chizophrenia tudy
Empirical evidence on the consequences of schizophrenia on individuals' lives expose an alarming trend. Essentially, peer reviewed research, like the study conducted by aha, Chant, and McGarth (2007) show the extreme consequences of schizophrenia on the mortality rates of individuals who suffer from the disease. In a study that examined data from other peer reviewed studies, aha, Chant, and McGarth (2007) discerned that individuals with schizophrenia tend to have a much higher mortality rate than individuals without the condition, and that this gap in mortality trends in only further increasing.
aha, Chant, and McGarth (2007) conducted a study that reviewed mortality rates and typical patterns with individuals suffering from schizophrenia as a way to compare them to general mortality patterns of individuals who did not suffer from the condition. The overall goal of the study was to understand how standardized mortality ratios (MRs) changed depending on whether or not…...
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Saha, Chant, and McGarth (2007) conducted a study that reviewed mortality rates and typical patterns with individuals suffering from schizophrenia as a way to compare them to general mortality patterns of individuals who did not suffer from the condition. The overall goal of the study was to understand how standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) changed depending on whether or not the condition of schizophrenia was present. The research aimed to augment the existing discourse regarding the nature of schizophrenia, which has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Still, with limited biological understanding of the condition, there are still issues regarding understanding who it affects and how it impacts that individual's life over the long-term haul (). Thus, this research aimed to help fill in gaps regarding the nature of how schizophrenia impacted overall mortality rates for those who were affected by it. The researchers hypothesized that there would be a statistically significant gap between the patterns of SMRs of individuals with the condition vs. without. This gap would show negative trends for individuals who have the condition, as they would have higher mortality rates that were expected vs. unexpected in a population of individuals affected by schizophrenia. There were also other hypotheses presented in the research, one including that SMR information would not be significantly different between male and female sufferers. The other major hypothesis here was that individuals from developing nations would have an even higher rate of mortality when compared to individuals suffering from schizophrenia in more developed nations, like the United States.
These hypotheses were tested with a survey methodology. Essentially, the research utilized data from previous studies to compile a throughout survey of death rates over a substantially long period of time. Data was collected from studies conducted from dates ranging from January 1, 1980 to January 31, 2006 (Saha, Chant, & McGrath, 2007). These sources were retrieved using scholarly search engines, such as MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar. According to the study, "once a study was included, data were extracted and entered into a 3-level, normalized database that included study level variables (eg. Authors, year of publication, and site), middle-level variables (eg. age group, recruitment duration, case-finding method, males or females), and estimate-level variables (eg. general and specific-cause of SMRs for all persons, males or females)" (Saha, Chant, & McGrath, 2007). Data was then statistically analyzed using regression analysis. The research found that there is a significant gap between SMRs between individuals suffering from schizophrenia and individuals without the condition. The results also verified that there was not a significant difference between the sexes.
Moreover, the research found that SMRs associated with schizophrenia have actually been increasing over the past few decades, despite the logical assumption that they would be decreasing because of advances in medical science and treatments for the condition. The survey found that the gap is actually increasing, showing that the problem is only getting worse. This study
Daneman's "Treating hypoglycemia in children with diabetes: a simple game of "skittles." This article explores original research (based on empirical evidence) regarding the most effective means of raising the blood sugar level in diabetics. It considers this research for a very specific population, children who are afflicted with type 1 diabetes. The results of the research described within this article yield clinical findings with a minimal amount of ambiguity. As such, they are able to provide a substantial amount of insight into the practice of nursing for this population and prove that non-traditional sources of sugar are better than natural sugar for preventing -- or even correcting -- episodes of hypoglycemia within the identified population group.
This article provides a fairly detailed review of research conducted by Husband et al. within the same issue of the publication in which Daneman (2015) is writing. The goal of that research was to…...
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References
Daneman, D. (2010). Treating hypoglycemia in children with diabetes: A simple game of "skittles"? Pediatric Diabetes, Volume 11, 149-151.
2009; Correia et al. 2009). Identified methods of intervening and factors of mitigating the effects of bullying will also be examined, with long-term prognoses for these mitigations and for the effects of bullying in general reviewed (Bowes et al. 2010). Through a comprehensive review of available literature on the subject, recommendations for future research and possibly for addressing bullying situations in institutions and regions where such behaviors are especially prevalent and/or egregious can be made, and the knowledge base in this field clarified and advanced.
eferences
Bowes, L.; Maughan, B.; Caspi, a.; Mofitt, T. & Arsenault, L. (2010). "Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: evidence of an environmental effect." Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 51(7), pp. 809-17.
Correia, I.; Kamble, S. & Dalbert, C. (2009). "Belief in a just world and well-being of bullies, victims and defenders: a study with Portuguese and Indian students." Anxiety, stress, and coping 22(5),…...
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References
Bowes, L.; Maughan, B.; Caspi, a.; Mofitt, T. & Arsenault, L. (2010). "Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: evidence of an environmental effect." Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 51(7), pp. 809-17.
Correia, I.; Kamble, S. & Dalbert, C. (2009). "Belief in a just world and well-being of bullies, victims and defenders: a study with Portuguese and Indian students." Anxiety, stress, and coping 22(5), pp. 497-508.
Due, P.; Damsgaard, M.; Lund, R. & Holstein, B. (2009). "Is bullying equally harmful for rich and poor children?: a study of bullying and depression from age 15 to 27." European Journal of Public Health 19(5), pp. 464-9.
The main findings, are related to the reactivation of newly acquired memory representations in hippocampal networks that stimulates a transfer and integration of these representations into neocortical neuronal networks as the most important mechanism of memory consolidation. However, the authors give an account of these findings in the article discussed as well.
A more comprehensive review is offered by Frank Marcos and Benington Joel in an article called "The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation and Brain Plasticity: Dream or Reality?" published in the Neuroscientist (12/2006). The authors make reference to current evidence for and against the hypothesis that sleep facilitates memory consolidation and promotes plastic changes in the brain. The findings of the study refer to the fact that despite recent accumulation of positive outcomes the precise role of sleep in memory and brain plasticity remains uncertain. They suggest the employment of more integrated approaches that combine behavioral and…...
Essay Topic Examples
1. Impact of Evidence-Based ractice on atient Outcomes:
This essay will explore the significant impact that evidence-based research has on improving patient outcomes in healthcare settings. It will delve into the ways evidence-based practice informs clinical decision-making, reduce variations in care, and ultimately leads to more efficient, effective, and patient-centered health interventions.
2. Evidence-Based Research in Education: Shaping Modern Teaching Strategies:
This topic will examine how evidence-based research is being applied in educational settings to optimize teaching strategies and enhance student learning outcomes. The essay will discuss successful implementations and the integration of empirical evidence into curriculum design, teaching methodologies, and educational policy.
3. Evidence-Based ractice in ublic olicy: Informing Decision-Making:
The essay will focus on the role of evidence-based research in the development and implementation of public policy. It will highlight how data-driven decision-making leads to more pragmatic and effective policies and may explore the successes…...
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Primary Sources
Sackett, David L., et al. \"Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn\'t.\" BMJ 312.7023 (1996): 71-72.
Greenhalgh, Trisha. \"How to read a paper: The basics of evidence-based medicine.\" BMJ Publishing Group, 2014.Guyatt, Gordon, et al. \"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.\" BMJ 336.7650 (2008): 924-926.Moher, David, et al. \"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.\" Annals of Internal Medicine 151.4 (2009): 264-269.Stetler, Cheryl B., et al. \"The role of formative evaluation in implementation research and the QUERI experience.\" Journal of General Internal Medicine 21.S2 (2006): S1-S8.
Essay Topic Examples
1. Evaluating the Impact of Evidence-Based ractice in Healthcare:
This essay could explore how evidence-based research has transformed patient care, outcomes, and healthcare policies. It would examine specific case studies where evidence-based practice made a significant difference in treatment efficacy and patient satisfaction, highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing such research findings in clinical settings.
2. The Role of Evidence-Based Research in Educational Reform:
This topic would discuss how educational policies and teaching methodologies have been shaped by evidence-based research. The essay might address the effects of research-driven strategies on student performance and learning outcomes, as well as consider resistance or challenges to adopting these evidence-based educational reforms.
3. Evidence-Based Research in ublic olicy Decision-Making:
This essay could examine the application of evidence-based research in the formulation of public policy. The focus could be on how data and rigorous studies have influenced legislative decisions on issues like environmental protection, public health, and…...
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Primary Sources
Sackett, David L., et al. \"Evidence Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn\'t.\" BMJ, vol. 312, no. 7023, 1996, pp. 71-72.
Guyatt, Gordon, et al. \"GRADE: An Emerging Consensus on Rating Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations.\" BMJ, vol. 336, no. 7650, 2008, pp. 924-926.Straus, Sharon E., et al. \"Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM.\" Churchill Livingstone, 2010.Greenhalgh, Trisha. \"How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence-Based Medicine and Healthcare.\" Wiley-Blackwell, 2019.Hoffmann, Tammy, et al. \"The EBM Manifesto for Better Healthcare: A Call to Action by Individuals and Organizations to Ensure the Fair Testing and Adoption of Interventions.\" BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, vol. 22, no. suppl 2, 2017, pp. ii1-ii3.
Empirical IndicatorsEmpirical indicators are measures or tools used in research and practice to assess, evaluate, or implement strategies across various fields. This paper gives an explanation of three types of empirical indicatorsinstruments, assessment tools, and interventions, along with an example of each.InstrumentsInstruments are essential tools in empirical research, serving the purpose of measuring, collecting, and recording data. Their main purpose is to gather quantitative and qualitative data systematically and reliably. A variety of instruments are used depending on the field and nature of the study. For example, survey questionnaires are popular in many disciplines, ranging from psychology to market research. They are used for collecting information about peoples opinions, experiences, or behaviors. In more physical sciences, instruments like thermometers and scales are indispensable for measuring variables like temperature and weight. In psychology, a popular instrument is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the…...
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ReferencesAndreasen, N. C., Flaum, M., & Arndt, S. (1992). The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH): an instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Archives of general psychiatry, 49(8), 615-623.Carney, C. E., Ulmer, C., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., & Knauss, F. (2009). Assessing depression symptoms in those with insomnia: an examination of the beck depression inventory second edition (BDI-II). Journal of psychiatric research, 43(5), 576-582.
In principle, the EBP concept relies on fundamental areas of focus within a total-process approach to delivering the highest quality healthcare services (Hardcastle, Usher, & Holmes, 2006; Williamson, 2009). In clinical medicine, that begins with the formulation of the most relevant clinical questions, and continues with the use of the skill to identify the best current evidence, appraise it systematically, and optimally applied to specific situations. Meanwhile, throughout that process, clinical healthcare practitioners simultaneously incorporate their entire knowledge base and clinical experience with their understanding of the needs, values, and expectations of patients and other stakeholders. Finally, the EBP approach to nursing and healthcare includes the ongoing empirical evaluation of clinical procedures within a continuing process whose most important purpose is to improve the future of healthcare delivery by applying the data describing previous experience (Hamric, Spross, & Hanson, 2009).
eferences
Hamric, A.B., Spross, J.A., and Hanson, C.M. (2009). Advanced Practice Nursing:…...
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References
Hamric, A.B., Spross, J.A., and Hanson, C.M. (2009). Advanced Practice Nursing: An
Integrative Approach. St. Louis, MO: Saunders.
Hardcastle, M., Usher, K., and Holmes, C. "Carspecken's five-stage critical qualitative research method: An application to nursing research." Qualitative Health
deductive and empirical strategies used in the construction of structured personality instruments, it is important to denote just what the terms deductive and empirical mean and how they relate to tests specific to psychological purposes. Empirical evidence is that which can be demonstrated or proven, and which ultimately exists in the world. Deductive reasoning is a form of logic wherein individuals establish a basic premise or truth, combine it with others for which there is empirical evidence to validate, and then draw conclusions. This type of reasoning determines conclusions based on a top-down approach to reasoning. These respective strategies, then, which frequently are applied in congruence with one another, are highly important for the makeup of structured personality tests. One may even posit the viewpoint that without such strategies, the results of personality instruments would be virtually useless or inconclusive at best.
Define and Describe Deductive
Kwan, K.-L. K., Maestas, M.L. (2000). Handbook of multicultural assessment. Suzuki, L.A., Ponterotto, J.G. (Ed.). Hoboken: Jossey-Bass.
McCrae, R.R., Costa Jr., P.T. (1989). Rotation to maximize the construct validity factors in the NEO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research. 24: 107 -- 124.
empirically-based evidence and how it applies to nursing. The definition of the word "evidence" is a core concept in law and can be used in different ways to either corroborate or refute a particular issue. Given this understanding of what evidence is I then concluded that a complete understanding of what evidence actually is rarely if ever occurs in the legal realm, whereas in the healthcare realm the notion of evidence has been interpreted to mean some type of proof that is independently verified. However, even in the healthcare realm so-called "evidence" is rarely absolute. The point is that given my understanding of the word evidence there is no one form of evidence that is inherently superior to another, even though historically notions of empirically -- based evidence in healthcare has taken a different attitude.
With respect to empirically-based evidence, the healthcare industry initially placed greater value quantitative evidence (research)…...
Nursing Implications
The preceding evidence lends itself to a number of specific nursing implications that are very likely to improve the conditions of a variety of patients affected with the miasma of symptoms that encompass dementia. The specific care for each individual patient will vary based on whether the data used to assess a particular symptom applies to that patient or not. In the case of the latter circumstance, the patient will merely forego the recommendation (which solely applies to patients suffering from that particular manifestation of dementia) in favor of one that coincides with the specific needs of that patient.
The empirical evidence of Vance and Cowen (2010) indicates that the deployment of light therapy yields positive affects for those suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The administration of light therapy from a light box generating between 1500 and 2500 lux will be used for one to two hours both in mornings (typically…...
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During normal waking hours, music therapy in the form of clock radios that serve as alarms throughout various points in the day (and which play music of the patient's choice) will be utilized, as well as aroma therapeutic practices in which lavender scents (in the form of candles and scented oils) will be used, since the study of Lin et al. (2007) has compiled empirical data to support lavender's alleviation of agitated behaviors. Based on Vance and Cowan's 2010 research that discourages inactivity and daytime napping, residents will be offered a variety of diurnal activities revolving around the outdoors, such as hiking, walking, and other forms of exercise agreeable to the patient.
Paragraph in the Introduction
The term Sundowning Syndrome (reviewed by Bachman & Rabins, 2006) has been used to describe the increased agitation of Alzheimer's patients during the late afternoon and early evening, and has been observed for more than 60 years. Volicer et al. (2001) helped confirm this tendency by monitoring circadian rhythms in dementia patients (with a mean age of 71) through the usage of body temperatures. The studies were extremely effective in producing statistical documentation that indicated a three hour lapse in the peak core of body temperatures for Sundowning patients as opposed to controls, as well as a five hour lapse in the peak motor activity between the same two groups. The strength of these research methods can be determined by the fact that they were able to quantify such information in immediately comparable forms. The fact that these results brought forth a conclusion that circadian control mechanisms were not in optimal operations for such patients is somewhat vague, and could be strengthened by expositions to determine why this is the case. The conclusion of these studies, however, is supported by the work of Serniczuk, Dyck, LaFerla, and Antle (2010) which found frequent SCN atrophy and optic nerve damage in post mortem dementia patients.
Translation Evidence Into Nursing Health Care Practice. Chapter 6, "Translation Evidence Leadership" Article: Bakke, C.K. (2010). Clinical cost effectiveness guidelines prevent intravascular catheter-related infections patients' hemodialysis.
Briefly summarize your selected issue and propose new evidence-based practice strategies.
Pressure ulcers, commonly known as bedsores, are frequently observed in otherwise healthy bed-ridden patients in nursing homes. To promote wellness amongst this patient population, it has been suggested that regular turning and positioning of the patients by caregivers should be used to reduce their occurrence. Turning and positioning has long been used amongst healthcare practitioners for a variety of bed-ridden patients, usually at regimented intervals spanning 4-2 hours (Thomas 2001). Based upon the previous research conducted upon this population, the suggested shortened interval is 1-11/2 hours for repositioning of the patient (Thomas 2001).
Q2. Describe the theoretical basis for your strategies.
The theoretical basis for this initiative lies in the idea that passive movement can reduce…...
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References
Bluestein, D. & Javaheri, A. (2008). Pressure ulcers: Prevention, evaluation, and management.
American Family Physician, 78(10):1186-1194. Retrieved from:
This is one of the most common forms of research and, for some research questions is clearly a strong design (Ethics in Critical Care Nursing Research, 2005).
The research that was done in this article would be considered a non-experimental type. There were two types of observation that were conducted. The first type was that of focus groups and the second being the file audit, both of which are observational in nature. In this case this was the most appropriate type of research design to use. Since they were simply trying to see what was actually going on in this area and how that was affecting patients the only real way to tot this was by observation. From this article a nursing care issue that can be raised is that of how palliative care nurses manage family involvement with end of life issues. Are there any standard procedures that are…...
Criminological Theory and Statistical Data
Introduction
Criminological theory is not always based on evidence—that is, on statistical evidence. Sometimes it is based on ideas that seem logical at the time. Theorists will notice correlations in the ways in which crime emerges in certain communities and they will base their theories of crime on these observances, though no statistical evidence is actually accumulated to verify the theory. The theory simply makes sense from a logical or rational point of view and in this manner it can be promoted. Its basis of evidence is qualitative (i.e., content-related, conceptual or thematic) rather than statistical and empirical (i.e., data that can be measured, quantified and verified through testing). Broken Windows Theory is one example of criminological theory that was based on qualitative assessments rather than on statistical data (Jean, 2008). While the theory has been embraced over the years since it was first developed, other researchers…...
Thus, the relationship between investigative psychology and forensic psychology is fairly lucid. Investigative psychology largely provides the means of identifying suspects and eventually indicting them. The mechanics of investigative psychology are multi-fold. For instance, in the case of the so-called "D.C. Sniper" in 2002, investigators were able to gain forensic evidence regarding ballistics and fingerprints. The former enabled them to identify the type of weapon that was repeatedly used during the attacks; the latter was used to procure a suspect in this particular case (Federal, 2007).
However, the true value of this sort of methodology becomes manifest in court during subsequent trials. In the previously mentioned sniper case, two suspects were convicted largely due to the evidence gathered against them. It is important to note that this sort of evidence is empirically based and confirms to scientific methodology. Without such convincing evidence, of course, there could have been a greater propensity…...
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References
Knox, D., Limbacher, J., & McMahan, K. (1993). "Thomas Dillon, hunter of humans." Akron Beacon Journal.
The Little Albert Experiment, conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920, stands as a seminal study in the field of psychology. This experiment sought to investigate the principles of classical conditioning, focusing on the acquisition, generalization, and extinction of conditioned fear responses in a human infant. The Little Albert Experiment has had a profound impact on our understanding of behaviorism and remains a foundational study in the history of psychology.
The Experiment:
Watson and Rayner meticulously selected an 11-month-old infant, Albert B., for their experiment. They began by introducing Albert to a variety of stimuli, including a white rat,....
Hook: Begin with an intriguing question, anecdote, or thought-provoking statement to capture the reader's attention. Thesis Statement: Clearly state your stance on the existence of life after death, providing a brief overview of the arguments you will present.
II. Body Paragraph 1: Arguments Supporting Life After Death
Discuss cultural and religious beliefs that suggest the existence of an afterlife, highlighting common themes and variations. Cite evidence from religious texts, rituals, and traditions that support the idea of life beyond the physical realm. Provide examples of near-death experiences, out-of-body experiences, and reincarnation cases that are often interpreted as evidence of....
1. The two theoretical perspectives behind research are the positivist perspective and the interpretivist perspective.
- Positivist perspective: This perspective focuses on the idea that knowledge can be gained through objective observation and measurement. Positivists believe that there is an objective reality that can be studied and understood through empirical evidence and scientific methods.
- Interpretivist perspective: This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective meanings and interpretations that individuals attach to their experiences. Interpretivists believe that reality is socially constructed and that individuals' interpretations of the world are shaped by their unique perspectives, beliefs, and values.
Define New Public Management (NPM) and its key principles Thesis statement: The influence of NPM has significantly altered Canadian governments in various aspects.
II. NPM's Impact on Government Structures
Decentralization and devolution of authority Creation of quasi-market mechanisms within government Introduction of performance-based budgeting and management systems
III. NPM's Influence on Government Services
Shift towards contracting out and outsourcing of services Focus on customer satisfaction and service quality improvement Emphasis on cost-effectiveness and efficiency
IV. NPM and the Role of Citizens
Reduced emphasis on public participation and civic engagement Increased use of citizen surveys and performance indicators as measures of accountability ....
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