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Umeda et.al (1998) also reported that smokers had increased levels (or = 4.61) of Treponema denticola. These studies clearly show that smokers have increased oral pathogenic bacterial infection. [D.F.Kinane, 2000]
Smoking induced alveolar bone loss was confirmed by a 1991 Swedish study. In this radiographic study the Swedish dental hygienists observed that all the smoking subjects showed a pattern of greater distance between the cemento enamel junction and the interdental septum when compared to nonsmokers. [D.F.Kinane, 2000] Another longitudinal Swedish study conducted over a period of 10 years, which analyzed 293 young people, reported that young smokers who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day carried a 78% risk for developing periodontal disease. Martinez -Canut et.al (1995), a Spanish study involving 889 patients found that smoking status was an important criteria that determined gingival recession, pocket depth and probing attachment level in the subjects. The researchers reported that probing attachment levels increased with the increase in the number of cigarettes consumed per day. (from.5% for one cigarette to 10% for 20 cigarettes) [D.F.Kinane, 2000]
Conclusion
Smoking clearly has a detrimental effect on oral health. Smoking increases the proliferation of oral pathogenic flora and predisposes the patient to periodontal damage and tooth loss. Several research studies have proved that smoking cigarettes or pipes can cause severe plague accumulation,...
Cigarette smokers also have very poor prognosis for periodontal treatment or surgery. With so much of research pointing to the ill effects of smoking both on periodontal disease proliferation and impaired healing, it is incumbent upon dentists to make their patients aware of the serious negative health impact of smoking. There is no question of doubt that abstinence from smoking is the best way to improve our oral and overall health.
Bibliography
Joshi, 'Smoking and Periodontal Diseases: Patient Awareness', Accessed Dec 2nd 2008, Available online at, http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v199/n11/abs/4812972a.html
Elizabeth a Kraal, PhD, M.P.H, Arthur J. Garvey PhD & Raul L. Garcia D.M.D, 'Alveolar Bone Loss and Tooth loss in Male Cigar and Pipe Smokers' JADA Vol 130 Jan 1999
D.F.Kinane, L.G.Chestnutt, 'Smoking and Periodontal Disease', Critical Review in Oral Biology & Medicine, 11(3) 356-365, 2000
Enrique Bimstein, Howard L. Needleman, 'Periodontal and Gingival Health Diseases:
Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults', Taylor & Francis, 2001
PEIRO, 'Tobacco Use Increases the Risk of Gum Disease', Accessed Dec 1st 2008, Available online at www.peiro.org/consumer/smoking.htm
Murray Thomson PhD, Richle Poulton PhD, 'Cannabis Smoking and Periodontal Disease among Young Adults', JAMA, 2008, 299 (5) 525-531
Bibliography
Joshi, 'Smoking and Periodontal Diseases: Patient Awareness', Accessed Dec 2nd 2008, Available online at, http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v199/n11/abs/4812972a.html
Elizabeth a Kraal, PhD, M.P.H, Arthur J. Garvey PhD & Raul L. Garcia D.M.D, 'Alveolar Bone Loss and Tooth loss in Male Cigar and Pipe Smokers' JADA Vol 130 Jan 1999
D.F.Kinane, L.G.Chestnutt, 'Smoking and Periodontal Disease', Critical Review in Oral Biology & Medicine, 11(3) 356-365, 2000
Enrique Bimstein, Howard L. Needleman, 'Periodontal and Gingival Health Diseases:
Periodontal disease and respiratory disease: A systematic review of the evidence," Agado & Bowen (2012) perform a systematic review or meta-analysis style of research to determine whether there is a correlation between periodontal disease and pneumonia, or between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a "common" condition that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD; but pneumonia can be caused by a
Self-reporting is noted as the most efficient as well as widely accepted means of disease assessment. It is therefore advisable to use self-rated oral health in the evaluation of the perception of people's health. The oral symptoms ae the subjective perceptions of an individual's oral health which is derived from various oral diseases such as periodontal disease, caries, xerostomia as well as tooth loss. It is clear that no
342). One of the strongest correlations between periodontal disease and another disease that could have heavy implications as to whether periodontal disease progresses is the correlation and relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease. A recent study determines that "the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease/periodontitis (PD) is high, and the association of these two as risk factors influencing each other has been recognized and is extensively documented" (Acharya, Satyanarayan,
Nevertheless, an individual may prefer to have this type of calculus removed for other reasons or otherwise as part of a long-term treatment regimen. For example, Bennett and Mccrochan note that, "When the American Dental Association later approved Warner-Lambert's mouthwash, Listerine, by stating that 'Listerine Antiseptic has been shown to help prevent and reduce supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis. . ., ' sales rose significantly" (1993:398). It remains unclear,
Oral Health and Heart Disease The following literature review will explore research that has investigated the relationship between dental health and cardiovascular disease. The discussion will focus on the significance of the association between oral health and cardiovascular disease, oral health and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, as well as other potential risk factors associated with this relationship. An effective starting point in the investigation of the association between dental health and
According to the research conducted by Silverstein et al., (2000), the pressure used to place the probe tip at the base of the periodontal sulcus is approximately 50 N/cm2 and at the base of the junction epithelium is 200 N/cm2. A tip diameter of 0.6 mm is needed to reach the base of the sulcus. Clinical inflammation does not reflect the severity of histological inflammation, and the recordings may not