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¶ … Porter, P. & Fletcher, D. (2008). The economic impact of the Olympic Games: Ex-Ante predictions and ex-poste reality Journal of Sport Management, 22, 470-486.
A CPR analysis (context, purpose, research design) of Porter and Fletcher's article on "The economic impact of the Olympic Games" would note that the authors were conducting analyses of two past Olympics that took place in 1996 and 2000 to analyze the overall economic impact of the Olympic Games on two host American cities. The purpose of the research was to examine the common claim that hosting the Olympics is an economic boon to the host nation. Alleged economic benefits are often used to justify the considerable expenses required to construct the necessary facilities and fund the needed city improvements to host the Games. However, the authors found that no such economic benefit was accrued by the host cities of the Olympics of the years they surveyed. The research design was to use economic impact analysis that was modulated to mitigate distortions in certain price sectors...
"Surveys of spending by those who attend the event overstate the real impact of the event by incorporating increases in the price for inelastically-supplied final goods in the measure of real incremental demand" (Porter & Fletcher 2008: 485).
Another method of evaluating a research article is called LOAF (limitations, observations, applications, findings). The most obvious limitations of the article are that it focused upon only two years in the past. Every Olympic host nation is slightly different, and merely because these two cities (both of which were located in the U.S.) did not show a demonstrable benefit does not mean that this would universally be the case. An additional limitation is the purely economic analysis of the article: issues such as cultural capital and goodwill are not addressed. For example, China was particularly eager to host the Olympics recently not simply because of a desired economic impact but to gain intangible benefits such as…
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For this reason, they have stepped out to pursue alternatives, especially foreign cars. On the contrary, as consumers become price oriented, they have minimal purchasing power because they are not buyers of large volume automobiles (Porter, 1985). 3.3 Threat of New Entrants It is extremely difficult for new entrants penetrate the auto industry because of the existing high level of brand loyalty. Nevertheless, the few popular overseas firms and entered the
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