USS Maddox on August 2, 1964, North

USS Maddox On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the U.S.S. Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin. A few days later, another American ship, the U.S.S. Turner Joy, was also attacked. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed in response to the aggression, authorizing the President to take "all necessary steps, including the use of armed force," to protect American interests ("Gulf of Tonkin Incident," n.d.). The attack marked a major turning point in United States policy and military action in Vietnam.

Until this point, there was no full commitment of troops in Southeast Asia. After the Gulf of Tonkin incident, Johnson committed 500,000 American troops to the region. Therefore, the attack on the Maddox represented the escalation of war. Events leading up to the turning point remain shrouded somewhat in secrecy. There is some evidence to suggest that the attack on the U.S.S. Maddox was provoked and that reports of a second attack on the ship had been fabricated ("Gulf of Tonkin Incident," n.d.).

The United States had also been playing a "dangerous game" by engaging in covert ops using the help of South Vietnamese (Paterson, 2008). The full story behind the covert ops that preceded the U.S.S. Maddox attack is gradually being revealed as some 140 documents have been only recently declassified ("Gulf of Tonkin Incident," n.d.; Paterson, 2008). The engagement in covert ops were necessary and essential in preparing for the turning point, which might have been strategically planned as an attempt to escalate military activity in Vietnam.

The covert ops were grouped loosely under code name Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A. OPLAN involved a loose intelligence-based collaboration between the South Vietnamese Navy, the CIA, and the Department of Defense (Paterson, 2008). Several early OPLAN missions failed, but they continued to operate. On July 30 and 31, South Vietnamese commando ships fired on two North Vietnamese islands: Hon Me and Hon Ngu. The North Vietnamese responded by pursuing the vessels that attacked the islands (Paterson, 2008). At this point, the Maddox had withdrawn from the area.

According to Paterson (2008), the South Vietnamese commando attacks were uncoordinated with American efforts and the Maddox focused attention on new communications intercepts and launched attacks against North Vietnamese ships. By the time August 4 arrived, tensions in the Gulf of Tonkin had already escalated. A series of cataclysmic events occurred subsequent to the turning point. Commitment of American troops turned out to be tremendous and took an enormous toll of casualties, both in terms of deaths and long-term injuries.

The commitment of troops to the war effort also undermined confidence in the American government, leading to the social upheavals during the 1960s. Crackdowns on the anti-war effort sometimes led to infringements on civil liberties, and in some high profile incidents like the Kent State University protests, deaths ("Gulf of Tonkin Incident," n.d.). Likewise, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave the president a blank check to take action in Vietnam without requiring congressional oversight (Paterson, 2008).

The disintegration of American integrity and ethics was therefore an irreversible consequence of the reaction to the Maddox incident. As a turning point, the Maddox.