The Israeli Separation Wall and the Palestinian Economy

Introduction

In April 2002, the Israeli government began building a complex series of walls, barriers, and trenches along the western border of the West Bank. The Wall is a separation barrier constructed in part from massive concrete slabs and watch towers that strike the observer (Kearney, 2003).

The Wall surrounds the Palestinian city of Qalqilya, imprisoning a population of 400,000 behind eight-meter-high walls, with the single remaining access road controlled by an Israeli military base and checkpoint. At other points, the Wall consists of layers of razor wire, military patrol roads, sand paths to trace footprints, ditches, surveillance cameras, and a three-meter-high electric fence running through the middle. A "buffer zone" exists 30–100 meters on each side of the Wall. Palestinians are not permitted to enter this zone, which is composed of electric fences, trenches, cameras, and sensors, and is patrolled by the Israeli military.

While gates have been included in the construction of the Wall, they are grossly insufficient, and Palestinians face serious difficulties crossing from one side to the other in order to access their farmland or attend school (Kearney, 2003). According to Israeli army plans submitted to the Israeli High Court, Phase One of the Wall was to incorporate 26 "agricultural crossings" along its route, with an additional five crossings in the "depth barriers" located further to the east. In a report on the Wall, however, the World Bank stated that their team found preparations for only one such crossing.

About the Wall

Lucy Mair and Robyn Long (2003) describe how the Wall is affecting the futures of Palestinian citizens. "Uncertainty about the future intensified for Mufida Ahmad's family this year when a mammoth wall ripped through their land in the West Bank village of Jayyus. Ahmad and her husband had bought the quarter acre for $1,400 — a hefty but hopeful investment for the family of seven. On it, they cultivated eight olive trees. To pay for the land, and to pay off a $4,000 bank loan they had taken to meet the family's basic needs, Ahmad worked nine hours a day in a sewing factory for a mere $150 a month. But the trees, land, and future for which they had sacrificed have all disappeared under the Israeli Separation Wall."

The Wall is referred to as a "security fence" by the Israeli government and as the "Apartheid Wall" by Palestinians. These different names reflect the sharply opposing attitudes of each side toward the barrier.

The first phase of construction was launched in June 2002 and completed just 13 months later, in July 2003. The completed section stretches for 90 miles through the northwestern West Bank districts of Jenin, Tulkarem, and Qalqiliya, and at several points cuts almost four miles into the West Bank. The Israeli government has planned three additional building phases and aimed to finish the entire structure by 2005.

Although it is relatively new, the Wall has already resulted in Israel's annexation of fertile Palestinian agricultural land, groundwater wells, and ten illegal Israeli Jewish-only settlements. If built in its entirety, the first three-phase Wall alone will have enabled the largest confiscation of Palestinian land since 1967, will devastate the agricultural base of the West Bank, and will destroy any possibility of an economically viable Palestinian state (Mair and Long, 2003).

If both walls are built, they will imprison the entire West Bank and run over 400 miles — four times the length of the Berlin Wall. They will absorb some of the most fertile land and richest water resources in the West Bank and partition the territory into three ghettos: one located around the cities of Nablus and Jenin in the north, a second in Ramallah in the north-center, and a third in Bethlehem/Hebron in the south. As a result, less than half of the West Bank will remain in Palestinian hands — just 12% of pre-1948 Palestine.

The Wall will completely separate East Jerusalem, which was illegally annexed by Israel in 1980, from the rest of the West Bank. East Jerusalem is not only the planned capital of a future Palestinian state, but also the religious, cultural, social, and economic center of the West Bank. A total of 430,000 West Bank Palestinians, including those in East Jerusalem, will be imprisoned on the Israeli side of the Wall.

Palestinian Perspective

The Wall, according to Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, was constructed for security purposes — in particular, to protect Israeli civilians within the Green Line from attack by Palestinian militants. However, the Wall is not being built solely in this area. It is being built entirely within the West Bank and is even projected to cross through Palestinian land in the Jordan Valley near the border with Jordan. The Wall will therefore eventually come full circle, completely enclosing two distinct and vast swathes of Palestinian territory: one to the north of Jerusalem and the other to the south. In addition, in the area of Occupied Palestinian Territory including and adjacent to East Jerusalem — labeled the "Jerusalem Envelope" by Israel — the Wall will create a third distinctive region that will ultimately be annexed to Israel.

As a result, thousands of Palestinians between the Green Line and the Wall itself will be isolated from other communities, and the Wall will annex that land to Israel (Kearney, 2003). In the words of Moayad Hussin, Mayor of the Palestinian town of Baqa al-Sharqia (McGreal, 2003): "If the fence is for security, if the fence is to keep us out, then why aren't we on the other side? With every kilometer of fence Sharon builds, we are sure there is only one answer. This is not about security; it's about land and resources."

Palestinian rural society is based on an economy in which agriculture is a principal source of income (Yehezkel, 2002). The agricultural economy has become increasingly important during the intifada, as belligerent reoccupation, curfews, checkpoints, and other forms of collective punishment and closure have isolated West Bank towns from one another, leading to greater reliance on local and home produce for both sustenance and employment.

The Palestinian economy was already in serious trouble, and the completion of the Wall will undoubtedly make conditions much worse. It was devastated by the three-year Israeli military crackdown against the intifada — mainly through enforced curfews, military destruction, and closures that placed severe movement restrictions on Palestinian people, vehicles, and goods. As of October 2002, closures had cost Palestinians $3.3 billion in lost income, with more than two-thirds of Palestinian households living in poverty.

According to Mair and Long (2003): "The Wall will make permanent the state of siege experienced by much of Palestine during the current intifada. The full economic impact of the Wall is not yet known, but its first segment has already gutted productive assets, blocked access to resources, and hobbled people's movement."

In short, the Wall is destroying every aspect of Palestinian life. Many communities have lost the land, water, and resources that provide their sustenance. The Wall has also caused the destruction of community and personal property. Palestinian villages and towns near the Wall are rapidly becoming isolated ghettos where movement in and out is severely restricted or impossible, blocking travel for work, healthcare, education, and family visits. For example, in the communities enclosed within an enclave in the Tulkarem district, the inability to travel due to the Wall and Israeli military "closures" drove the unemployment rate from 18% in 2000 to 78% in the spring of 2003. In Qalqiliya, where the Wall encircles the city with one Israeli military-controlled checkpoint, nearly 10% of the 42,000 residents have been forced to leave their homes because of the city's imprisonment, the closure of its market, and the inability to find work.

According to Farsakh (2002): "The Wall is intended to deny any prospects for survival in communities, and therefore is not only the negation of Palestinian national aspirations and the right to self-determination, but also a tool in the creeping 'transfer' of the population and the realization of Zionist/Israeli expansionist plans."

Palestinian communities and local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are mobilizing to stop the Wall (Mair and Long, 2003). To support these communities in their struggle, the Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network (PENGON) created the Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign in 2002. Campaign coordinator Jamal Juma' describes the campaign name this way: "We are witnessing a 21st-century apartheid, which will lay siege to Palestinians within fragmented, disconnected cantons, taking final possession of the Palestinian right to live in freedom, in a state like any other people."

The campaign is a Palestinian national grassroots movement that calls for the Wall's elimination, works to educate local and international journalists, coordinates the resistance of Palestinian communities, and lobbies the Palestinian Authority to take a stance against the Wall. Supporters argue that Israel should not be permitted to seize Palestinian land under the claim of working for peace, and that the international community should take further action to condemn the construction of the Wall and to stop and reverse what has already been built.

Conclusion

The Wall is isolating thousands of Palestinians both from East Jerusalem and from what remains of the West Bank (Kearney, 2003). Coupled with existing settlements and Israeli-only bypass roads, it will prevent the emergence of an economically viable independent Palestinian state and represents the culminating stroke in a strategy of creating a "Greater Israel." The violence perpetuated by the Wall can be seen in demolished homes, isolated villages, separated families, and the spiral of killings it is generating.

As a result of the Wall's construction, the majority of the most fertile land and numerous water resources in the West Bank have been confiscated (Haley, 2004). Thousands of olive trees and other agricultural resources upon which Palestinians depend for their livelihood have been destroyed. Farmers are separated from their lands, children from their schools, families divided, and workers are unable to reach their jobs. Palestinians believe that this "Apartheid Wall" is the beginning of a master plan of economic coercion designed to force them into exile. Whether or not that outcome is achieved, the Wall will likely negate any possibility of creating an economically viable Palestinian state, turning it instead into a grouping of disconnected entities resembling open-air prisons surrounded by Israeli checkpoints and Jewish settlements.

The Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights (2002) warns: "when territorial expansion occurs openly, as in the case of the purported annexation of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, the response of the international community, speaking through the United Nations, has been clear and firm. The response to Israel's present annexation by stealth has not, however, received the same strong condemnation."

In total, the Wall is projected to enclose all of the Jewish colonies — with the exception of a few — along with the majority of all settlers and 440,000 Palestinians (Hadid, 2003). Approximately half of the Palestinians caged in by the Wall do not have Israeli residency, and 30% of them will be situated in double-fenced areas. These Palestinians face an extremely dangerous and vulnerable situation: they are deprived of their livelihoods and cut off from necessary social services such as healthcare and education. The remaining Palestinians in the West Bank will be enclosed within large cantons.

Israeli leaders continue to argue that the Wall is necessary to protect their citizens. Unfortunately, many experts argue that the Wall will not solve Israel's security problems but will rather exacerbate them (Gordon, 2003). By forcing extreme pressure on the Palestinian people, who are already living in poverty under rapidly worsening circumstances, the Wall is likely to generate a widespread sense that there are no prospects for the future. As a result, more people may be motivated to join extremist groups such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad. The Wall therefore only deepens hatred toward the Israeli occupation and promotes further terrorism.

In conclusion, the Wall is not a positive development for either Israelis or Palestinians. The Wall and settlements undermine the ability of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to effectively fulfill its obligations on the road to state-building — key among them, security. The Wall is creating widespread poverty and despair among Palestinians. These conditions are likely to foster further instability and violence throughout the region.

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The Green Line is the internationally recognized boundary between Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories — the border agreed upon by Israel and neighboring Arab states in an armistice to end the War of 1948.

Intifada refers to the uprising of the Arab population in the territories administered by Israel.