Vertical and Horizontal Integration

¶ … Stopped The Columbus Day has been a national holiday in the U.S. since 1937 meant to commemorate the arrival of the Italian born explorer, Christopher Columbus in the New World in October 12, 1492 opening up the region to the European word and development into what would be the current U.S. and surrounding nations. It is documented that the firs Columbus Day celebration took place in 1792 when Tammany hall held an event to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the landing of the Columbus exploration team.

This celebration sparked several others across the nation in the following years where people who were proud of Columbus origin, his faith, and his catholic community started holding celebrations in his honor. Most of these were initially religious ceremonies and some forms of parades to celebrate the achievements of the explorer. It was in 1937 when President Roosevelt proclaimed Columbus day a national holiday after unceasing campaigns by the Catholic fraternal benefits organization and Knights of Columbus (E&A Television Networks, 2015).

However, even after achieving a national status, the Columbus Day ahs been facing several oppositions over the years and dates back as early as 19th Century. Currently, the day is not widely accepted and celebrated as was before, it remains to be a holiday in many parts of the U.S. but not a day off in some states. Schools are not expected to be closed on this day and may businesses remain open and running. This is the single holiday that has remained inconsistent in the recent past.

Critics argue that the individual, Christopher Columbus should not be celebrated since he had the legacy of mistreating the natives whom they found in the Americas. It means celebrating him would be glorifying the ills his team meted on the locals and hence an insult on the natives.

His voyage and suppression of the natives he found in the region also opened up ways for the settlement of the Europeans, which means he perpetuated colonialism, a practice that has no positive connotation in the present day society since it is widely blamed for the ultimate slavery and slave trade and exploitation of the resources in the Americas and the labor of the natives as well.

in its place, there has been a trend of replacing the Columbus celebration with celebrating the indigenous people who were his victims (The Guardian, 2015). Horizontal and vertical integration Companies often venture into expansion measure in order to either solve a challenge they are facing or meet the goals that they have set in their vison. Two of the most widely preferred approaches to expansion are horizontal integration and vertical integration.

Horizontal integration takes place when two firms which are at the same stage of production and are in the same industry merge. One such example is if the renowned newspapers like the Guardian and the Independent decide to merge, then this would be called horizontal integration. The advantage of this is that the company will benefit from the economies of scale with such mergers, especially in the production sector as well as the marketing section (Pettinger T., 2012). On the other hand, the vertical integration occurs when the firms.