Turkey According to the CIA World Factbook, 99.8% of Turkey's population is Muslim, the overwhelming majority of those being Sunni. The minorities include ancient communities of Christians and Jews, some from ethnic minorities. Beneath this veneer of homogeneity, however, Turkey does face some religious conflict. Much of this conflict arises from divisions within Islam, but there is also a significant conflict between the country's secular Muslims and its religious ones.

Turkish Sunni Muslims typically belong to the Hanafi school, while Kurdish Sunnis follow the Shafil school. As many as one-third of Kurds in Turkey actually belong to the Alevi school of Shia Islam, despite statistics that indicate this group is Sunni. There are many Sufi brotherhoods that are active in Turkey as well. The Turkish city of Konya -- one of the most conservative cities in the country -- is the home of Sufism, as this is where Mevlana Rumi lived and gained influence in the 13th century (No author, 2012). There are also minority Kurdish religions that blend a variety...

Kemal Ataturk made secularism a core part of his vision of a modern Turkey. In part, this was a reaction to the Ottoman rulers, who were caliphs, or God's representatives on Earth. Thus, the authority of the Ottomans was derived from Islam, but the Ottomans lost Turkey to foreign powers in the First World War. Ataturk therefore mandated that secularism would be a guiding principle in Turkey. In recent years, however, this stance has come under attack from more strongly religious elements of Turkish society (Garda, 2007). Unwilling to adopt the more Western-style reforms of Turkey, they soon became economically marginalized, as tends to happen when one sits on the sidelines of economic growth.
These religious elements, in an…