Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
Karl Popper who argued that a hypothesis is best proved through a process that includes falsification or disproof is known as the chief architect of the scientific methodology called the hypothetico-deductive method of reasoning. This method involves iterations of the four steps of characterization, hypothesis, prediction or logical deduction from the hypothesis, and test of the first three stages (wordIQ.com). Philosopher Karl Popper's work was also based on the premise that it is impossible to prove a scientific theory by means of inductive reasoning alone since no amount of evidence may prove sufficient to assure that contrary evidence will not be found (Pidwirny, 1999-2004).
Thus, the hypothetico-deductive method advocates careful characterization of the subject under investigation, which involves meticulous measurement of observations as well as the use of operational definitions of relevant concepts. This step is followed by the formulation of a hypothesis that attempts to provide a causal explanation…...
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Works Cited
Pidwirny, Dr. M. "The Science of Physical Geography: The Hypothetico-Deductive
San Miguel & Kim
Did the studies use inductive or deductive research methods? Explain.
It was clearly an example of deductive reasoning.
Why did the researcher choose induction or deduction for the study?
The study's authors clearly wanted to focus on Latina scientists and engineers and what leads to them being successful. As noted in abstract, the authors sough to reveal the mentoring and positive experiences of Latinas in the STEM field.
Do you think the choice of induction or deduction was correct for the study?
Absolutely. If the desired data and things to check are known in advance, the deductive reasoning path is the way to go. If this was a situation where the author was looking for something else and came across the Latina STEM mentorship and such, then inductive would be the expected result.
What data collection methods, instruments, samples, or settings were NOT used?
They used interviews, based on the abstract. As such, they…...
inductive and deductive reasoning skills to answer hypothetical propositions. Specifically within my proposal, I am searching to correlate the use of technology within schools and their affect on the performance and behavior on the student. My inductive or qualitative reasoning employment is based upon my experimental success with my own personal family and my son's dramatic increase in his understanding levels due to the use of computer technology. Qualitatively, I would like to expand this question in order to find a general pattern that may be applied to all schools and help more children in the way that technology has assisted my own.
The initial problem with any research question deals with the ability to understand exchangeable terms. Ideas such as eagerness, success, accreditation, performance, excellence and failure are all relative terms that invoke different meanings for different people depending on their circumstances within their environment. itner (2003) agreed: "…...
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Bibliography
"Benefits of Technology Use." (2003). Department of Education. Cited in:
Deductive vs. Inductive ReasoningDeductive reasoning is when one uses a general principle to reach a specific conclusion. For example, if a person knows that all men are mortal and that person meets a man, then the person can deduce that the man is mortal. In other words, deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. The conclusion of a deductive argument is certain, provided that the premises are true.Deductive reasoning is often contrasted with inductive reasoning, which employs facts or specific examples from which generalizations may be drawn (Heit & Rotello, 2010). Inductive reasoning is when you use specific observations to reach a general conclusion. For example, if one observes that a particular type of bird always builds its nests in trees, one might conclude that all birds build their nests in trees,…...
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References
Heit, E., & Rotello, C. M. (2010). Relations between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 805.
Johnson, C. F. (1996). Deductive versus inductive reasoning: a closer look at economics. The Social Science Journal, 33(3), 287-299.
Deductive vs. Inductive easoningDeductive reasoning is a type of logical reasoning that allows for the conclusion to be drawn from a set of premises that are generally known or assumed to be true. In other words, deductive reasoning starts with a general statement (or hypothesis) and then applies it to a specific situation in order to arrive at a logical conclusion. For example, if one were to deduce that all cats are animals, they would first need to know or assume that all animals have fur. They would then take this general statement and apply it to the specific case of cats in order to conclude that cats are animals. In contrast, inductive reasoning starts with specific observations or examples and then attempts to generalize from these observations in order to arrive at a broader conclusion. So, using the same example, if one were to observe several cats and notice…...
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ReferencesHeit, E., & Rotello, C. M. (2010). Relations between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 805.Johnson, C. F. (1996). Deductive versus inductive reasoning: a closer look at economics. The Social Science Journal, 33(3), 287-299.
Deductive vs. Inductive
The author of this report is given a test case example of a sociologist that is conducting research. The author is being asked to discern whether the sociologist in question is engaging in deductive reasoning or if the sociologists is instead using an inductive approach. The author of this report will first define and quantify what each of those terms means along with examples of each. The author will then summarize the test case that was offered and clearly define which method the sociologist is using. While the two methods of research are similar in some ways, the way in which they start and finish is clearly different.
As defined by Alina Bradford on the Live Science website, there is a clear difference between the two types of reasoning. Bradford explains that deductive reason is a "basic form of valid reasoning." She explains that deductive reasoning, also commonly referred…...
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References
Bradford, A. (2015). Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning. LiveScience.com.
deductive and empirical strategies used in the construction of structured personality instruments, it is important to denote just what the terms deductive and empirical mean and how they relate to tests specific to psychological purposes. Empirical evidence is that which can be demonstrated or proven, and which ultimately exists in the world. Deductive reasoning is a form of logic wherein individuals establish a basic premise or truth, combine it with others for which there is empirical evidence to validate, and then draw conclusions. This type of reasoning determines conclusions based on a top-down approach to reasoning. These respective strategies, then, which frequently are applied in congruence with one another, are highly important for the makeup of structured personality tests. One may even posit the viewpoint that without such strategies, the results of personality instruments would be virtually useless or inconclusive at best.
Define and Describe Deductive
Kwan, K.-L. K., Maestas, M.L. (2000). Handbook of multicultural assessment. Suzuki, L.A., Ponterotto, J.G. (Ed.). Hoboken: Jossey-Bass.
McCrae, R.R., Costa Jr., P.T. (1989). Rotation to maximize the construct validity factors in the NEO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research. 24: 107 -- 124.
Poverty is often a significant element influencing individuals to take on a life of crime, taking into account that organized crime leaders tend to recruit their subordinates from underprivileged environments. Poor persons have lesser options in comparison to others and gradually come to consider that committing criminal acts is the only solution they have in order to survive. From the perspective of organized crime leaders poor areas are thus perfect recruitment spots. There is a complex relationship between poverty and organized crime and by analyzing a series of organized crime communities from around the world one is likely to observe that many tend to focus on recruiting underprivileged individuals.
hat the theory will address
hen considering the idea of organized crime, one needs to gain a better understanding of why people resort to joining such groups in order to understand their dynamics. Many organized crime communities in the…...
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Works cited:
Bruneau, T., Dammert, L., and Skinner, E. (2011). Maras: Gang Violence and Security in Central America. University of Texas Press.
Kelly, R.J., Chin, K., & Schatzberg, R. (1994). Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2006, p. 1054). I said to myself 'if I had a new ca, I would have less ca poblems.' While my paents had always judged the value of a ca based upon its pice and esale value, my intepetation of my own memoy and expeiences was slightly diffeent, which coloed my decision-making about puchasing a new ca: I ecalled having to have my used ca towed late at night, because it had boken down on a highway.
The moe I thought about the subject, the moe inductive athe than deductive easoning came to dominate my decision-making. I used data fom the immediate maket envionment and my pesonal expeiences. 'Anchoing' is maket phenomenon that descibes the tendency to make the same o simila decisions, based upon pevious decisions that yielded positive ewads, but in my case, the anchoing effect was elatively low egading a used ca (Hoeffle et al. 2006, p.216).
The recent rash of unexpected emergencies to rattle the nation, from the Boston Marathon Bombings to the Oklahoma City Tornado, has demonstrated the power of instinctive action in times of crisis, as onlookers and passersby have sprung into action at a moment's notice, caring for the wounded, administering medical assistance, and managing recovery efforts. While these widely publicized incidences of catastrophe causing the human instinct to intuitively make sound decisions are indeed convincing, it is important to remember the often overlooked role that logic and reasoning also play in such endeavors. When a person witnesses an explosion and immediately acts to tourniquet a victim's wounded limb, the action may appear to be purely instinctual, but in reality, the human brain's immense capacity for logical thought has provided the framework for these actions to be undertaken. Throughout this person's life, the fundamental knowledge of blood loss and its associated risks,…...
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References
Cholle, F. (2011). The Intuitive Compass: Why the Best Decisions Balance Reason and Instinct. Jossey-Bass.
Kant, I. (1908). Critique of Pure Reason, 1781. Translated by Norman Kemp Smith.
He jumps up on the rail of the yacht with no one around, running completely on instinct (Connell, 1924). Taking time to reason this out would have told him that he could fall and, since he was the only person on deck at that time of night, that no one would be around to see that he had fallen and rescue him. His instinct also took over when he dropped his pipe while standing on the rail (Connell, 1924). eaching for the pipe was pure instinct. When a person drops something, more often than not he or she reaches for the dropped object in an effort to catch it (Carlson & Heth, 2009; Gray, 2011). While that makes complete sense from an instinctual standpoint, reason would say that ainsford was putting himself far too much at risk because he was leaning out over an open ocean with no one…...
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References
Carlson, N.R. & Heth, C.D. (2009). Psychology: the Science of Behavior. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada.
Daily Mail, and mostly details the arguments made in a book about MH370 that is being released shortly. There are some interesting claims made this book that the article reports on.
One such claim is made with the use of deductive reasoning. This goes as follows. The flight data transmitter only transmitted minimal information. There was an upgrade to the software package available, but Malaysian Airlines did not purchase this upgrade. The logic goes that if they had purchased this upgrade, it would have transmitted more data, and searchers would therefore have been able to find the plane with this data.
This logic is not valid. There are a few issues with it from a deductive reasoning perspective. The first issue is that it cannot be tested, because each flight problem is unique. The author of the premise is attempting to use deductive reasoning, but the uniqueness of the situation means…...
Logical Argument in esearchConstructing a logical position or argument is essential in research in order to ensure that the research question being addressed is answerable, and that the findings of the research can be generalized to a wider population. In order to construct a logical position or argument, researchers need to consider the following: what is the research question? What are the research hypotheses? What are the study limitations? How will the data be collected and analyzed? What are the potential sources of bias? By taking these factors into consideration, researchers can ensure that their research is rigorous and will yield valid results. Furthermore, constructing a logical position or argument also allows researchers to communicate their findings clearly and persuasively to their readers. Therefore, constructing a logical position or argument is an essential step in any research project.A logical position or argument has three key components: logic, content and form…...
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ReferencesApple, M. (2012). Curricular form and the logic of technical control: building the possessive individual. In Schooling, Ideology and the Curriculum (pp. 11-27). Routledge.Heit, E., & Rotello, C. M. (2010). Relations between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 805.
diverse population nurses must attend to, the concept of 'transcultural' nursing is important to understand. Instead of viewing health as a universal concept, transcultural nursing attempts to understand the conceptual building blocks of the nursing profession as cultural products that are socially-constructed. It strives to understand the similarities and differences between different health attitudes and practices (Leininger 1991). First developed by Madeline Leininger, transcultural nursing is founded upon the idea that the "health care providers need to be flexible in the design of programs, policies, and services to meet the needs and concerns of the culturally diverse population, groups that are likely to be encountered" (Transcultural nursing, 2012, Current Nursing).
Nurses must be culturally astute and adapt their practices to patient's cultural needs as well as to physical needs. This concept has been somewhat controversial within the nursing profession given that Western medicine's emphasis on preserving life and optimizing treatment…...
In the last fifteen or so years the concerns about vaccinations, and particularly the combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccination (MMR) have come to the forefront of societies debates from a limited connection to autism that is most likely associated to the correlation between onset of symptoms of autism and autism spectrum disorders and standard immunization practices. The fear created a general public that was afraid to allow their children to get the life saving MMR and in turn many parents have denied their children vaccinations at all. Parents' fears of some connection between the vaccination and/or its ingredient makeup cause or trigger autism and an accompanying serious bowel disease is related to a single, very limited research study conducted in the UK (n 12). There has been a substantial increase in incidents of autism over the last 20 or so years and the extreme social, physical, emotional, financial…...
Purcell, Edward a. The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism & the Problem of Value. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1973.
Sawin, Enoch I. "The Scientific Method and Other Bases for Evaluation Procedures." ETC.: A Review of General Semantics 62.4 (2005): 386.
Steuernagel, T. Increases in Identified Cases of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Policy Implications. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 16(3), 2005, 138.
Sherlock Holmes is probably the most famous fictional detective in the English language. Known for his keen observational skills and ability to put together facts, Sherlock is still considered a genius detective. In fact, the ultimate detective continues to inspire mystery fans, everywhere. However, his creator Sir Arthur Conan Doyle famously had a love-hate relationship with Holmes. In fact, he believed Holmes was preventing him from pursuing other characters in his writing and even killed him (and his mortal enemy, Moriarty) in a story, only to bring Holmes back to meet readers’ demands.....
Begin with a compelling hook, such as a vivid anecdote or thought-provoking statistic. Briefly state the thesis statement, outlining the main argument or claim you will make about child observation. Provide a brief overview of the essay's structure and main points.
II. Body Paragraph 1: Importance and Benefits of Child Observation
Discuss the significance of child observation in understanding child development and behavior. Highlight the benefits of observing children firsthand, such as gaining insights into their cognitive, social, and emotional development. Support your claims with research and examples from your own observations.
Positivism and constructivism are two contrasting philosophies that guide research methodologies in social sciences.
Positivism emphasizes the use of objective, empirical methods to gather and analyze data in order to uncover universal laws and regularities. Researchers following a positivist perspective often rely on quantitative data, such as surveys and experiments, to test hypotheses and make generalizable conclusions. Positivists believe in the existence of an objective reality that can be accurately measured and understood through scientific methods.
On the other hand, constructivism argues that reality is subjective and socially constructed through individual experiences, beliefs, and interpretations. Researchers following a constructivist perspective focus....
## The Power of Persuasive Language in Argumentative Essays
In the realm of argumentation, language wields an immense power to shape perceptions, influence opinions, and ultimately persuade readers to a particular viewpoint. By employing persuasive language techniques, writers can effectively sway their audience towards their stance on a given issue.
1. Establish Credibility and Ethos:
Persuasive writing begins with establishing the writer's credibility and ethos. This involves demonstrating expertise, experience, and a deep understanding of the topic. By presenting themselves as authoritative figures, writers can instill trust and confidence in their readers. Using facts, statistics, and expert opinions can further bolster their credibility.
2.....
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