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¶ … United States was founded upon conflict. As early as the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia the lines of contention were already drawn: the commercial interests of the North conflicted with the planter interests of the South. When the Constitutional Convention convened the founders of the United States sought to put into writing the philosophical basis for the nation they had recently created -- and slavery was an issue. The perpetuation of slavery was a direct contradiction to their premise that "all men are created equal," and many members of the Convention called for its abolishment. However, it was acknowledged that the Southern economy could not function without it; slavery continued, but only where it was indispensable. Yet its continuation was not necessarily ideological; it was not that Southerners were inherently more evil or cruel than Northerners -- the divide between the states possessed more practical origins.
In its essence, slavery was an efficient agricultural method...
These crops, by contrast to corn or wheat, required a relatively large workforce. In order to generate the most profits, slavery had been employed by Southern aristocrats since the founding of the colonies. From an economic perspective, this was done to cut down on the large costs of actually employing workers. Over time, it became an institution -- the abolishment of which would spell certain doom for the established order.
Ultimately, the Northern states developed a more diverse economy, based upon free labor, while the South depended upon a handful of cash crops, based upon vast numbers of unskilled laborers. Into the nineteenth century the North developed steam power, new ways of refining steel, and expanded its industrial base into the Midwest. These regions depended upon crops like beef, wheat, and corn -- none of which were suitable for slave labor. So, as the West was settled, both the Northern and Southern economies…
As long as the number of slave states equaled the number of free states, both economies could survive under a single government. But, as the Northern population grew beyond that of the South, Northern legislators took control of the House of Representatives. Out of this change, the Republican Party in the North took up the cause of complete promotion of the economic needs of the North at the expense of the South. So, when Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, by virtue of this Northern growth, the only course of action the Southerners could take was to secede. When Lincoln refused to accept the secession, war was the direct result.
Source:
1. Henretta, James A., David Brody and Lynn Dumenil. America: A Concise History. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002.
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