Pharmacokinetics -- Atenolol 50mg PO
Description and mechanism of action
Atenolol is a medication which comes in 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100mg tablets. It is described as "a synthetic, beta1-selective (cardioselective) adrenoreceptor blocking agent, may be chemically described as [a] benzeneacetamide" (Drugs.com, 2011). Another website says it is "without intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane stabilizing activity" (Ogbru, 2006). The drug was developed as a treatment for hypertension that was developed as a replacement for Propranolol (Healthline, 2011). The advantage of Atenolol over Propranolol is that it does not cross the blood-brain barrier, and thus it does not have as many central nervous system complications.
Pharmacokinetics
The drug is unable to be completely absorbed as it travels the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. "Approximately 50% of an oral dose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the remainder being excreted unchanged in the feces. Peak blood levels are reached between two (2) and four (4) hours after ingestion" (Drugs.com, 2011). The drug is absorbed rapidly and consistently, but incompletely. The portion that is available to the body then is fifty...
Because the drug is not easily metabolized by the liver 85% of it is renally excreted when the drug is taken intravenously, versus 50% for the tablet. Only approximately 6% to 16% of the drug is bound to proteins in the plasma (MIS, 2004). According to Drugs.com (2011);
"The elimination half-life of oral atenolol is approximately 6 to 7 hours, and there is no alteration of the kinetic profile of the drug by chronic administration. Following intravenous administration, peak plasma levels are reached within 5 minutes. Declines from peak levels are rapid (5- to 10-fold) during the first 7 hours; thereafter, plasma levels decay with a half-life similar to that of orally administered drug."
The elimination of the drug is almost completely through via the kidneys and it is not affected by either dialysis or by liver problems.
Absorption and Contraindications
Since this is a medication for hypertension, there has not been very much research done in its use where certain populations are concerned. The route that the drug takes and the contraindications involved with regard to children are not known because there have not been enough child subjects use the…
Physicians, however, prefer hemodialysis because of reimbursement trends (Wellbery). Dietary Changes - Many patients also prefer peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis because the latter restricts the diet (NKUDICC 2000). Peritoneal dialysis removes body wastes slowly but it always does. In hemodialysis, on the other hand, wastes can build up for two or three days between treatments. In addition, a patient on hemodialysis must observe a restrictive diet. Some clinics help plan
Nephrologists are expected to play a role in this determination, but all too often the nephrologist, like other physicians, must be prompted to deal with end-of-life issues. If no one is available to do the prompting, the patient's death may be needlessly prolonged. The amount to which the nephrologist takes on end-of-life care will be reflected in their approach to the patient. At one end of the spectrum, discomfort
The cassette has a built-in one-liter bladder to hold urine. The patient should empty the bladder at least every six hours. An alarm will beep if he forgets to do this, or if the bladder becomes full. The device can be used during the day, at night, or both. Unlike CAPD, it is not necessary to connect to and disconnect from the Tenckhoff catheter four times a day, which
For-Profit Dialysis Business Plan Mission Statement Vision Statement Organisation Summary Legal Structure Services Management and Staff Start-up Costs and Operational Expenses Strategy and Implementation Funding Partnerships Marketing and Communication Expansion The increasing burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Kenya presents a major challenge, with young adults aged 20-50 years being the most affected. CKD is primarily caused by hypertension, diabetes, along with glomerular diseases. HIV-associated CKD is an increasing healthcare concern, and frequently offers late "End-Stage-Renal-Disease" (ESRD) requiring dialysis. In Kenya,
Survival in Pediatric Dialysis and Transplant Patients Children that have to undergo kidney transplantation or dialysis at an early age are at much more risk than the healthier ones. The mortality rate risks have been identified to be around thirty times more. End-stage Renal Diseases (ESRD) can cause either or more of the following consequences in children: cognition and response, lack of muscular coordination, cardiovascular issues, tantamount to quality of life.
Diabetes and Pediatric and Dialysis The objective of this study is to analyze the incidence of diabetes among pediatric patients, with dialysis, by way of analysis of outcomes one year following diagnosis. Initiatives concerned with investigating pediatric diabetes have previously been associated with varying outcomes. What factors are linked with diabetes, pediatric patients, and dialysis with regards to Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) determinants? This forms the groundwork of the paper. Protection of Human Participants