary sources, which means that the 7 articles are all research articles. The other 3 comprise of 1 literature review, and 2 practice articles. The content covered is mostly on behavioral learning and how it can be used to change behavior or learn new behavior. The research is not only conducted on humans but also on rats in order to demonstrate the learning behaviors.
Literature Review
In order to identify the appropriate literature, we made use of numerous search strategies that employed different keywords. We conducted the search using Ovid SP and PubMed. The key words used were observational learning, behavior change, social cognitive theory, and effect of observational learning. The main challenge that we faced was that identifying appropriate articles was difficult because some of the abstracts were not...
This forced us to review our keywords and delve deeper in our search. We managed to locate articles that we feel were able to cover the topic and the results were positive. The selection process was a learning opportunity as it taught us the vital skills necessary for selecting and appraising articles for literature review.
From the articles that we have selected it is clear that the theory is not used for human subjects, but also for animals. This means that it is possible to train both humans and animals in order for them to learn a new habit or change a particular behavior. What is encouraging is that the results of all the researches demonstrated that the participants modified or they learnt a new skill (Cordovani & Cordovani, 2016). Learning is at the heart of this theory and this has been clearly shown within the articles selected. Participants have managed to pick up new skills by observing or learn something bad all by observation (Fryling et al., 2011; Grierson, Roberts, & Welsher, 2017). According to Harris et al. (2017) the participants in the intervention were able to pick up the good and also the bad habits all through observation. What this demonstrates is that observational learning is not only used for good behavior, but can also be used to learn bad behaviors. This is reaffirmed by Dunne, D'Souza, and O'Doherty (2016) in their research where…
References
Ashuri, T., Dvir-Gvisman, S., & Halperin, R. (2018). Watching Me Watching You: How Observational Learning Affects Self-disclosure on Social Network Sites? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(1), 34-68.
Bem, T., Jura, B., Bontempi, B., & Meyrand, P. (2018). Observational learning of a spatial discrimination task by rats: learning from the mistakes of others? Animal Behaviour, 135, 85-96.
Brown, A. M. (2016). A comparison of two imitation training protocols to teach independent play skills and promote observational learning in children with autism spectrum disorder. University of Kansas.
Cordovani, L., & Cordovani, D. (2016). A literature review on observational learning for medical motor skills and anesthesia teaching. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 21(5), 1113-1121.
Dunne, S., D'Souza, A., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2016). The involvement of model-based but not model-free learning signals during observational reward learning in the absence of choice. Journal of neurophysiology, 115(6), 3195-3203.
Fryling, M. J., Johnston, C., & Hayes, L. J. (2011). Understanding observational learning: An interbehavioral approach. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 27(1), 191-203.
Grierson, L. E., Roberts, J. W., & Welsher, A. M. (2017). The effect of modeled absolute timing variability and relative timing variability on observational learning. Acta psychologica, 176, 71-77.
Harris, D. J., Vine, S. J., Wilson, M. R., McGrath, J. S., LeBel, M.-E., & Buckingham, G. (2017). The effect of observing novice and expert performance on acquisition of surgical skills on a robotic platform. PLoS ONE, 12(11), e0188233.
Psychology Personality Albert Bandura's observational learning theory, often referred to as the social learning theory has now become one of the most influential theories regarding learning and development. Bandura believed that it was not just reinforcement due to which learning occurred, there was something greater. He suggested that people can learn by watching and observing others behaviors and actions. Observational learning can take place at any stage during a person's life. However,
Learning Theories Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is the process of linking an unconditioned stimulus to a conditioned stimulus. The famous classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov resulted in a dog beginning to salivate whenever a bell was rung. This was achieved by ringing the bell every time food was brought for the dog, thus the dog was conditioned to associate the sound of the bell with food. Since food naturally elicits salivation in
Learning Classical and operant conditioning are both types of learning. In particular, classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both types of learning by association. Classical and operant conditioning are called learning by association because both types of learning involve the subject associating a stimulus with a response, or a behavior with a consequence. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, first studied classical conditioning in earnest. Pavlov showed that it was possible to
A child can learn that pressing a button on remote changes a channel on a television set. The experiment used two set of participants where one set learnt from a machine while the others learnt from a human participant. It was evident that the use of a ghost machine yielded better results compared to the use of a participant (Nairne, 2011). Methodology The method used to learn how observational learning influences
Apa.org). Critical thinking input: Good teachers that truly understand how distracted today's young people are (with technology, etc.) learn how to get the most out of students by combining proven strategies of engagement with scholarship challenges that are both entertaining and compelling to their active minds. B.F. Skinner Historical views of transfer. When something is said to you and it reminds you (without you having to conjure up memories) instantly of something from
Chance tries to explain the key differences in Pavlovian procedures by stating that "the most important difference is that Pavlovian conditioning involves pairing stimuli (the CS and U.S.) while operant learning involves pairing responses and stimuli." (pg 111) the average reader is likely not to readily discern the difference that easily. Turning back to the section on Pavlovian conditioning is imperative at this point in the book and therefore another