Estonia Cyber Attacks 2007
2007 Estonian Cyber-war

This is the information age. In this age, the Internet has smoothened the progress of spectacular increases in global interconnectivity and communication. This form of globalization also yielded benefits for Estonia by improving the standard of living of its people. However, other than benefits, it has also ascended the availability of new weapons of confrontation for groups who have been seeking and opposing certain Estonian political measures and ideologies. The digital activists from the ussian land did the same to Estonia in May 2007 (Herzog, 2011).

More than 340,000 ethnic ussians reside in Estonia which means that the ussians comprise about 25% of the country's populace. Estonia gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, the small country has been experiencing an unsteady and shaky relationship with Moscow (Lake, 2011, p. A11). Thus, Estonia and ussia share an extensive history of conflict and contention….

Cyber-Attacks in Wireless ProtocolsStudent NameDepartment of Engineering and Computing, XXX SchoolCourse Number: Wireless and Mobile SecurityProfessor FirstName LastNameDue Date ()Table of ContentsAbstract............................................................................................................. 3Cyber-Attacks in Wireless Protocols................................................................ 4History............................................................................................................... 4Relevance to the Cyber Security Field............................................................... 5Vulnerabilities................................................................................................... 8Recommendations.............................................................................................. 10Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 11References.......................................................................................................... 12AbstractWireless network security remains a priority for most organizations, governments as well as individuals today. This is more so the case given that in the past, malicious players have exploited existing vulnerabilities and sought to gain unauthorized access to wireless networks with an intention of intercepting data, interfering with packet/traffic in transit, and other nefarious reasons. This poses serious risk to those targeted by such attacks. It is for this reason that there exists the need to not only explore the vulnerabilities that ease the deployment of cyber-attacks on wireless protocols, but also highlight some of the techniques that have been employed in the past by attackers to compromise the integrity of wireless….

gathered on the DOD
The tools and a description of the how they are used

What sort of attacks would work in this case? Give some examples and how you would carry them out

What social engineering and physical security aspects were discovered / devised? Give a detailed explanation

What methods could you employ to help secure these vulnerabilities? What suggestions would you make to the organization if you were a penetration tester?

Attack Project Paper

Over the last several years, the Department of Defense (DOD) has become the subject of cyber attacks. This is because of the information, which is possessed on their networks and the large turnover of people is exposing them to more threats. A good example of this can be seen with information compiled by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. They found that the DOD is receiving a total of 10 million attacks per day. ("How Many Cyber Attacks Hit….

arfare & Terrorism
The proliferation of cyberattacks -- aptly referred to as cyberterrorism -- carried out by criminal miscreants with grudges, shadowy techies with political motives, and other anti-social individuals, represent the new digital wars that threatened personal and state security worldwide. This is not a problem that will go away any time soon, and cyber security officials it seems will always be one or two steps behind the offenders causing the digital carnage. The cyberattacks that are reviewed in this paper include: Russia's denial-of-service attacks on Estonia in 2007 and Georgia in 2008, and the cyberattacks against U.S. State Department computers in 2006. Denial of service refers to strategies that "…block access of legitimate users" through the "…relentless transmission of irrelevant information" -- called "flood attacks" -- which restrains computer servers (Richards, 2010).

Russia's cyberterrorism against Estonia -- 2007

An article in the International Affairs Review indicates that the victim in this….

A few of the most notable include: social networking / fake emails and cloud computing. The information from this source is useful, as it is illustrating the current challenges facing the database security of most organizations. (Kark, 2011)
Olzak, T. (2008). Five Steps to Protect Mobile Devices. Tech epublic. etrieved from: http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/five-steps-to-protect-mobile-devices-anywhere-anytime/529

The article that was written by Olzak (2008), is talking about specific tools for protecting mobile devices. These include: storing information that is absolutely necessary, protecting the database when it is accessed over public networks, configuring devices to block external spying and encrypting sensitive information. This information is useful, because it is showing how organizations must utilize specific steps to safeguard against new vulnerabilities. (Olzak, 2008)

Tanzy, B. (2011). Security Strategy. Silicon.com. etrieved from: http://www.silicon.com/technology/security/2011/05/12/security-strategy-staff-smartphones-ring-the-changes-39747388/

The article that was written by Tanzy (2011), is discussing the challenges associated with cloud computing and accessing information from databases remotely. This is causing most….

Cyber security, due primarily to globalization has become a profound issue. With the advent of the internet, new threats to privacy and security have arisen. For one, threats have caused data breaches and loss of service for many internet providers. ecently, American banks have become targets of cyber attacks from unknown sources. In many instances, it is difficult to detect the whereabouts of a cyber attack. The anonymity of an attack makes this threat particularly appealing to third world and developed nations. Due primarily to its ability to go undetected PII attacks have become very commonplace. PII, otherwise known as personally identifiable information, have a direct appeal to those who would like to do harm to developed countries. PII attacks are particularly profound as information including name, Social Security numbers and date of birth, stored in the vendor's database can be access by unauthorized user (Denning, 2008).
PII attacks are not….

Cyber warfare continues to grow larger than imagination as the public becomes more aware of and involved in technology. This work in writing will identify a case study that presents a 'cell', 'klan', or 'state', which conducted or has the capacity to conduct cyber warfare. This work will describe the elements of: who, what, where, and why and means of conducting such cyber warfare and the organizational ideology behind the attack. Finally, this work will conclude with a review of how the attack could be prevented, either through training or certain tools.
There is a group that calls themselves 'Anonymous' which has exposed the weaknesses in American cybersecurity and while the group Anonymous is not staging or conducting cyberwarfare, they have revealed through their hacking of the Internet that hacking down the American infrastructure would not be as far-fetched as once was believed. Anonymous has managed to conduct hacking operations on….

Cyber Terrorism
The Internet that we know today and use in our everyday lives was founded in the early 1970s. But all through the Cold War, the apprehension of data theft led to the Internet becoming a decentralized system. But it was not until the late 1980s when the Internet, after years and years of research was made available to public. This was a big change because now anyone in the public could gain access of huge amount of data from anywhere in the world. The following list tells us how Internet can be used to spread evil, and assist terrorist organizations to apply more danger and fear to the world. According to Weimann (2004), the Internet has:

- easily approachable

- no single controller or regulator to control or censor information

- the makings for widespread spectators all round the globe

- the power for the user to remain anonymous

- quick access to information

-….

internet and the increased availability of personal computers around the world have increased the vulnerability of critical infrastructure systems. In recent years computers have been used by terrorist to distribute information about terrorist attacks. Now many experts fear that terrorist will use computers to carry out an attack on electricity grid or other systems that are crucial to the operation of a nation's infrastructure. The purpose of this discussion is to investigate the ways in which cybercrimes occur and the how it applies to the criminal justice system approach to dealing with terrorism. efore we began the literature review let us provide an overview of the methodology used to identify and locate sources of information found in the literature review.
Methodology

The sources used in the following literature review are from Academic Journals, books, newspapers, government agencies and articles found on the internet. Many of the Journals used are published by….

Cyber Attacks on Financial Institutions
Carmalia Davis

The finance industry has continued to receive more targeted and sophisticated cyber attacks from criminals. These criminals often email phishing campaigns to customers which have remained the most successful methods of targeting financial institutions. New innovations in banking, like online and mobile banking, have continued to create new vulnerabilities for cyber thieves. To minimize the efficiency of these attacks, banks have devised improved communication and educational tools for customers, and procedures for quick interventions in the event of an actual attack. However, beyond simply creating harmful software intended to hack online bank details, criminals have found ways to subvert the software and servers owned by prestigious financial institutions to make their phishing campaigns more effective; this technique is known as infrastructure hijacking (Pettersson, 2012).

In 1998, one of the foremost examples of infrastructure hijacking ever discovered is known as The Morris worm. This worm spread….

This means that you must continually monitor and communicate about possible changes, pertaining to the overall scope of the threat. Once this occurs, is when an entity will have an effective security procedure that will adapt to the various changes that are taking place.
This is significant, because this information can be used to corroborate the overall nature of security threats that could be faced by the SME. Where, this information is useful in helping to identify and address possible operational considerations that must be taken into account. As a result, this will help to provide not only a glimpse of possible security challenges that will be faced, but it will also help to establish an effective IT security protocol.

When you compare this with the previous source, this information can be used to highlight specific security threats that the company we are examining could face. Where, it discusses the possibility….

According to Toronto Star reporter Stephan Handelman in an article printed in 2005, the U.S. senior intelligence analysts consider China to be the greatest long-term threat to U.S. stability. China's military force and computer intelligence has reached its peak. Both the Europeans and the U.S. agree that the expansion of the Chinese military is more than "worrisome."

Another article posted on November 16, 2007 by the Washington Post claims that spying by China in the United States is the biggest threat keeping American technologies secret. Advances by the Chinese military are catching U.S. intelligence officials by surprise. It has also been suggested that the U.S. Department of Defense could inadvertently outsource the manufacturing of key weapons and military equipment to China. China is attempting to reverse its move into free markets by setting up state-owned enterprises and control over the 12 major industries, which include oil, telecommunications, shipping, automobiles, steel and….

Healthcare and the Threat of Cyber-Terrorism
Cyber-Terrorism and Healthcare

Government and military computer networks in the United States have been repeatedly attacked over a period of several years by China, North Korea, and third parties suspected of working for these two states (Gewitz, 2010). Although most of the known attacks by China and North Korea constituted espionage, denial-of-service attacks and network intrusions to assess network vulnerabilities have also occurred. The denial of service attacks are a form of cyber-terrorism. Acts of cyber-terrorism are not limited to governments and can be committed by individuals and groups, either acting alone or in conjunction with a more traditional terrorist organization. In a recent survey of nearly 8,000 American businesses it was revealed that 1.5 million viruses had been detected in 2005 alone (antala, 2005, p. 1), so the scale of the problem is considerable.

HIPAA Security ule

The seriousness of the cyber-terrorism threat will only increase as….

Pony Botnet attack. Details about the attack, resolutions, and concerned parties will be studied.
Background/Hacking

Botnets can be loosely described as a collection of interconnected compromised devices, known as 'zombies', synchronously working with compromised devices to execute malicious tasks. Zombies are not self-directed like internet worms; they need proper direction to carry out a particular function. Zombies can be transmitted by a variety of channels for instance, an Internet elay Chat (IC) channel, from where the commands are sent by a master channel by these zombies (Jermyn et.al, 2014). Some typical botnet tasks include mass spamming a company's email address. One email address could be attacked by numerous zombie devices instigating a denial of service.

In case of smartphones, botnets can cause potential damage to cellular network infrastructure because they have firm hierarchical dependencies; therefore, they would be unable to counter this cyber-attack. The recent academic work based on mass botnet attacks….

Outline: Should Digital Currency eplace Paper Currency in the United States?1. Introductiona. Hooki. Imagine a world where everyone uses electronics or cards to conduct financial transactions? A world where no one exchanges cash or coins for payment for service but a swipe of a fob or press a button, and currency is transferred.b. Preliminary Thesis statementi. In the United States, replacing paper money with digital currency as legal tender will eliminate the requirement for government insurance on deposits with financial institutions while maintaining the currencys liquidity.ii. Some feel that digital currency increases the danger of cyberattacks and weakens the foundation of financial security; however, an increase in Cybersecurity professionals and user privacy protection guidelines will reduce those concerns.2. Body Paragraphsa. History of currency in the U.S.b. Global Impact of U.S. Currencyc. ArgumentDigital currency should replace paper currency as legal tender Argument#1: Digital Currency risk-free liability of the Fed removes….

Sure! Here are some lesser-known but interesting essay topics related to the Global South in international security:

1. The impact of climate change on security in the Global South: How environmental degradation and natural disasters are influencing conflict and instability in developing countries.

2. The role of non-state actors in shaping security dynamics in the Global South: Examining the influence of militias, insurgent groups, and criminal organizations on security issues in the region.

3. Gender and security in the Global South: Exploring the unique security challenges faced by women and marginalized populations in developing countries, and the importance of incorporating gender perspectives into....