This paper provides a comparative overview of two major world religions — Buddhism and Islam — examining their core doctrines, internal divisions, and practical observances. It explores the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the modern revival of Buddhism in Asia. On the Islamic side, the paper covers early Muslim reformers, the Five Pillars of Islam, the historical origins of the Sunni-Shia split, and the variety of Muslim sects found in the Middle East. Together, these examinations illustrate how religious doctrines and practices address diverse human spiritual needs.
There are a number of religions throughout the world. It is important to examine Islam and Buddhism in order to determine the variety of human needs that religious practices and doctrines seek to address and fulfill.
Buddhism is divided "into two main schools: the Theravada or Hinayana in Sri Lanka and SE Asia, and the Mahayana in China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan." Mahayana Buddhists considered themselves greater than the Theravada.
The main "philosophical tenet of the Mahayana is that all things are empty, or devoid of self-nature. Its chief religious ideal is the bodhisattva, which supplanted the earlier ideal of the arahant, and is distinguished from it by the vow to postpone entry into nirvana (although meriting it) until all other living beings are similarly enlightened and saved."
The Theravada beliefs are "generally accepted as representative of early Buddhist doctrine. The ideal of early Buddhism was the perfected saintly sage, arahant, or arhat, who attained liberation by purifying the self of all defilements and desires."
Buddhists believe that "freedom from 'fetters' obviously cannot be achieved by negative means only. By living toward the attainment of the right or truly liberating and joy-bringing desires, one attains the supraconsciousness, the bliss, that completely transcends and erases from everyday consciousness the kinds of desire that produce suffering."
The Buddha employed the principle of "desires whose indulgence will not result in an increase of misery but rather in a decrease of it — or in an entire doing away with misery — desires that conduct steadily to salvation, the ultimate state in which all desires are swallowed up, even the desire for no desire" to devise the Noble Eightfold Path, which is known as "the path that leads to no desire."
The eight steps of the path are as follows:
Right belief — that is, belief in the Four Noble Truths and the view of life implied in them.
Right aspiration or purpose — reached by resolving to overcome sensuality, to have the right love of others, to harm no living being, and to suppress all misery-producing desires.
Right speech and right conduct — defined as nonindulgence in loose or hurtful talk or in ill will. Combined with this step, one must love all creatures with the right sort of love in word and deed.
Right means of livelihood — choosing the proper occupation for one's time and energies.
Right effort — the untiring and unremitting intellectual alertness in discriminating between wise and unwise desires and attachments.
Right mindfulness — achieved through well-disciplined thought habits during long hours spent in attention to helpful topics.
"Hindu-Muslim reformers and monotheist ideals"
"Islamic obligations and sectarian divisions"
"Origins of the Sunni-Shia historical split"
There are many religions in the world today, and some of these religions have different sects within them. A greater understanding of these religions can be gained by examining the fundamentals of each tradition, as well as the distinct beliefs held by individual sects.
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