Coronary Heart Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Options Coronary Heart Disease

Among the common diseases that affect the heart, coronary heart disease is the most common in the U.S., and is the leading cause of heart attacks among men and women. Coronary heart disease, in some quarters referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD), is the inability of blood vessels to supply the required amount of oxygen and blood to the heart as a result of plaque buildup in the inner walls of the coronary artery (National Institute of Health, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), a total of 720,000 Americans have heart attacks every year and, of these, 380,000 die from CAD. Recent studies have established that majority of these deaths are caused by the ignorance of warning signs and symptoms and the inability of people to respond promptly in the incidence of heart attacks. The CDC also states that the U.S. incurs costs amounting to $108.9 billion from medication, medical services and declines in productivity as a consequence of the condition. This text looks at CAD in detail and examines its symptoms, diagnosis, and current treatment options.

The prevalence of coronary heart disease in the U.S.

On the basis of the analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 2010, the CDC established that the prevalence of CAD was 1.2% in those aged between 18 and 44 years, 7.1 for those aged between 45 to 64 years, and greatest for people aged above 65 years of age at 19.8% (CDC, 2015). However, in 2015, the American Heart Association found out that the prevalence was greatest among men and women aged 80 or higher, and according to its National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, more men were affected than women (AMA, 2015). Declines in mortality rates have been reported, which may be as a result of...

Over the years, the risk factors that have been identified include high levels of cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, lifestyles with no physical activity, and an established family history of premature vascular disease (Shah, 2006)
Epidemiology

The process that leads to CAD is referred to as atherosclerosis. This is the process whereby cholesterol deposits that make plaque accumulate in the arteries overtime, making them narrow. When the arteries become narrow, the right amount blood does not get to the heart, resulting in the weakening of the heart muscles and causing individuals to experience some pressure, pain, or discomfort in the chest - a condition referred to as angina (CDC, 2015). Eventually, the heart becomes unable to pump blood in the right way, leading to heart failure and irregular heartbeats. When the plaque completely seals off the artery that carries blood to the heart or causes a clot on the coronary artery, the individual is bound to have a heart attack.

Risk factors

Over the years, the risk factors that have been identified include high levels of cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, lifestyles with no physical activity and an established family history of premature vascular disease (Shah, 2006). It has been established that women with high levels of stress either at work or at home are more likely to get CAD. Some personality traits such as worrying, hostile behavior, lack of patience, and a high level of urgency also aggravate the disease. There have been new risk factors established to predispose individuals to CAD. These include: increased levels of lipoprotein and homocysteine, inflammation, insulin resistance syndrome and infections (Shah, 2006).

Symptoms of CAD

In the early stages of the disease, symptoms are rarely noticeable. However, in…