Nursing Contributions and Advantages in Wartime America

Introduction

In the American Civil War era, "nurses" were largely upper- and middle-class white American females. The profession of nursing had yet to be formally established, and a majority of individuals who assumed the nursing role were required to learn on the job in the course of performing their everyday tasks. Armed forces hospitals were only beginning to see the entry of female nursing staff; traditionally, recuperating soldiers had filled a majority of nursing posts, particularly in the field, which was regarded as inappropriate for women (Cashin, 2016; Hallett, 2014). Yet alongside female nurses, others from different backgrounds — serving as laundresses, matrons, cooks, and more — carried out much the same duties. This essay examines nursing contributions and advantages in wartime America.

Nursing Contributions in Wartime

Nursing staff offered their services in every kind of hospital setting: traveling hospitals, operation teams, hospital ships, hospital trains, base hospitals, recuperation hospitals, field hospitals, evacuation units, and camp hospitals (Rees, 2014). The nursing ratio required in wartime had remained largely unchanged since the American Revolution: one staff member per ten hospital beds. Initially, the armed forces projected a need for 10,000 nursing staff; however, this figure increased fourfold by the end of March 1918.

Key areas where nurse capabilities and experience were most sought included anesthesia administration, orthopedics, and psychiatric nursing. Anesthesia administration was recognized as a critical resource once the military understood nursing staff's potential to supplement physicians' efforts. It became one of the foremost areas in which the nation's nursing workforce expanded its scope of practice. Nurses became part of five-to-six-member specialty units — covering gas, shock, surgical, and orthopedic care — that were deployed directly to the front lines (Rees, 2014; Hallett, 2014). These units helped stabilize combatants on site; without such support, wounded soldiers would have had to endure lengthy evacuation processes before receiving care. Gas teams cared for patients in combat zones, shock units administered fluids and whole blood, and surgical units provided chest-focused, orthopedic, maxillofacial, and neurosurgical services.

Core Nursing Practices Pioneered in Wartime

Confronted with these demanding front-line responsibilities, wartime nurses developed ideas that form the foundation of modern nursing practice:

1) Self-care: This required patients to perform tasks for themselves as a means of regaining autonomy and promoting healing. For instance, a wounded soldier was expected to assist in cleaning his own wounds.

2) Infection control: Wartime nurses achieved this through thorough cleansing of hospital facilities and insisting on clean linens and proper hygiene for patients. This was a remarkable development, as the medical field of that era was largely unfamiliar with the concepts of infection chains and microbial disease.

3) End-of-life (EOL) nursing: Wartime nurses cared for dying soldiers, comforting them in their final moments.

4) Assessment: Wartime nurses conducted nightly rounds with lamps, interacting with patients and gauging their condition — a practice that forms the basis of nursing assessment today.

5) Therapeutic communication: During their rounds, wartime nurses conversed with patients, offering support and sympathy in times of despair (Rees, 2014; Hallett, 2014; McKay, 2014).

Conclusion

Nurse contributions and experiences during wartime prove just as vital to war history as those of combat personnel. Army nurse volunteers were able to assert their independence, challenge conventional feminine stereotypes, and seize opportunities for travel and career development. Nursing, understood as the professionalized care of fellow human beings, provided practitioners with the experience, knowledge, and skills necessary to deliver high-quality services. The nature of the wounds nurses encountered during wartime stands as testimony to the scope of their contribution. Wounds varied based on the nurse's posting and medical unit type, but the lasting memories of gruesome injuries appear consistently throughout personal accounts. Intensive care became the norm rather than the exception, and patients with burn injuries left particularly enduring impressions on their caregivers. In conclusion, wartime nurses contributed significantly to the advancement of the nursing profession to its current position — with respect to inpatient care, professional standards and skills, and medical technology.

References

Cashin, J. E. (2016). Civil War Nurse Narratives, 1863–1870 by Daneen Wardrop. Ohio Valley History, 16(3), 97–98.

Hallett, C. E. (2014). Veiled warriors: Allied nurses of the First World War. OUP Oxford.

McKay, J. (2014). A women's tribute to war. Fryer Folios, 9(1), 7–9.

Rees, P. (2014). The Other Anzacs: Nurses at War 1914–1918. Allen & Unwin.

Threat, C. J. (2015). Nursing civil rights: Gender and race in the army nurse corps. University of Illinois Press.