Ancient Chinese Contributions
(1) Identify eight to ten of these useful inventions or contributions.

Cultivation of millet: millet was discovered in Northern China, with valid evidence from places like Jiahu, Peiligang, and Cishan. In Cishan, archeological remains were found which included storage pits of about 300 in number, other 80 that contained millet remains, and the storage capacity for millet gave an estimation of about 100,000 grains. In 4000 BC, the areas of Yangshao had started using the foxtail cultivation method that completely had its own storage pits and tools that were fine for digging and proper crop harvesting. Using the DNA of the population of East Asian, Chinese farmers, specializing in production of millet are still evident today. The research showed that the Chinese farmers' ancestors made an arrival to the area 30,000 BP (Jiang, 2008).

Noodle: In 2002, the culture of Qijia in a place known as Laija an excavation of…...

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References

Garrison, T. (2009). Essentials of oceanography. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Jiang, X. (2008). FDI in China: Contributions to growth, restructuring, and competitiveness.

New York: Nova Science.

Needham, J. (2009). Classical Chinese contributions to mechanical engineering: Delivered at Kings College, Newcastle upon Tyne, 28 February, 1961. Newcastle upon Tyne

People of the time lacked the technological tools to build them, gaps remain regarding how they were accomplished, and it would be challenging for us still today to imitate them.
Criticism of ancient astronaut theory

Critics of the ancient astronaut thesis used some of the following arguments to demolish the claims:

1. eligious

The claims of extra-terrestrials are totally unfounded and many are complete reinterpretations of (for instance) the Bible. proponents such as Von Daniken and Barry Downing, for example, believe that the concept of hell in the Bible was a description of Venus transmitted by extraterrestrials who showed photos of the hot surface on Venus to humans (Penczak, 2007). These, and many more claims, cannot even be called pseudo-science. They are fictitious and stuff of science-fiction.

2. Cultural

These arguments too have been proven to be unfounded with most being discredited and the others simply lacking basis. professor Joe Nickell of the University of…...

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References

Colavito, Jason (2005). The Cult of Alien Gods H.P. Lovecraft and Extraterrestrial Pop Culture. Prometheus Books.

Lieb, Michael (1998). Children of Ezekiel: Aliens, Ufos, the Crisis of Race, and the Advent of End Time. Duke University Press.

Onagocag.com. (1982-08-07). The Mysterious Nazca Lines.

 http://www.onagocag.com/nazca.html

Ancient eligion
The first few millennia BCE were transformative times throughout the Near East. Ugaritic (Caanite), Biblical (Israelite), Hittite, Mesopotamian and Egyptian literature reveal common themes, shared motifs, and similar cultural norms and values in spite of the differences that distinguish each region from the other. Core themes that ancient Near Eastern sacred and allegorical literature reveals include the role of monarch as either divine or semi-divine; the strict gender roles and social hierarchies; and the dynamic relationships formed between ruler and people; versus ruler and gods. The social and symbolic universes of the ancient Near East were also strongly and unapologetically patriarchal. In addition to social and moral themes, Ugaritic (Caanite), Biblical (Israelite), Hittite, Mesopotamian and Egyptian literature from the first and second millennia reveal the shift from a henotheistic worldview, cosmology, and theology, to a monotheistic one that would firmly take root.

Leadership remains one of the most critical issues…...

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References

Baal

"The Battle of Megiddo,"

Bible: New International Version

"Campaign of Sheshonk I"

Ancient Near East Art at the Met
The Cyrus Cylinder is a fragmented clay cylinder (9 in. x 4 in.) from ancient times (roughly 530 BC), which contains the dictates of the Persian king Cyrus, known as Cyrus the Great. The cylinder is made of baked clay, like a pot or an ancient tablet, and inscribed in the clay are the orders of the king, concerning the people of Babylon, whom he had recently conquered.

The purpose of the cylinder was to give praise to the king Cyrus, to show how his virtues marked him as an exemplary king, how he did much to improve the lives of the Babylonians, and how he allowed non-Babylonians (such as Jews) to return to their native lands.

The Cyrus Cylinder is important first of all as an historical artifact which has captured a time and place and allows us today to witness what life was like…...

The Greeks even believe that the sun had "kissed" the Ethiopians, explaining the deep color of their skin. In fact, according to one of the sources Keita quotes, the Ethiopians "pioneered" religion, inventing many of the customers that existed later in Egypt; according to that same source, the Egyptians were descended from the Ethiopians. Indeed, Herodotus asserted that almost all the names of the Greek gods came from Egypt, and that those names had been known in Egypt "from the beginning of time...." (Keita, 1994, p. 147+). The Greeks, the source maintains, taught the Greeks about ceremonial meetings, processions and liturgies and to assign a day to a deity and to engage in prognostications and use of omens.
On the other hand, it is unlikely that, without the Greeks to conquer lands on both sides of the Mediterranean, the spread of religion and liturgy and myth -- ascribed to the…...

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Works Cited

Keita, Maghan. "Deconstructing the Classical Age: Africa and the Unity of the Mediterranean World." The Journal of Negro History 79.2 (1994): 147+. Questia. 7 Oct. 2005  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000303034 .

Ancient Historians
Influential Ancient Historians

Faces of History: Historical Inquiry from Herodotus to Herder by Donald . Kelley

In his book, which is written in a scholarly, colorful, and interesting style, and is as rich with thought-provoking questions as it is lean on assumptions, author Kelley goes to great lengths to set the stage for every historian's work that he discusses. On page 3, he says that "the difficulty" in writing about ancient historians, is, initially, "the question of what qualifies, retrospectively, as 'history'." Does one include the writings of an ancient historian like Herodotus, Kelly asks, since Herodotus's "inquiries" are very subjective and do not fit "modern prescriptions of historical methods"?

And as one reads through the various books on ancient historians, it becomes apparent that chroniclers like Herodotus must be considered historians because there is little else to base "history" upon - and moreover, it is vain and narrow in vision to…...

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References

Grant, Michael. Greek and Roman Historians: Information and misinformation.

London: Routledge, 1995.

Grant, Michael. The Ancient Historians. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons:

Kelley, Donald R. The Faces of History: Historical Inquiry from Herodotus to Herder. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

Oddly enough, modern Judeo-Christian teachings overlook the important role that women played in the economic security of their households in the ancient Israel period. In ancient-Israel, households were largely self-sufficient. People did not specialize and trade was not a substantial part of the society. (Meyers, p.143). It seems likely that animals were stabled inside with people, on the first floor of the home, which also had space for other agricultural concerns, and crafts. Excavations have revealed the presence of animal bones almost everywhere; demonstrating the importance of animals to the economy. They have also revealed a lack of imported goods, helping reaffirm the self-sufficient nature of households. (Meyers, p.143). The result is that an ancient-Israeli housewife was, in all senses of the word, a "working mother." She was actively involved in subsistence and contributions to the family's economy. However, much of Christian tradition has been concerned with relegating women to…...

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Works Cited

Meyers, Carole. Discovering Eve: Ancient Israelite Women in Context. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1988.

Ancient Chinese ronzes
The existence of the believed first prehistoric Chinese dynasty of Xia from the 21st to the 16th century was assumed a myth on account of scientific excavations at early bronze-age sites in Anyang, Henan Province in 1928 (Crystal 2004) (Poon). ut archaeological finds in the 1960s and 1970s, consisting mainly of urban sites, bronze implements and tombs, provided evidence to the existence of a Xia civilization in the locations mentioned in ancient Chinese manuscripts. These new finds theorized that the probable Xia period to be between the Neolithic culture and the urban Shang dynasty. The one evidence shared by these ancient civilizations was bronze metallurgy (Crystal, Poon), which could have been a prehistoric activity before the 22nd century C (Lees 2004).

The assumed connection between the two dynasties was the founding of the Shang dynasty by a rebel who overcame the last Xia ruler in the 17th century. The…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Ancient China. (2003). Bronzes of Ancient China. http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschidlin/ancientchina.html

2. Ayers, Sheldon A. (2004). Shang Bronzes: a Window into Ancient Chinese Culture (1523-1028 BC). Yale New Haven Teachers Institute.  http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1998/98.03.01.x.html 

3. Chinavoc. (2002). The Art of Chinese Bronzes. http://www.chinavoc.com/arts/hardicraft/bronzes.htm

4. Crystal, Ellie. (2004). Chinese Dynasties.  http://www.lightofchina.com/art/art_bronze_index.htm

Ancient Sparta
The city of Sparta is located along the Eurotas River, in the southern Greek island of Peloponnesus. Today, the city serves as the capital of the Lakonia province and is home to a few thousand people and ruins of temples and ancient public buildings.

The appearance of modern Sparta belies its importance in antiquity. Ancient Sparta was the most powerful and important Greek city-state at the conclusion of the Peloponnesian ar, a distinction that the city carried for almost 30 years (Hamilton 25).

Throughout Greece, Sparta's power and prestige were rivaled only by Athens.

This paper examines the institutional structures that characterized ancient Sparta, and how these institutions affected Sparta's dominance. The first part of the paper looks at the city's political and government structures. The second part focuses on the foundation of Sparta's society - the military. The third part of the paper studies the social and class structures that characterized…...

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Works Cited

Baker, Rosalie F. And Charles F. Ancient Greeks: Creating the Classical Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1997.

Durando, Furio. Ancient Greece: The Dawn of the Western World. New York: Metro Books, 1997.

Grant, Michael. A Social History of Greece and Rome. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992.

Hamilton, Charles D. Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979.

(owland, 1953, p. 100) The ceiling depicts octagonal concentric and interlocking symbols that if they had been constructed as part of an actual ceiling might have formed the basis for an architectural wonder. Here they were carved from the cave ceiling to represent such a grand idea. It is not often thought in the west that Buddhism could in any way compete with the classical western traditions of art and architecture, and yet the existence of this valley with its rich Buddhist history is clearly contradictory of western xenophobia or ideal do superiority. It must also be said that the iconoclasm of Islamic raiders did a great deal of damage to eastern depictions of Buddhist and even Christian art (owland, 1953, p. 165) and though the Bamiyan Buddhas had been protected, even in a Islamic culture for centuries they have now belatedly been destroyed by a less ecumenical sect…...

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References

BBC News (March 11, 2001) Giant Buddha statues 'blown up' Retrieved May 5, 2009 from Google Database

<  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1214384.stm >.

Kaufman, (February, 7 2005) Afghan Archaeologist Seeks Sleeping Buddha Retrieved May 5, 2009 from Google Database .

Rhie, M.M. (1999). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia (Vol. 1). Boston: Brill.

Ancient oman Culture: Dressing for Democracy
Ancient oman Culture

DESSING FO DEMOCACY

Governance, Food, Clothing, Jewelry and Marriage

Ancient oman Influences

Some have argued that for good or for bad the Ancient omans put the people into democracy. They sought to give life to the Greek concept of governance by the people, often by establishing rules and expectations that would encourage its citizens to be equally recognized, at least within certain parameters. Even though it would turn out in reality that some citizens would get more than others, there were numerous efforts to govern, feed, dress, adorn and even pair up people with an eye toward equality for most of those who qualified.

Below we review Ancient oman government, foods, fashions and jewelry, and the basis of their sexuality and marriage. Our goal is to explore some of the foundations for understanding how their influences in these areas effectively dressed contemporary culture for democracy. Overall my…...

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REFERENCES

Alcock, J. (2006). Food in the ancient world: Food through history. Greenwood Publishing.

Coontz, S. (2005). Marriage, a history: From Obedience to intimacy or how love conquered marriage. Penguin: London.

Goldman, N. (2001). Reconstructing Roman Clothing. In The World of Roman Costume. Judith Lynn Sebesta and Larrisa Bonfante. University of Wisconsin.

Jillison, C. (2009). American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change. Taylor & Francis.

It had not been until 1990, when President Bush signed the NAGPRA into law, that the natives had finally gotten their rights recognized by the government.
The dam has been built in 1950, when the government did not pay much attention to the Native Americans and to their rights. In the present, the government brings into the question the issue of people risking a flood and a lesser production of energy. It is remarkable how people change over the years, and how the U.S. government plays with the rights of its citizens. Any good-hearted man would believe that the least that the government can do is to give the territory back to its rightful owners. Perhaps the natives would get a little bit of their honor back after centuries of suffering by regaining the burial sites of their ancestors.

This case is not singular in the U.S., as various tribes have…...

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Works cited:

1. Bocek, Barb. (1992). "Native American Studies Collections." Retrieved July 23, 2009, from the Stanford University Web site:  http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/native/appf.html 

2. Boszhardt, Robert. (2000). "Native American Cemeteries." Retrieved July 22, 2009, from the Lacrosse Library Web site:  http://www.lacrosselibrary.org/genealogy/cemeteryhistories/nativeamerican.asp 

3. Kerber, Jordan E. (2006). "Cross-cultural collaboration: Native peoples and archaeology in the northeastern United States." U. Of Nebraska Press.

4. Yalom, Marilyn. (2008). "The American resting place: four hundred years of history through our cemeteries and burial grounds." Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Ancient History
The ancient histories of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations have much in common. Both regions were inhabited since prehistoric times by nomadic groups, which began to settle down in towns and villages by around 6000 BCE. Consistent settlements soon grew into larger cities; in both Egypt and in Mesopotamia, these cities became city-states with complex lifestyles and forms of government. Some of the first written languages were created simultaneously in these regions: in Mesopotamia the Sumerians developed cuneiform and later the Babylonians and Assyrians used pictographs. The ancient Egyptians developed their unique hieroglyphics. Both these ancient cultures had sophisticated arts, such as fine pottery, ceramics, sculpture, and paintings. Both these cultures also had irrigation systems to provide the arid regions with the ability to grow crops. Egypt and Mesopotamia were both fed by major rivers: in Egypt's case it was the Nile and in the case of Mesopotamia it was…...

Top Invention- The world we know now is based on the Industrial evolution. The technological developments after feudalism - With the advent of steam power and machinery, especially in the 18th and 19th century, major changes in agriculture, mining, manufacturing and transportation literally revolutionized Europe and changed the socioeconomic and cultural conditions within almost every European country. Indeed, the onset of the Industrial evolution impacted daily life for almost every individual, and changed the course of history, too (More, 2000).

This is the impact that metallurgy and the crafting of iron and steel had on the West and modern cultures are immeasurable. China had the technology of achieving high temperatures and casting iron at least 2,000 years prior to Europe; and even understood how to refine molten pig iron into wrought iron. By the 3rd and 4th century AD, the Chinese had learned to refine metal production using the blast furnace,…...

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REFERENCES

"The Science and Technology Ancient China Taught the West." (2004.). Ancient China's

Technology. Cited in:  http://east_west_dialogue.tripod.com/id1.html 

Craughwell, T.J. (2008). How the Barbarian Invasions Shaped the Modern World.

Fair Winds Press.

Ancient World Cities and Government Warfare
How were ancient city-states an intersection of these things (i.e. cities, governments and warfare?

Throughout history the greatest civilizations were a combination of cities, governments and warfare. In the case of ancient Greece, this took place with the organization of the city state itself (called a polis). This means city, but it also has deeper military roots. What happened was groups of farmers and wealthy landowners came together to create a defensible position against attack (hence the name polis). Over the course of time, as more people fell under a protective area, is when this definition shifted to mean city and the culture that it embraces. This is how cities such as Athens and Sparta were created to become the most dominate states. (Kries, 2009)

Once they were formed is when the ideas of the group would have an impact upon the kind of government that was…...

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References

The Achaemenid Persian Empire. (2010). Met Museum. Retrieved from:  http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acha/hd_acha.htm 

Kries, S. (2009). Lecture 6. History Guide. Retrieved from:  http://historyguide.org/ancient/lecture6b.html 

Kries, S. (2009). Lecture 8. History Guide. Retrieved from:  http://historyguide.org/ancient/lecture8b.html 

Kries, S. (2009). Lecture 10. History Guide. Retrieved from:  http://historyguide.org/ancient/lecture10b.html

In August Wilson’s Fences, the author explores several themes as they relate to the central themes of race, fatherhood, and manhood in the United States.  One of the themes that he tackles is the concept of fate, though the approach is less about life being preordained as it is an examination of how history, social circumstances, and upbringing can combine to make some events appear preordained or fated rather than the intervention of some type of divine or supernatural fate.  This contextual analysis of manhood in a political situation that seems designed to challenge it was explored by

While the concept of a bathing culture may be most strongly associated with the Romans at the time of the Roman Empire, many cultures have placed social, economic, and personal emphasis on bathing in a way that makes the practice as much about culture as it is about hygiene.  Historically, cultures had very different approaches to bathing, with some ancient cultures considering baths dangerous, while others considered them almost sacred.  Even in modern times, cultures take different approaches to the concept of bathing.

You can see the influence of nature on Japanese bathing tradition, which sets it apart....

Essay: Understanding the Multifaceted Nature of Love Love, an emotion as ancient as humanity itself, has been a perennial topic of fascination, inspiration, and perplexity. Often considered the most profound and powerful of human emotions, love transcends mere feelings, influencing our actions, thoughts, and life choices. This essay explores the complexity and diversity of love, delving into its various forms and impacts on human life. At its core, love is an intense feeling of deep affection, a force that can forge unbreakable bonds and connections. It manifests in numerous forms - the unconditional love of a parent, the passionate love....

I. Introduction
A. Definition of the Human Condition
B. Importance of Studying the Human Condition
C. Thesis Statement: Exploring key aspects of the human condition and their significance in shaping human existence.

II. Historical Perspectives on the Human Condition
A. Ancient Philosophical Views (e.g., Aristotle, Plato)
B. Medieval and Renaissance Perspectives (e.g., Thomas Aquinas, Machiavelli)
C. Enlightenment Thinkers (e.g., Rousseau, Hobbes)

III. Psychological Dimensions of the Human Condition
A. Human Emotions and Behavior
B. Cognitive Processes and Perceptions
C. Impact of Social and Environmental Factors

IV. Existential and Philosophical Views
A. Existentialism: Meaning and Purpose
B. Absurdity and Anxiety in Human Existence
C.....