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Aristotle
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What is Aristotle?

Aristotle stands as one of the most consequential figures in the Western intellectual tradition, and students across philosophy, political science, literature, and theology regularly engage with his ideas. His works span ethics, politics, poetics, and metaphysics, making him relevant in courses ranging from introductory philosophy to advanced literary theory. What makes Aristotle academically compelling is the breadth and internal consistency of his thinking — concepts like virtue, happiness, character, and nature connect across his different texts, inviting students to trace how a single framework applies to vastly different questions, including the existence of God, the structure of ideal constitutions, and the nature of tragic drama.

The papers archived on this topic reflect a wide range of approaches. Comparative analysis is especially common, with essays placing Aristotle against Plato on political theory or measuring his virtue-based ethics against Utilitarianism. Literary application is another strong thread, with students using the criteria from the Poetics to evaluate works like Oedipus at Colonus and Death of a Salesman as tragedies. Other papers take a philosophical deep-dive into the Nicomachean Ethics, examining virtue theory and the relationship between action, character, and happiness. Feminist interpretations and analyses of Aristotelian ideas as applied to literary decisions in works like Middlemarch show that critical and interdisciplinary angles are also well represented.

A strong essay on Aristotle requires a focused thesis grounded in one or two specific texts rather than his entire body of work. Evidence drawn directly from primary sources — the Nicomachean Ethics or the Poetics, for example — carries the most weight. The most common pitfall is treating Aristotle's concepts too abstractly; always anchor ideas like virtue or character in concrete examples or textual passages to demonstrate genuine understanding.

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Paper Doctorate
Utilitarianism and Plato: Comparing Two Ethical Frameworks
This paper discusses the concept of Utilitarianism and compares this philosophical theory to those posed by Plato in the time of Ancient Rome. Utilitarianism is characterized by making decisions which serve the largest percentage of the population. What is best for most is best for all. Plato, on the other hand, made theories regarding individuals.
Paper Doctorate
Intercultural Communication: Key Concepts and Frameworks
this is a four-page study guide for a midterm on communications, based on a specific textbook. There are different areas addressed including Defining culture and subculture - Historical and varying perspectives on communication - High versus low context - Barriers and enablers to multicultural communication - Nonverbal message codes - Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - Nationalism in context of language - Influence of colonialism between and within cultures - Immigration policies - issues that influence multicultural communication and understanding - Perspectives on subgroup identity
Research Paper Doctorate
Veil of Maya: Plato, Aristotle, and the Nature of Reality
Concepts and ideologies, such as the "Veil of Maya," have tried to declare the philosophical interpretation of the "reality' of the world. These conceptions are helpful in analyzing the importance of our senses and to…
Research Paper Doctorate
Virtue and Liberalism: Character, Freedom, and Democratic Life
For several decades, many politicians and professors have been promoting the belief that the fate of liberal democracy in America is correlated with the quality of citizens' character (Berkowitz, 1999).
Paper Doctorate
Does Free Will Exist? Six Major Philosophical Views
Does "Free Will" Exist and if so, to What Extent does it Exist? The concept of "Free Will" has been debated by many philosophers over a period of centuries, not only regarding its very existence but also regarding its elements, the extent to which it may or may not exist and its moral implications. Our assigned readings have merely touched on debates that have raged and will probably continue to rage as long as human beings contemplate the "truths" about being. Though an exhaustive review of differing philosophical treatments of "Free Will" would probably take hundreds of pages, this work will briefly examine several major philosophies of "Free Will" and some of their most notable proponents. In reviewing these sources and differing approaches to "Free Will," we can see that philosophers approach the concept of "Free Will" with differing definitions, examining disparate aspects and resulting in somewhat different implications for Morality. It is fortunate that this work does not require a definitive conclusion about the existence and impact of "Free Will," for review of sources from class reading and independent reading reveals that the only definitive conclusion can be that there is no definitive conclusion. It appears that each philosopher in his turn treats Free Will and aspects of Free Will somewhat differently and arrives at unique conclusions. Descartes takes the most extreme position examined, apparently believing that there is Free Will and that it is completely unrestrained and undiminished by divine grace or natural knowledge. Immanuel Kant believed that there is Free Will but it is based solely in the rational aspect of the human being and is known essentially because we rationally know that we have certain incontrovertible duties. Roderick Chisholm believes that there is Free Will but that it is specifically linked to a type of "agent causation" as opposed to transeunt or "event" causation. Peter Van Inwagen believes that there is Free Will but only in a very small set of circumstances illustrated by "a garden of forking paths," some of which are illusions. Daniel M. Wegner believes that there is Free Will but that much of our supposed Free Will or Conscious Will is actually a simplistic illusion created for our benefits by our minds. Finally, Benjamin Libet believes there is Free Will but simultaneously refutes much of the traditional notion of Free Will through experiments indicating that many of our actions precede our will and that our exercise of Free Will primarily resides in controlling commenced actions by "vetoing" them. In sum, without even addressing the work of philosophers who do not believe in the existence of Free Will at all, we see disparate approaches to Free Will, to its nature, to its extent and to its moral implications. Indeed, some of these philosophers themselves decry the "incoherence" of philosophical treatments of "Free Will" while attempting to contribute their own thoughts on a vital philosophical topic that shows no signs of uniform conclusions.
Research Paper Doctorate
Tragedy in Art: Picasso's Guernica and Hume's Theory
The newspapers are forever mentioning the word, 'tragedy'. It usually means that there has been a death or deaths associated with a catastrophic event. Surprisingly, this is in keeping with the use of tragedy as…
Research Paper Doctorate
Italian Renaissance: Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael
Renaissance ("Rebirth") refers to the period after the Middle Ages when a series of dynamic intellectual, cultural and artistic movements from the 14th to 16th century catapulted Europe towards rapid development leading…
Research Paper Doctorate
Aristotle's Happiness and Virtues: Relevance Today
Aristotle's ideal of happiness and virtues has been drawn to a large extent from his mentor and teacher, Plato. The context of his ideas is firstly that ethics and politics are closely intertwined, together forming the…
Paper Masters
Aristotle on Incontinence: Akrasia and Moral Weakness
Incontinence is a term which is used by Philosophers. It stems from the Greek term, which is Akrasia, which means lack of mastery -- or when someone is not able to withhold his or her desires.
Research Paper Doctorate
Ibn Rushd (Averroes): Islamic Philosophy and Rationalism
Abul-Waleed Muhammad Ibn Rushd: His Work and Philosophy