Senior Centers in the Elderly

¶ … Senior Centers in the Elderly

The baby boomer generation has just about a year to reach the retirement age prompting the urgent need of successful aging. The current life expectancy is higher than the previous ones with the 15% of the American population composed of individuals above the age of 65 years (Skarupski & Pelkowski, 2003, Walker, et al. 2004). This is brought about by the good life that people live into the second 50 years and the increase in the number that enter their third 50 years. To ensure that old people, commonly referred to as seniors, get the opportunity to take part in meaningful activities through contribution many Acts have been formed in different countries such as the Older Americans Act. This participation includes all fields such as recreation activities, education and training, and cultural activities since most of them have more often been left out of such activities due to varied reasoning.

In order to meet these goals various senior centers have been established, these act as community facility that serves older people. These senior centers have grown in numbers in the recent years with some newly constructed for that particular purpose while others are formed through conversion of existing homes into senior centers. A number of services are offered at these senior centers and may include health or social services, and recreational events; in fact, these centers have been identified as good points for providing necessary services to the old people mostly those above 60 years of age. The involvement of these senior centers cover a narrow population since those who take part are mainly individuals under the age of 85 who are healthy and having low to middle incomes, however, participation has been observed from individuals above 100 years of age (Skarupski & Pelkowski, 2003).

It is a common phenomena to find the economically less (not least) advantaged participating in senior center activities and in most cases they do it out of desire for social interaction and are mostly introduced into such centers through friends (Walker, et al. 2004). A number of benefits come with participating in senior centers the most obvious but useful one being socializing which has been mentioned as a good supporter of successful aging. Such centers are normally graded according to age thus people of a similar age and interest interact resulting into formation of friendships. Being together as friends creates a sense of belonging since they support each other both mutually and through collective activity. However, it is still surprising that with al these benefits to enjoy, there has been a decline in enrollment at the senior centers indicating that lesser people take part in such activities. This decline in participation has been attributed to many factors some of which are personal, such as lack of interest and poor health, to more general ones like lack of transportation and the unequal proportion of men and women in such centers. The senior centers have also been blamed for this decline with indications that they do very little to reach older and weak people who also earn very little or are living with a disability.

Impacts of Senior Centers

There is definite impact that is created by senior centers on older people most of which are beneficial to them. When older people are put in senior centers it creates a very good opportunity for professionals such as community health nurses to monitor them regularly to ascertain their general health and well being, this is done considering the health related issues that the older people face and other factors that may have an indirect impact on them. It becomes easy to do this since there is regular contact to provide preventive care and education thereby exploiting the strengths of this population.

Social impact

Most older people live alone and have always confessed feeling lonely most of the time but it should be remembered that they are still very social which is displayed by the fact that they visit friends and relatives more often, they confide in people, and they also communicate to other regularly on phone or through other available means. This means that they need good social relationships which they can get while in senior centers, this socializing leads to better physical and mental health which lowers the risk of death. The senior centers encourage them to widen their social connections while at the same time the professionals get a chance of monitoring their sociability. Studies have indicated that loneliness increases the chances of an individual facing particular form of mortality and morbidity, for instance a lonely senior may not be able to health related decisions that are beneficial to their lifestyle since they don't have adequate support. It is possible for professionals within the senior centers to detect loneliness and take a step of advising the senior person on the positive steps that he or she can take. Furthermore, the involved professionals can help in preventing harmful conditions that arise from loneliness.

As the number of seniors increase in the society the increased use and reliance on computers is also experienced which raises the question of whether the elderly should be left behind in such advancement or be pulled together with others? In order to improve and maintain the social connectedness of this population it is necessary that they are introduced and trained for such programs. Most of the older persons may not know the value of computer usage through their own means but studies have indicated that most family members who own computer tend to enlighten the old on the value of using computers (Saunders, 2004). Much of the information needs that the seniors have can be met using an online search which is one of the applications of computer usage; such information may be for medical purposes, sports, news updates, weather, and genealogy. The seniors face numerous challenges with regard to computer usage most of which are personal in nature, for instance many of them have a 'fear factor' when they think about learning computer use. Such fears as of breaking computers, erasing programs, and feelings of being mentally incapable are common among this population. This is usually created by negative impressions created by other individuals about learning computers; therefore, there is a need for individual support through trainees. Individualized training is essential because most seniors believe they can derive more benefits from personal instructors than from computer manuals. It is therefore necessary to find tutors for this population and the best place to find them is at the senior centers where they can find such assistance free of charge.

Some of the seniors are already willing to use computers since they understand the value but are faced with the challenge of accessing computers, senior centers can give them this access. In senior centers computers can be obtained through recycling programs that utilize computers that are to be discarded and also may buy new ones when funds are available. The other reason given by seniors for not using computers is that of being too busy with other obligations thus learning use of computers is least of their priority (Saunders, 2004). Interestingly enough even such individuals appreciate the usefulness of e-mail as a means of communicating with their family members far away, it is therefore necessary that this population is sensitized on the value of computer usage. It is also common for the seniors to have physical challenges which may bar them from using computers and the senior centers can be used to help avoid such challenges or provide the necessary assistance for individuals who have already been affected. Generally senior centers can be used to make the seniors understand the value of computers and make them utilize computers to meet their information needs, entertainment, and improve their communication which collectively contributes to their social connectedness. This social connectedness will make the seniors enjoy psychosocially, access the large information available online, and also help them connect with the community at large thus improving their attitude towards life.

Health impact

Even though the main aim of senior centers is for social support the impact of social support has been felt far beyond general health into diet and nutrition which is a major challenge among the elderly. Good health can only come through better dietary and better dietary comes through social support, most lonely individuals have dietary inadequacies which can possible lead to problems related to nutrition. Studies indicate that most seniors who are lonely are at a higher risk of suffering from such problems as compared to those who are never lonely. This has led to the recommendation that professionals take a keen interest of social support on appetite and take the relevant steps when assessing nutrition in this population. When in senior centers, seniors can be educated on healthy eating habits and the relation that exists between nutrition and overall health.

The other common problem faced by the elderly that can be addressed in senior centers is oral health; most seniors have tooth or mouth problems which creates difficulty during eating. This difficulty does not just stop at causing dietary deficiencies but may also lead to acute dental and non-dental diseases. With early detection and intervention such diseases can be prevented thus the health professionals in senior centers can take a step of screening the seniors for oral problems and take the necessary steps. They can also train the seniors on practicing preventive health and also refer them to appropriate nutritional and dental professionals.

It is common for seniors to rate their health, the good news is that most of them rate their health status as good, very good, or excellent. There is a relation between self-rated health and mortality and expectations for dying, it is therefore necessary to encourage those having positive self-rating so that they can maintain and improve their health. Those with negative self-ratings should also not be ignored but should be assisted to develop a positive attitude which may lead to an improvement in their health or at least slow the decline rate of their health. It is possible to slow the functional disability relative to the physical decline which aged people experience since this is mostly dependent on their lifestyles. One of the lifestyles that have been identified as positive to elderly people is exercise. Through exercise the aged get greater life satisfaction as well as enjoy more psychological and somatic comfort especially for those experiencing mild depression. Senior centers provide this vital health activity by monitoring those seniors who are already exercising and at the same time trying to recruit as many of them to the exercise as possible through fitness programs which are oriented for the elderly. Even though most older people exercise even when they live in their homes, with the most common of exercise being walking, they do not know what form of exercise is healthy for their body or simply some cannot afford to maintain the appropriate exercising programs that are available and readily accessible to them.

There are diseases that have been identified to commonly affect the elderly people globally such as Dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Such diseases are costly to treat and this cost keeps on increasing as the severity of the disease increases and institutionalization (Alvarado-Esquivel, et al., 2004). The prevalence and frequency of such diseases vary accordingly from one country to another, for example a study carried to find out the prevalence of Dementia and Alzheimer's disease indicated that about 10% of seniors (above 65 years of age) in America suffer from Dementia while only 3.49% of seniors from an urban community in China testes positive for the disease, similar variations have also been recorded for Alzheimer's disease prevalence in different countries (Alvarado-Esquivel, et al., 2004). Institutionalization also a great part to play in the prevalence of these diseases since elders in institutions such as senior centers have higher frequency of these diseases than those living with the general population. In fact the prevalence of Dementia as been noted to be high on admission to such institutions and has shown a further increase in the prevalence as the elders take more time within the institutions. This is a negative aspect of the senior centers that has not been clearly elaborated and may not be easily understood.

Psychological impact

Psychological distress is very common among the elderly and this greatly affects their quality of life including the lives of the people living around them. Psychological distress can be defined as a condition that involves negative emotions having a connection with a loss that is incurred in trying to attain a significant goal; this is normally caused by the lack of resources to avert such a potential loss (Farone, et al., 2005). Psychological distress has a relation with somatic symptoms to suppress self-help behaviors of an individual. Additionally, this condition is also linked to stress according to a study that involved racial and ethnic groups. The stress could arise from financial issues, health related problems, and personal or family and social issues. From researches that have been carried out there are indications that psychological distress can be reduced through social support, such social support to the elderly can be offered perfectly well in senior centers (Farone, et al., 2005). The aim of social support is to reduce negative consequences of stress and acts as a preventive measure by 'shielding' an individual from stress. Social support has also been categorized as one of the coping resources that moderate the strength of psychological distress among elders. The coping resources moderate the effect by dissipating or reversing the response generated by stress after it is triggered or assists in coping with the stressor itself.

Much of the work of senior centers is to provide social support to the seniors; they also provide a number of services such as health and Medicare, diet and nutrition, training and educational services, and recreational services which are the avenues for interaction. Most of these features of senior centers could be linked to stress and distress among the elderly since they more preventive than curative in nature. For instance health related issues are addressed through health education, and also the assurance of service availability contributes towards reducing stress (Farone, et al., 2005).

It has been observed that the elderly experience what is referred to as social comparison which they most apply to reduce uncertainty about themselves and to cope with stressful situations. Social comparison is a situation where an individual compares him/herself with other people as a way of learning and assessing themselves, they evaluate their opinions and abilities (Michinov, 2007). This situation is encouraged by the feeling of ambiguity in terms of well-being and emotions and especially when such individuals lack nonsocial means to evaluate themselves. The need for social comparison normally increases when a senior is undergoing stress, transition, or novelty since this increases self-uncertainty (Michinov, 2007). Transition is almost a daily event in the lives of the elderly coupled with uncertainty about their future thus it can be assumed that they need social comparison everyday. At the senior centers the elderly have access to information about others who could be in a better position or worse compared to them. For instance, at the senior centers the elderly can compare health and physical conditions, or emotional issues, through such comparisons an impact is created on their well-being and affect. This leads to different feelings afterwards with such feelings varying from one individual to another depending on personal attributes in relation to self-uncertainty.