Eating Disorders Essays Examples

Eating Disorders and Perception of Beauty

Eating Disorders

How the Perception of Beauty Influences Eating Disorders

With everything changing in this society, the aspect of beauty especially when it comes to women has kept changing, sometimes desperately to the extent of individuals adopting extreme behaviors in the pursuit of the ideal 'beauty'. Instances where different kinds of media communicate the significance of physical beauty in the contemporary world and the means of achieving such traits are widespread. The attachment of food and modes of consumption of these same foods and the positive effects they produce as regards an enhanced attraction, as the society propagates goes without saying. The problem of eating disorders has increased in the contemporary world thanks to the spread of notions like these, as this paper reports. The focus of this report is to explore the influence of the idea of beauty to eating disorders with specific reference to anorexia. The discussion opens with a brief introduction of eating disorders citing the problem factors relating to the conditions, the role of the idea of beauty and characteristic that the victims present just to mention but a few. The section that follows explores the how the society handles and views the idea of beauty…… [Read More]

Eating Disorders Is There a Link Relationship Between

Eating Disorders

Is there a link/relationship between pathological dieting and eating disorders in young adolescents? (no American quotes or stats as I'm in Australia)

Eating disorders and pathological dieting: An overview

According to the Australian Psychological Society (2011) it is estimated five percent of all women and girls are suffering from anorexia nervosa, and two to three per cent have bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders. Males also suffer from eating disorders, affecting an estimated ten percent of the total national eating disordered population. This translates into 0.5% and 0.5-1% of the Australian population as a whole who are identified as 'eating disordered' (Eating disorders, 2011, Women's Health).

Physicians and psychologists have reported a notable increase in the past decades in eating disordered patients in Australia. In 2004-05, 14% of all hospitalisations for mental and behavioural disorders in women aged 12-24 were due to eating disorders and in 2003, according to the Australian government, anorexia nervosa and bulimia accounted for 4, 639 years of healthy life lost due to illness or injury (Eating disorders, 2011, Women's Health). From 2004-2007 there was a reported four-fold increase in admissions for eating disorders in the past three years in hospitals (Clark 2010).

However,…… [Read More]

References:

Eating Disorders Understanding the Reason for Eating

Eating Disorders

Understanding the reason for eating disorders and why they can occur is important in order to intervene in the lives of sufferers. The first step in identifying the problem is to understand more about the different types of eating disorders and some of the symptoms.

Bulimia nervosa is a term used to describe an eating disorder. The person suffering from Bulimia Nervosa often overeats and then afterwards purges the food eaten. The disease is considered a psychological traumatic disorder due to the reasons for indulging in such behavior. The induced vomiting of food is under the attempt to control ones weight and the amount of food eaten. Some of the characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa are fasting, using laxatives or water pills to cause the body to release water in order to reduce weight gain. Each of these type of methods are an attempt to control weight in addition to exercising frequently and strenuously. These individuals usually young women are nearly always hungry and so eat extreme amounts of food when bingeing. However it is the physical body and organs that are starving for nutrition that cause these reactions (NIMH.gov, 2011). Oftentimes the type of person that is susceptible…… [Read More]

Resources:

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Has

5. I believe someone with disordered eating would be more likely to want to talk about eating disorders. In many cases, those who eat disorderly have no idea they themselves are on the brink of the different side of eating orders, and so don't associate any personal grief to the topic. Yet, people with eating disorders are more likely to be embarrassed or shameful of their enactment of such voluntary eating disorders which might have gotten out of hand.

6. This is a very delicate issue, and must therefore be brought up slowly in the event that you believe someone to be affected by eating disorders. I would first casually bring it up just to get a reaction in order to collect a better understanding of how the issue should be approached. After it had been brought up in casual conversation with no personal allegations, I would take the person aside and confront them in a careful and understanding way.

References

Stoppler, Melissa Conrad. "Anorexia Nervosa." Medicinenet.com. 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2008 at http://www.medicinenet.com/anorexia_nervosa/article.htm.… [Read More]

Bibliography:

Eating Disorders Among Asian-Americans the

(Hall, C.C. 1995).

This fact is proven by studies of Asian women outside the United States. For instance, studies in Korea and China point out that a high rate of eating disorder cases are being recorded in these countries as a direct result of economic change and the influence of Western culture. (Park, E. 2000) in Japan as many as 1 in 500 women have shown signs of an eating disorder.

3.2. Marginalization and Stereotypes

The fact that Asian-American constitutes a marginal population group within the Unities States also place psychological and cultural strain on their

Marginalization... 11 sense of identity. This is worsened by the fact that in some instances prejudice and discrimination can create feelings of low self-esteem and lead to symptoms of eating disorders. "... It has been suggested that the pressures of discrimination, trying to blend into Western society, and certain stereotypes compound the problem for Asian-Americans.' (Park E, 200) central problem that is often the cause of eating disorders in general, is the projection, through the media, of the stereotypical view of the ideal body shape. Comparison with this ideal in the media tends to create a feeling of inferiority and this can lead to…… [Read More]

Sources:

Eating Disorders Contain a Series

just because they require concentration to your weight and shape. Refuse wearing clothes that are painful or that you don't like. Make a promise to work out for the joy of feeling your body move and grow stronger, not to cleanse fat from your body or to recompense for calories eaten.

Help children welcome and oppose the ways in which television, magazines, and other media disfigure the true diversity of human body types and mean that a slim body means power, excitement, popularity, or perfection. Teach boys and girls about many forms of prejudice, including weightism, and help them know their task of avoiding them. Do whatever you can to encourage the self-worth and self-confidence of all of your children in academic, sporty, and social activities. Give boys and girls the same prospects and support. Be cautious not to give advice that females are less significant than males, that is by excluding males from doing household work or childcare. A well-formed sense of self and firm confidence is possibly the best cure for fasting and disordered eating. (Ten Things Parents can do to Prevent Eating Disorders)

Conclusion:

The life of a person with eating disorder can be saved by cure.…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Eating Disorders Encompass a Wide

First, which factors are most likely to influence the development of an eating disorder? What types of social environments are most conducive to healthy vs. unhealthy behavioral patterns? Social demographic issues including race, class, and gender may be taken into account to determine whether eating disorders are related to social norms. Pressure to conform to social norms about beauty and body image may also be related to how an eating disorder develops. Does the media have a direct, provable relationship to the development of distorted body image, unrealistic weight goals, or the acceptance of poor eating habits.

Social psychologists might also ask why are girls more likely than boys to develop eating disorders. What factors cause boys to develop eating disorders and how are they different from those that cause girls to develop the same behavioral problems? Second, researchers may want to investigate single social psychological variables including pressure to succeed in school; self-esteem; the presence of strong role models; and involvement in organized religion, sports, or other social networks. The social psychological approach cannot answer research questions related to biology or neurology, and also neglect to take into account personality variables unless combined with research in developmental psychology.

Developmental…… [Read More]

Bibliography:

Eating Disorders the Media's Obsession

These conditions include maternal anemia, maternal diabetes, and maternal high blood pressure during pregnancy, which increase the risk of anorexia in the child. After-birth complications in the newborn infant such as heart problems, low response to stimuli, early difficulties in eating, and below-normal birth weight have also been found to increase the risk of anorexia and bulimia (Ibid.)

Genetic Reasons Some experts consider genetics to be the root cause of most cases of eating disorders and anorexia has been found to be "eight times more common in people who have relatives with the disorder" (Ibid., para on Genetic Factors). Certain specific chromosomes (e.g., regions chromosome 10) have been identified that may be associated with bulimia and anorexia. In addition, genetic factors may be responsible for certain behavioral patterns such as anxiety and obsession or traits such as minimum body mass index that are precursors to development of eating disorders.

Psychological Reasons: Psychological factors such as low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy or lack of control in life, depression, anxiety, anger, or loneliness are believed to be major reasons behind the development of eating disorders ("Causes of Eating Disorders" 2008).

Cultural Pressures: Cultural pressure in Western societies, where 'thinness' especially in women…… [Read More]

References:

Eating Disorders According to the

This includes self-vomiting and/or the misuse of laxatives, diet pills, diuretics (water pills) excessive exercise or fasting." (2000) the American Psychiatric Association states of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa, that while they may "...may frequently diet and vigorously exercise, individuals with bulimia nervosa can be slightly underweight, normal weight, overweight or even obese." (2005) the individual with this condition will consume an unbelievably high volume of food and do so by eating it quickly and with no enjoyment of eating being experienced. Upon having consumed this great amount of food, the individual with bulimia nervosa will experience guilty and a feeling of being out of control. At this point, the individual with bulimia nervosa will make themselves vomit. This cycle may repeat many times a week or during the month. Generally, the family of these individuals does not know that their loved one is affected by this disorder. The following symptoms have been stated to be associated with this disorder:

Chronically inflamed and sore throat;

Salivary glands in the neck and below the jaw become swollen. Cheeks and face often become puffy, causing sufferers to develop a "chipmunk" looking face;

Tooth enamel wears off, teeth begin to decay from exposure to…… [Read More]

Sources:

Eating Disorders Among Teenage Girls

Eating Disorders Among Teenage Girls

Eating disorders have become an epidemic among teenage girls. Fueled in large part by the media's promotion of thinness as a physical ideal for young women, the eating disorder problem has escalated over the past few decades. Girls are beginning to diet in elementary school and may be binging, purging, or starving before they are ten years old. Because eating disorders reflect complex psychological issues, there is no clear cause or solution to the problem. However, there are clear connections between eating disorders and media influence. Eating disorders tend to be the symptom of larger psychological distress, and they are often accompanied by severe depression, self-mutilation (as in "cutting" practices), and other addictions. While many teenage girls eventually recover from their eating disorders to live a healthy lifestyle, many either continue their disordered eating habits. Some, up to 15%, will die. While eating disorders affect a large portion of the population, especially in the United States, most sufferers are adolescent women. Due to a variety of factors, including peer pressure and exposure to mainstream fashion magazines, teenage girls seem uniquely susceptible to developing one of the manifestations of disordered eating. There is no exclusive cure…… [Read More]

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa American Society Seems

Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa: American society seems to have an obsession with thinness, particularly for women. Over the last two decades, the United States has seen two eating disorders become more and more common: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In both disorders, the person takes extreme measures to lose weight. The young women who develop these conditions tend to tend toward perfectionism and be high achievers who try to meet all demands placed on them.

The clinical picture: the person, usually a girl, has a distorted sense of her own self-image and an exaggerated fear of becoming overweight. It often starts with a more moderate diet, but gradually they start rejecting more and more food until they are eating very little and become emaciated, but believe that they look fat. As they eat less and less, they may talk and think about food a lot, carefully planning their miniscule meals. Some people say they like the feeling they get of increased control over their lives.

Medical problems: As weight loss increased, monthly period stop, body temperature lowers, bones can become less dense and heart rate may drop. If the nutritional deficiencies become severe enough, they may die of cardiac arrest,…… [Read More]

Eating Disorders the Argument Regarding the Medical

Eating Disorders

The argument regarding the medical and ethical treatment of anorexia nervosa patients has been highly debated throughout the medical and philosophical circles. On the one side, there is the belief that doctors can only go so far before forced treatment and involuntary hospitalizations should be unethical. On the other hand, doctors have taken their oaths to do everything they possibly can to save a patient's life, even to the point of expertly deciding the fate of the patient, regardless of the patient's contrary decisions. The general argument -- pointed out by the likes of James L. Werth (2003) and Heather Draper (2002) -- lies in the premise that one inflicted with anorexia nervosa is incapable of thinking competently. This incompetency thus allows medical experts the ultimate decision of involuntarily hospitalizing the patient and/or subjecting the patient to a forced treatment for the disorder. Doctors alike have taken their respective oaths to protect and serve the clients to the best of their abilities, so long as the client is willing and fully aware of the impending methods.

In that line of thought, if the person suffering from said anorexia is proven to be mentally competent, how does one draw…… [Read More]

References:

Eating Disorders Systems Theory Model Integration Article

Eating Disorders

Systems Theory Model integration

Article by Lisa & Owen (2008).

Inputs: values: research eating disorder continuum by measuring self-esteem, perfectionism, and eating disorder behavior; offer validation evidence on the measure of eating disorder behavior, and QEDD. Resources include the EDI-2 subscale score, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, contingency tables and Kappa values, QEDD, 261 students, questionnaires, literature, and survey results.

Throughput includes measurement of using tests, counterbalance results of surveys, critical analysis of literature, multivariate analysis, discussion, and interpretation.

Outcomes include statistical figures, descriptive texts, and percentages of sample population with eating disorder. Increase in eating disorder on a continuum is due to decreased self-esteem, increased perfectionism, and increased scores on the seventh subscale.

Article by Green et al. (2009).

Input includes a comprehensive analysis of the link between psychological and unipolar depression and comorbid ED behavior. Identify etiological correlations, and compare relevant contributors of correlates. Identify key psychological factors influencing Ed unipolar depression. Resources include socio-cultural model of bulimia, maladaptive social model, and covariance structure model. Two hundred and eight sample population, EDE-Q, Body Shape Questionnaire, Social Comparison Rating Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory II.

Throughput includes survey interviews, testing, and measurement of behavior, observation, interpretation, discussion, analysis, and…… [Read More]

Eating Disorders and Mass Media

Eating Disorders and Mass Media

The media by way of advertisements and through models and film stars in these advertisements and shows on television and magazines present the picture of 'ideal body', which have a negative effect on the youth of today. In comparison to men, advertisements have a great effect on women. Nowadays even though men also give importance to their personal appearances like that of women, the advertisements greatly are targeted on women. This is because women are always trying to improve their appearance by losing weight, and looking out for new makeup, hair products and other cosmetics. The media both creates and perpetuates an ideal body, which is thin which 99 per cent of women will and can never attain. The media has the image of an ideal woman as being having a thin figure and this image has a great influence on the youth. The media portrays ideal woman as being excessively thin with having virtually no signs of feminity, except with regard to full-blown breasts, which are achieved by means of surgery.

The media other than portraying images of ideal women also through way of advertisements also suggest means of achieving this image through ways…… [Read More]

Eating Disorders in the Gay Community

eating disorders in the male homosexual community. Eating disorders of all kinds are prevalent in the homosexual male community for a variety of reasons. Eating disorders are common in young people concerned with their appearances, but they usually occur in young females. Gay men are often extremely concerned with their appearances, as well, which is one reason they are more susceptible to these disorders.

A large number of gay men suffer from some type of eating disorder, especially when compared with heterosexual men. A Columbia University study found, "According to the study results, more than 15% of gay or bisexual men had at some time suffered anorexia, bulimia or binge-eating disorder, or at least certain symptoms of those disorders -- a problem known as a subclinical eating disorder, compared with less than five percent of heterosexual men" (Columbia University, 2007). It is important to define eating disorders before attempting to discover the factors that lead to these disorders in gay men.

Anorexia and bulimia are probably the most well-known types of eating disorders. Anorexia is when a person starves himself or herself to the point of extreme thinness, and it can be life threatening. Bulimia is a manner of controlling…… [Read More]

Resources:

Eating Disorders and How Doctors

Many patients enroll in programs that resemble other addiction treatment programs, where they attended closed meetings and treatment for a month or so to help get rid of their eating disorder. Twin Mary-Kate Olson attended this type of treatment program for her anorexia.

All of these eating disorders are treatable, and many young women, who they seem to most affect, grow out of them as they grow older. Many do not, however. ABC News recently reported on the growing number of middle-aged women suffering from eating disorders. They report, "Experts say between 1 million and 3 million middle-aged women in this country have anorexia or bulimia. One out of every 10 eating disorder patients is over 40" (ABC News, 2005). Thus, it seems like the problem is getting bigger, rather than smaller, even though even more Americans suffer from obesity than ever before in our history.

One of the reasons eating disorders have become so prevalent is the media. First, the "ideal" women in modern media are painfully thin and slight, which gives a false body image to most women, who can never measure up to this "ideal." Second, the media has given a lot more coverage to eating disorders,…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Eating Disorders Anorexia Depression

hear about persons who suffer from diseases such as HIV / AIDS, cancer. However, what we barely hear about is eating disorders yet it is a disease that affects several people each and every year. In the past quarter century, eating disorders have come to be a serious matter. Several individuals have been diagnosed with eating disorders. Age wise, more teenagers compared to the other age brackets suffer from eating disorders. The pervasiveness of disordered eating has come to be a very grave issue and is assessed to be much greater. One of the primary reasons why eating disorders are a rising cause of concern is their direct link to increased depression in the disordered eater. Statistics indicate that eating disorders which consist of illnesses such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder as well as eating disorders which are uncharacteristic are projected to take place in about five to ten million young as well as adult females and roughly one million males in the United States (Patrick, 2002). These statistics lead one to believe that depression is not merely a symptom of eating disorders but could very easily also be a result of it. Usually eating disorders, as we…… [Read More]

Eating Disorders and Body Image

Health and healthy living require a balance of many ideas and behaviors, that need to be taken into consideration in order to realize the totality of the situation. One of the more pressing issues in today's world deals with the ability of the younger generations to practice good and healthy eating habits. While this may appear easy at first glance, the many circumstances that may contribute to such a problem can create a situation where more research is required.

The use of diet aids within college populations is a serious issue within the health care arena. The purpose of this essay is to explore the many intricate details that correlate with the use of diet aids amongst college students and how this practice may become harmful and provide unintended circumstances. This essay will first define key terms and gather the necessary literature to help guide the discussion. Next, this essay will illuminate how education about this topic is eventually the best approach to combating the many facets of this argument.

Background Information

The stresses that accompany the everyday college student are wide and varying. This includes physical, mental and emotional stressors that play a role in the collective health of…… [Read More]

References:

Mothers With Eating Disorders Project

" The Eating Disorder Inventory or the Eating Disorder Inventory for Children surveys were completed. Findings in this study report that the results "indicate that...before puberty there appear to be virtually no significant relationships between mothers' and daughters' eating attitudes and behaviors." (Sanftner, 1993) However, as the girls progressed through puberty "some relationships begin to emerge between mothers' weight preoccupation, dieting, and bulimic behaviors and their daughters' dieting and drive for thinness." (Sanftner, 1993) F

Following puberty, the daughters were found to be "somewhat more likely to exhibit interpersonal distrust and interoceptive awareness." (Sanftner, 1993) It is reported that "at first glance these results may seem to support the contention that mothers are an important determinant of eating-related problems in their daughters and that they should be indeed targeted in treatment. However, careful interpretation of these data suggests otherwise." (Sanftner, 1993) It is reported that it appears from the data that "mothers and daughters are using similar means in their attempts to manage challenges they are faced with as females in this culture -- challenges that become more salient as girls reach adolescence." (Sanftner, 1993) The results indicate that mothers have very little influence on the disordered eating behaviors of…… [Read More]

Bibliography:

Media and Eating Disorders Media

What is even more disturbing is the images of beauty we see of television that are given wide acceptance and are presented as world's idea of a beautiful woman are getting thinner consistently. For example, beauty pageant participants are always thin with not even a single one of them overweight or slightly 'chubby'. Miss America contestants have consistently adhered to media's false image of beauty as they continue to get thinner each year. The body mass index (BMI) of Miss America finalists and winners has continued to decrease since 1922 and has now reached a range which for most real women falls in the category of 'undernourished'. (Devlin & Zhu, 2001). Models in fashion magazines and TV commercials are 25% thinner than an average woman in America. (Wood, 2001). More females than males have problems of body dissatisfaction as 66% of U.S. women complained of dissatisfaction with their bodies (Devlin & Zhu, 2001). It was also found that at any given time 70% of women can be found on some kind of diet (National Eating Disorder Information Centre [NEDIC], 2001). Disturbingly, Forty-to-sixty percent of girls in high schools view themselves as overweight and aggressively try to adhere to kind of…… [Read More]

References:

Eating Disorder Anomalous Eating Habits Involving Too

Eating Disorder

Anomalous eating habits involving too less or too much dietary intake that may lead to physical or mental harm to an individual is known as Eating Disorders.

Classification of Eating Disorders

According to Walsh and Sysko (2009) Eating Disorders are most commonly classified into three categories

Anorexia nervosa (AN)

Bulimia nervosa (BN)

Atypical eating disorder or Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)

Anorexia Nervosa is a medical condition associated with exceptionally low food intake, less bodyweight and an apprehension of increase in the body weight in the affected person. The affected person usually exhibit transition from severe limitation to the binge eating behavior.

Bulimia Nervosa is a medical condition in which the effected individual binges on food and his repeated episodes of eating become out of his control. Hence, this disease is associated with obesity in the affected person. (Marcus and Wildes, 2009) Later on, the individual try to counteract this behavior by utilizing different methods like vomiting or taking laxatives in order to avoid weight gain. But, the reverse practice (a move from binge eating into eating limitation) is less common.

Atypical eating disorder or EDNOS includes modifications of above mentioned disorders, but with sub-threshold indicators. This…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Eating Disorder and Gender

Eating Disorders and Gender

There are medical conditions which more commonly occur in one gender over another. These conditions can be either mental or physical. Very often, they are both mental and physical conditions. Certain medical situations are extremely severe and can potentially result in serious harm to the body or perhaps even death. There are certain conditions which being with a mental impression, a false belief that has been ingrained within the mind which then manifests itself in the body of the individual. One of the most common and most disturbing types of condition is known as an eating disorder. By this term, it is meant that the patient suffers a mental conditioning which makes them either unwilling or unable to eat in a healthy manner resulting in either over or under eating and malnutrition. Eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia are the result of psychological issues on the part of the individual afflicted. They appear far more often in females than in males as a direct response to the psychology of the majority of society which imposes itself on the women of the world. What had once been considered a problem which only faced white women, the…… [Read More]

Bibliography:

Eating Disorder Is Characterized by Abnormal Eating

Eating disorder is characterized by abnormal eating habits involving excessive or insufficient intake of food which is detrimental to the individual's physical and mental well-being. There are two common types of eating disorders although there are other types of eating disorders. The first is bulimia nervosa which is excessive eating coupled with frequent vomiting. The second type is anorexia nervosa which is immoderate restriction of food which leads to irrational weight gaining. The other types of eating disorders include eating disorders not otherwise specified which are essentially where a person has anorexic and bulimic behaviors, binge eating disorder which is compulsive overeating without any kind of compensatory behavior, and pica which is craving for certain non-food items such as glue, plaster, paper. It is estimated that roughly 10-15% of cases of eating disorders occur in males and statistics show that women are at a higher risk of developing eating disorders than men Walsh & Devlin, 1998.

This high risk is associated with the high degree of westernization which promotes binge eating. It is estimated that eating disorders occur in roughly a quarter of Americans the American population with interactions that occur between homeostatic, motivation, and self-regulatory control processes primarily leading…… [Read More]

Resources:

Eating Disorders Nutrition

Eating disorder, according to the National Association of Anorexia and Associated Disorders (ANAD) is "an unhealthy relationship with food and weight that interferes with many areas of a person's life" (ANAD). The topic of eating disorders has gained significance over the past owing to the ongoing healthy eating campaign. This text presents the causes, symptoms, and prevalence statistics of four common eating disorders among the American populace.

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa is a complex eating disorder characterized by an obsession about the food one eats, and the weight they maintain. ANAD identifies anorexia as a leading cause of death, and the third-largest cause of long-term illness among women aged between 15 and 24. Women make up over 80% of those with the condition, which is more prevalent among teenagers and young adults between ages 15 and 24.

Anorexic persons have an intense fear of gaining weight, often preferring to maintain a distorted body shape and a weight way below that which is recommended for their height and age. This they do by exercising excessively and starving themselves (the restricting form of anorexia); or using diuretics, diet pills, and through vomiting (the purging type) (Helpguide). Although anorexic persons pay too much…… [Read More]

References:

Eating Disorder Group Sessions Group Session 1

Eating Disorder Group Sessions

Group Session 1 Obesity:

Hello, My name is Nancy and I am a counselor and a registered dietitian and I specialize in working with people who are seeking help for eating disorders. First when we talk about why people eat and why they do or do not gain weight we must talk about the balance between activity and calorie intake. In general when you eat more calories than your body needs to maintain your body and expend energy in movement the calories not needed for maintenance will be used by the body to build more tissue. Though weight does level off after time any temporary increase in calories over time will create a higher weight and the only way to lose this weight is to increase the amount of energy you use while decreasing the number of calories you eat, and this must be maintained even after weight goals have been achieved. "Therefore, additional weight loss can only be achieved by a more severe diet or a more arduous physical activity routine. Most individuals do the opposite: after having achieved some weight loss, they resume their original diet and exercise habits. Consequently, weight gain recurs rapidly."…… [Read More]

Sources:

Eating Disorders in Adolescents Eating

Finally, McDermott et.al also provided us with valuable clue in early detection and possibility of avoiding worsening of the condition. By identifying a positive relation between laxative use and severity of disorder the study serves as a warning, indicating treatment measures for such children who abuse laxatives. These researchers have clearly stressed the importance of early detection and treatment to minimize the chances of a full blown disorder. Medicos, nursing professionals, school counselors and most importantly parents must be attentive and detect behavioral abnormalities, negative eating behaviors and other such clues at an early stage and administer appropriate medical intervention and counseling support. Parents in particular play a major role in helping the child develop a positive self-image which is the best way to avoid these dangerous psychiatric conditions.

Bibliography

Walsh, B. Timothy, "Longitudinal Relationships Between Childhood, Adolescent, and Adult Eating Disorders.(Statistical Data Included), Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; 12/1/2001

Andrew J. Winzelberg et.al, "Effectiveness of an Internet-Based Program for Reducing Risk Factors for Eating Disorders,"

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,

April 2000 Vol. 68, No. 2, 346- 350

http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Class/Psy394Q/Behavior%20Therapy%20Class/Assigned%20Readings/Eating%20Disorders/Winzelberg00.pdf

McDermott et.al, "Detection and Importance of Laxative Use in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa," Journal…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Eating Disorder Is an Issue

The youngsters and children who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa in early age suffer from low body development, lack of growth of good mental health and particularly with the low growth of sex hormones that make them weaker sexually. You can see many people who have poor body structure and lack of bone density due to their improper nutrition so these children usually have weak bones and there is fear that they may face with bone fracture in their life.

While besides physical body disturbance and weakness it put effect on the brain of human being and person who is diagnose with Anorexia Nervosa have weak structure of their brain and have physiological impact on those people including poor personality, shattered body image.

There are many ways that can be used to cure this disease but first of all you need to find out that you are also suffering from this disease. You can identify this disease from pondering different things including weight of your body. If you think that day by day your body weight is decreasing then this is time to think what main cause for reducing weight is. This is a life threatening disease so you need to…… [Read More]

Resources:

Eating Disorders Over the Last

Project Evaluation

While no one knows what the future will bring, based upon what the background / significance uncovered, it is clear that a large portion of the population sample will more than likely suffer from some type of eating disorder. This will help to achieve the various aims / objectives of project, which are to assist these people, in realizing that they do have a problem and to seek out effective treatment options. This could be a real challenge, in identifying the problem as one issue, while encouraging someone to seek out help is another matter. As these people, must be able to realize that they have a medical condition and want to be able rectify the situation. The only way that this can occur, is for someone to admit that they are suffering from an eating disorder.

Bibliography

Women and Eating Disorders. (2007). Now Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.nowfoundation.org/issues/health/whp/whp_fact2.html

Alexander, L. (2010). Nutrition, Exercise and Weight Management. New Dimensions in Women's Health. (pg. 256). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Costin, C. (2007). Considering Ethnicity. The Eating Disorder Sourcebook. (pp. 35 -- 37). Los Angeles, CA: Lowell House.

Greenberg, J. (2006). Issue Related to Body Image. Physical Fitness and Wellness.…… [Read More]

Bibliography:

Obesity Versus Eating Disorder

Eating Disorders

According to Himmel (2009), "We could save a lot of pain, suffering and money by incorporating obesity into the range of illnesses now classified as eating disorders, and focusing on prevention" Obesity related issues are frequently classified separately from eating disorders, but there is more overlap than many people believe. When a person diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia, the traditionally recognized eating disorders, enter treatment with a professional counselor or psychologist, a Twelve Step program called Overeaters Anonymous is sometimes recommended. The Twelve Step program Overeaters Anonymous was not started to help people with anorexia and bulimia, and yet it has come to serve these populations as well, suggesting that what Himmel (2009) says is correct. Eating disorders encompass a range of disordered eating behaviors. Individual differences ensure that there are no two people who practice an eating disorder for the same reasons. By the same token, obesity can be caused by similar underlying psychological variables as anorexia and bulimia. Eating disorders and obesity do share some features in common when there is an underlying psychological dysfunction. However, there are cases in which obesity is not caused by a psychological dysfunction. In those cases, obesity can be distinguished…… [Read More]

Sources:

Depression and Eating Disorders the Eating Disorder

Depression and Eating Disorders

The eating disorder category in the DSM-IV includes Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and the Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified categories. Peck and Lightsey (2008) note that while the DSM classification symptom is currently the most used system, there has been some debate in the about how to classify people with eating disordered behavior. A viable alternative to the discrete categories used in the DSM is notion of viewing eating disorders along a continuum from having no such behaviors to the severe eating disordered behaviors. In an effort to combine the two methods the self-report Questionnaire for Eating Disorders Diagnosis (QEDD) was developed. The QEDD distinguishes nonsymptomatic individuals (no symptoms) to symptomatic individuals (those that have some symptoms, but do not qualify for a diagnosis to anyone qualifying for an eating disorder diagnosis). Previous research has provided support for this conceptualization by comparing the QEDD with scores on another well-known eating disorders survey, the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2).

Previous research has indicated that two dimensions of personality constructs, perfectionism and self-esteem have relations with eating disorder behaviors. Perfectionism, the need for control and intolerance for mistakes, is typically positively related to eating disordered behavior, whereas self-esteem, the…… [Read More]

References:

Health Eating Disorders an Eating

Some doctors believe that genetic factors are the core cause of a lot of eating disorders. Researchers have found specific chromosomes that may be associated with bulimia and anorexia, specifically regions on chromosome 10 that have been linked to bulimia as well as obesity. There has been evidence that has shown that there is an association with genetic factors being responsible for serotonin, the brain chemical involved with both well-being and appetite. Researchers have also determined that certain proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are thought to influence a person's vulnerability to developing an eating disorder (Eating disorders -- Causes, 2010).

The advance of food in Western countries has become extremely problematic. The food that is produced in the U.S. every year is enough to supply 3,800 calories to everyone on a daily basis. This is far more than is needed for good nutrition. Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, and there are very few people living in this over-fed and sedentary culture that eat a meal guiltlessly. One interesting anthropologic study has reported the following observations:

During past periods or in cultures where women are financially dependent and marital ties are stronger, the standard is toward being curvaceous, possibly…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Dieting and Eating Disorders Dieting

The third group served as a comparison group. They were not put on a diet at all, they simply received information on healthy eating. All women received the same advice to increase physical activity, especially walking.

The women were followed for 40 weeks, with an additional follow-up visit at 65 weeks. The researchers took weekly measures in a variety of areas. These included body weight, episodes of binge eating, depression levels and difficulty sticking with the diet.

The different data from the groups were collected and measured statistically to see if there were any differences in the areas looked at in the study, in particular, if women on a low-calorie diet were more likely to develop a binge eating disorder.

The original belief of the researchers as they went into this study was that the women in the two diet conditions would be more likely than the non-dieting women to lose control of their eating habits. They also thought that the effect would be greater, the more strict the diet. In addition, it was believed that being on a diet would cause the women to feel more depressed. To their surprise, the results of the research show that being on…… [Read More]

References:

Effectiveness of Peer-Led Eating Disorder Groups

Posts

Program Evaluation Design

Eating Disorder Program

The university hospital in our city has developed a strong program focused on a spectrum of eating disorders. Disorders addressed include anorexia, bulimia nervosa, compulsive eating, obesity, and a variety of non-traditional eating disorders. Our hospital approaches these issues on many levels, and our staff includes highly trained psychiatrists and psychologists, as well as skilled nutritionists to develop personalized eating plans tailored to each patient. Gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, and other specialists are also part of our team, since the severity of eating disorders can lead to serious and life-threatening conditions.

We also recognize the value of peer support and have incorporated two peer-led groups that focus on eating disorders education as well as prevention. The groups have been meeting weekly for nearly six months. The meetings for each group are structured in the same way, and the length of each meeting is 90 minutes. The larger group contains 13 members; the second group contains 7. All group members are female and they range in age from 13 to 18. All have significant eating disorders that have disrupted their normal lives, affected family members, and in some cases threatened their health. Before being admitted to…… [Read More]

Binge Eating Disorder

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

This research concentrates on the role of body weight or shape on self-evaluation on individuals. A healthy individual will use their self-evaluation correctly to manage their weight. However, some individuals over evaluate their weight or body shape on their self-image and this is referred to as simply "overvaluation' (Grilo, 2013). Overvaluation of body shape or weight is a common characteristic among most eating disorders. However, there has been some debate about whether or not this characteristic is present in the binge eating disorder (BED).

BED is defined by recurrent binge eating (eating unusually large quantities of food in a discrete period accompanied by feelings of loss of control), binge-eating episodes are associated with at least 3 of 5 behavioral indicators (e.g., eating much more rapidly than usual), marked distress about the binge eating, and the absence of inappropriate weight-compensatory behaviors that are characteristic of bulimia nervosa (BN) (Grilo, 2013). The frequency of binge eating episodes is defined as binge eating once or more per week for at least a period of three months and also requires some kind of "marked distress" in the individual before it can be officially diagnosed.

Other eating disorders such as bulimia…… [Read More]

Vignette Related to Eating Disorders

Vignette

She took her cafeteria tray to a table in the corner, so she could sit by herself. Although she was in two of my classes, I had never made eye contact with the girl. I thought it might be a good idea to break the ice, so I brought my homemade lunch over to her table and sat down, introducing myself.

She flashed a timid smile and told me her name: Sarah. However, she didn't seem like much of a conversationalist. She quickly became absorbed in her lunch, which consisted of two Little Debbie cakes that came neatly wrapped in a clear plastic bubble. There was nothing else on her tray but a carton of milk, which she didn't seem interested in at all for the moment. With her dainty fingers, Sarah eased open the plastic wrapper exactly on the seam, taking care not to damage the twin white hexagonal cakes housed inside. Sarah discarded the wrapper and held one of the cakes, which was no larger than the palm of her hand.

With the Little Debbies were freed from their wrapper, Sarah really went to work. She peeled away the outer frosting like an expert, concentrating hard so…… [Read More]

Relationship of Eating Disorders Self-Esteem

These suppositions allow the researcher to view the world from a certain perspective while ignoring other perspectives. The researcher in this study assumes that his subjects are logical human beings who have a rationale point-of-view. Their thinking is valid and reasonable and their approach is more or less along the lines of scientific thinking. In addition, we assume that commonsense thinking and scientific thinking are more or less identical in nature. With these assumptions in mind, we take a post-positivism philosophical foundation; as in line with Trochim (2000) post-positivism is the outright denial of positivism (which argues that the laws of the nature are perfunctory and therefore deductive reasoning can be the only suitable approach to comprehend nature) and presupposes that day-to-day human and scientific reasoning are more or less the same and in order to understand reality, researchers have to use not only deductive but also inductive reasoning (Trochim, 2000). Therefore, it is believed that post-positivism philosophy will assist the researcher to achieve his objectives with precision, accuracy, clarity and relevance.

2. Research Approach

Conceptualization of eating disorders is a relatively novel issue and as a result the theoretical frameworks available in its literature have not been completely explored.…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Media on Eating Disorders in Sixteen to Twenty Four Demographic

Media on Eating Disorders with a Concentration of 16- to 24-year-Olds

Agency Name: Rocky Mountain Treatment Foundation for Eating Disorders

Location: The Rocky Mountain Treatment Foundation for Eating Disorders is located high in the Rock Mountains just 15 miles from Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is located on an old camp ground that is housed inside an old student union building. The facility was once part of Colorado University and now used as treatment center for teens and young adults. Led by nine of the top full-time, board-certified psychiatrists plus other professionals that will specialize in treating eating disorders, The Rocky Mountain Treatment Foundation for Eating Disorders will consist of a highly skilled treatment team that will works to address each patient nutritionally and psychosomatically, as well as to manage other medical issues common to eating disorders. The Rocky Mountain Treatment Foundation for Eating Disorders provides the best contact to some of the top eating disorders experts in the country.

The Eating Disorder Treatment Team at The Rocky Mountain Treatment Foundation for Eating Disorders will include the following staff:

Board Certified Psychiatrist

Medical Physician

Licensed Nurses

Clinical Psychologist

Licensed Mental Health Professional Counselor

Registered Dietitian

Nurse Case Manager

Activities Therapist

Certified…… [Read More]

Sources:

Emotional Functioning in Eating Disorders

Additionally, the methodology employed by this study was certainly non-partisan and balanced. Still, there were a few limitations that could very well affect the efficaciousness of this study and its overall implications. Specifically the participants that comprised those with anorexia actually had two different types of anorexia, which could have "resulted in a loss of power and replications"(Harrison et al., 2010, 1894) -- particularly since this study was relatively small (with only 50 women involved with anorexia). Also, the fact that women in the study all chose to participate in it could very well have produced a form of sampling bias that could have affected the results.

In terms of possible points of generalization pertaining to this particular study, it is noteworthy that all of the participants are from the same city, London. Therefore, the results of this study certainly appear to be applicable to this city, as well as to England in general, and quite possible to other areas of the United Kingdom. However, the ramifications of this study should not be applied to any areas other than the aforementioned -- not even to the continent of Europe which is separate from the United Kingdom. Any correlation to this…… [Read More]

References:

Binge Eating Disorder

Binge Eating Disorder

The most prevalent eating disorder in adults has been identified to be the binge eating disorder (BED) (Iacovino, 2012). This disorder can be characterized when an individual eats an unusually large amount of food which is characterized by a loss of self-control. There is also an absence of other accompanying behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or exercise and these individuals can gain a significant amount of excess weight. It has been estimated that the disorder affects 3.5% of women and 2.0% of men in the U.S. And is equally present in different racial and ethnic groups (Iacovino, 2012).

There are wide arrays of different health consequences for individuals that suffer from BED. The health impacts all are derived from obesity related conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as self-image and social problems that can also occur. The lives of people who suffer from BED can be seriously impaired and treatment of this condition is a priority for many researchers. The study examined review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological treatments for BED in the hopes of informing current clinical practice as well as providing a basis for future research (Iacovino, 2012).

The…… [Read More]

Analyzing Eating Disorder Symptomatology

particular research explored the links amidst eating jumble symptomatology, careful eating, self-sympathy, and body mass record. The participants were simply college students with normal body mass record of 23.02 pounds and normal age of 19 to 23 years. The participants completed measures of self-sympathy, scattered eating, careful eating and provided self-reported weight and height. Higher self-empathy predicted dietary issues symptomatology and lower body mass file. Moreover, higher self-empathy also predicted higher careful eating and spelt out a striking 11% of variation in careful eating. These findings have implications for the improvement as well as testing of self-sympathy careful eating (SC-ME), training courses on school grounds, which are positioned towards improving self-perception, minimizing thoughtless eating, preventing weight gain, and reducing dietary problem symptomatology.

Question 2: What is the purpose of this study? In your own words!

Careful eating and self-empathy have recently garnered consideration in the study of weight administration. Studies support certain advantages of characteristic self-empathy; self-sympathy actuation; together with self-sympathy preparing on self-opinion, eating associated emotional and subjective processes, and eating practices. Moreover, clinical therapists have begun to efficiently incorporate careful eating and self-empathy into treatment plans for dietary issues.

Currently, no exploration studies have discovered a remarkable relationship…… [Read More]

Media Images and Eating Disorders

These results are important, however, in understanding if and how media images may be related to eating disorders in women. Polivy and Herman (2004) ask the commonsense question: "Why do women and girls continue to buy fashion magazines featuring thin models that make them feel anxious, depressed, and generally miserable about their bodies?" Some women find them to be a relaxing way to spend time. This shows that it is much too simple-minded for people to say that media images make women feel bad about themselves. Wouldn't it be smart to consider that maybe these small populations of women who do develop eating disorders are already dissatisfied and the media images may reinforce their inherent paranoia about their bodies? Or, perhaps it is people who are critical of every aspect of media who feel like they need to criticize the media because they themselves are made to feel insecure about it? Perhaps these two reactions are also too simplistic.

What is clear from the three articles is that there is some correlation between media images and the way that women feel about their bodies, but there is also evidence to suggest that most women are not made to feel bad…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Disorders and How it Affects Older Adults

Disorders in Older People

Alzheimer's and Eating Disorders and how they affect Older Adults

Alzheimer's and Eating Disorders and how they affect Older Adults

Disorders in Older People

Alzheimer's-Type Dementia

Eating Disorders

Disorders in Older People

In considering the general health of the population, the larger elderly population does not necessarily imply that most of them live or are ill from severe disabilities. Age related disorders would occur to different people early or late in their lives. People are living longer and healthier, with the elderly population achieving this in the higher age range of 5-10 years population cohort. However, there are key exceptions in the perspective of disorders and mental disorders in the older population. These are indicated by disorders like dementia, Alzheimer's and a wider spectrum of the disease and related disorders. Understanding the problem of mental disorders in older people is currently an area of interest. In this study, a thorough review of literature is carried out to elicit data on two disorders affecting the elderly population.

The interest is on understanding Delirium, Dementia, Amnesic and other Cognition Disorders and eating disorders, categories from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Orders (DSM-IV-TR) in older people. The…… [Read More]

References:

Disordered Eating in College Students

Relationships provide the key experience that connects children's personal and social worlds. It is within the dynamic interplay between these two worlds that minds form and personalities grow, behavior evolves and social competence begins." (1999) Howe relates that it is being acknowledged increasingly that "...psychologically, the individual cannot be understood independently of his or her social and cultural context. The infant dos not enter the world as a priori discrete psychological being. Rather, the self and personality form as the developing mind engages with the world in which it finds itself." (Howe, 1999) Therefore, Howe relates that there is: "...no 'hard boundary' between the mental condition of individuals and the social environments in which they find themselves. The interaction between individuals and their experiences creates personalities. This is the domain of the psychosocial." (Howe, 1999) the work of Howe additionally states that attachment behavior "...brings infants into close proximity to their main carers. It is within these relationships that children learn about themselves, other people and social life in general. Young children interact with their parents and other family members, and in so doing, develop an understanding of both themselves and other people." (1999) Children learn, within these relationships, appropriate…… [Read More]

Bibliography:

Overeating Poor Eating Behavior

Alcoholism researchers developed this model. The model presumes that a consumer is in one phase of change at any given time. This model entails Maintenance, action, maintenance, preparation or pre-contemplation (Patrick 189). The concept is that consumers have to shift from one stage to the next. The stages prepare them to move to the next ones sequentially. This suggests that if consumers hurry through or if they skip stages they are likely to experience setbacks. In addition, different stages apply different strategies. For instance, a person who is addicted to smoking and is at the pre-contemplation stage: this means that the person is not even thinking of quitting the habit. Probably, such a person is always not ready to consider making a list of alternatives (Lucas 920).

This model has been successful in areas such as drug abuse, smoking, and alcohol. However, the model has been applied in changing health behaviors such as dieting and exercising. Health experts and clinicians have successfully used this model in counseling patients. However, this model cannot be used with health experts alone and anyone can try this model. Any consumer who is motivated to change his or her eating behavior needs to assess the…… [Read More]

References:

Night Eating Explore the Individuals

"…people with NES tend to be more depressed than obese people without NES, and the mood of those with NES tends to worsen during the evening, something not seen in other obese people"(Logue, 2004, p. 185).

Among the many studies that provide insight into the background and origins of this syndrome, one of the most enlightening was Obesity by Stunkard, in Fairburn and Brownell (2002). This provides an in-depth analysis of night eating syndrome as well as a concise overview of the background of this condition. Stunkard also refers to a detailed overview of this condition.

Studies using the above criteria estimate that the prevalence of the night eating syndrome in the general population is approximately 1.5% and that prevalence increases with increasing weight, from about 10% of persons enrolling in obesity clinics to as high as 25% of patients undergoing surgical treatment for obesity…it occurs among about 5% of those presenting for the treatment of insomnia (although other sleep-related eating disturbances are also seen in which patients are either partially or totally unconscious). (Fairburn & Brownell, 2002, p. 183)

Of particular interest to the topic of this proposal are the behavioral characteristics of those who suffer from this syndrome.…… [Read More]

Sources:

Assorts of Disorder Terms and Diagnose

Autism is a developmental disorder, as can be seen in the fact that Peter was first diagnosed when he failed to develop speech at the rate of a normal child. Autism is also a spectrum disorder, meaning that individuals will manifest the condition in different ways and different aspects of normal speech, movement, and social interactions may be inhibited depending on the child and the condition's severity. There is no 'cure' for autism or universally-accepted treatment for the disorder although behavioral interventions such as ABA "encourages positive behaviors and discourages negative behaviors in order to improve a variety of skills" through methods such as "Discrete Trial Training (DTT) DTT is a style of teaching that uses a series of trials to teach each step of a desired behavior or response. Lessons are broken down into their simplest parts and positive reinforcement is used to reward correct answers and behaviors." (Treatment, 2013, Autism: CDC). Although some parents use nutritional interventions such as a gluten-free diet, the science on this does not suggest that it produces improvements.

Case Study -- Major Depression -- Single Episode

Although the use of psychotropic drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is somewhat controversial in…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Is

While there are approximately 5 million people suffering from the illness at any one time in America, women are twice as likely to develop PTSD as compared to men. In relation to children and teens, more than 40% has endured at least a single traumatic incident contributing the development of the disorder. However, PTSD has occurred in nearly 15% of girls as compared to the 6% of boys.

Causative Factors of the Disorder:

As previously discussed, the main cause of post traumatic stress disorder is exposure to a life-threatening, hugely unsafe, and frightening traumatic experience. These experiences are likely to contribute to the development of the disorder if the victim feels a constant sense of danger and painful experiences (Smith & Segal, 2012). As a result of this constant feeling of painful and frightening experience, the individual remains relatively unable to overcome the incident or feel normal again. Some of the most common traumatic events that can contribute to the disorder include natural disasters, sudden death of a loved one, childhood neglect, rape, kidnapping, car or plane crashes, assault, natural disasters, and sexual or physical abuse. While the main cause of PTSD revolves around traumatic events, there are other risk…… [Read More]

Clinical Disorder Clinical Psychology and

This leaves many veterans prone to the condition known as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This may be characterized as "an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat." (NIMH, 1) in the particular case of this discussion, military combat is a cause of PTSD that can have devastating long-term outcomes. Indeed, "studies estimate that as many as 500,000 troops serving in Iraq and Afghanistan will suffer from some form of psychological injury, with PTSD being the most common." (Eliscu, 58) the outcomes of this condition will run a wide range of symptoms that impact the ability of individuals to cope with the pressures of everyday life, to relate to those who have not experienced the traumas of war, and heightened propensities toward violence, toward crime, toward alcoholism, toward substance abuse and toward depression. Such is to say that the real and tangible outcomes of this condition suggest a detectable sociological problem potentially afflicting in some degree an entire class of Americans.

Dissociative Disorders:

The discussion above on PTSD…… [Read More]

References:

Borderline Personality Disorder Definitions and

32)

The overall diagnostic and symptomatic patterns described by these points indicate that BPD is a serious disorder and is "...classified as a major personality disorder involving dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior; intense, unstable moods and relationships; chronic anger; and substance abuse." (Boucher, 1999, p. 33)

There are a number of criteria which, in line with DSM-IV, are used to identify and characterize this disorder. The first of these criteria refers to "...unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, with marked shifts in attitudes toward others (from idealization to devaluation or from clinging dependency to isolation and avoidance), and prominent patterns of manipulation of others.."(Boucher, 1999, p. 33)

Perception also plays an important role in the identification and understanding of the BDP patient. This refers particularly to social perception. Benjamin and Wonderlich (1994) recognized that BDP patients showed differences in social perception when compared to bipolar and unipolar subjects. In relation to this they found that "...BPDs view relationships with their mothers, hospital staff, and other patients with more hostility than mood disordered patients. BPDs see themselves as attacked by other patients and as part of hostile and noncohesive families. "(Boucher, 1999, p. 33)

Another aspect that identifies the BDP sufferer is…… [Read More]

Sources:

Binge Eating Animal Models of Addiction Do

Binge Eating

Animal models of addiction do not generalize well to substance dependence in humans as there are different criteria involved. For example, in animals "addiction" has been traditionally defined by a caged laboratory animal's tendency to press a lever for a reinforcing substance, whereas in humans the criteria for dependence (the clinical term for addiction) include a number of behavioral criteria and consequences that could never exist in laboratory animals (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). These criteria include: tolerance, withdrawal, taking more of a substance than originally intended, a history of unsuccessful attempts to quit, inordinate amounts of time spent in using and seeking the substance, a reduction in activities (occupational, social, or education) due to use, continued usage despite adverse consequences (APA, 2000). Interestingly, only three of these criteria need to be met in a year, so one need not demonstrate significant physical signs such as tolerance and withdrawal in order to be diagnosed with an addiction, whereas in animal models of addiction the animals are often forced to become physically addicted while being maintained on some addictive drug like cocaine.

Deroche-Gamonet, Belin, and Piazza (2004) added some clarity to this dilemma by having rats self-administer cocaine until…… [Read More]

References: