Difficulties
Empirical research is necessarily designed to provide a workable framework through which a researcher may test a hypothesized explanation for observable phenomena, but the two primary branches of scientific inquiry differ greatly in terms of the analytical scope and style employed throughout an experiment. While quantitative research is capable of recording, sorting and analyzing voluminous amounts of numerical data, from credit card usage rates for various tax brackets to the pace of population acceleration within a given demographic, this methodology is left lacking when researchers seek to explain the trends and configurations they have identified. In order to develop informed explanations of behavioral patterns, emotional capacity, artistic inclination, and any number of similarly intangible phenomena, the use of qualitative research must be employed to ascertain the motivational processes used to determine basic decision making. Although the traditional quantitative method of research is more widely known by laymen, with surveys,….

Sampling and Empirical esearch Studies
Quantitative scientific studies typically require sample sizes that are sufficiently large enough to produce valid interpretable data, and using a questionnaire-based survey to poll a large group of respondents is a traditionally accepted methodology within the realm of scholarly research. The objective of any survey-based sampling experiment is to translate raw statistical data on a testable subject of interest, obtained from a sizable sample of relevant respondents, into a viable theory. The strength of this approach lies in the fact that social phenomena are most effectively studied through a systematic empirical investigation of statistical data. Because surveys are generally designed to include an array of multiple choice, yes-or-no, and essay questions, the varied level of detail provided in each recorded answer is expected to provide substantial data. Statistical sampling is used within the field of nursing to identify patient acuity rates, trends concerning mortality during certain….

Even when they are presented with more information related to their condition, people who embrace the S1 model can refuse to change their option.
In certain circumstances, individuals who apparently employ analytical thinking are actually using intuition. It seems that they are using investigative judgment because they are aware that surface data should not be accepted without comprehensive examination. In this situation, intuition can be practical, since it assists the individual in devising methods of solving the dilemma.

Using S2 with the purpose of finding answers to impasses is in most cases beneficial for the individual, even with the fact that this technique consumes time and resources. When someone is approach matters from an analytical standpoint, that respective person is not absolved from employing intuition in their everyday lives. Also, intuitive thinking can be induced to people who use analytical thinking through a series of methods. When they are assisted by….

A summary of findings regarding sexual orientation and its impact on life-span development
Considering that transformations within the society profoundly change the life course of people identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender, it comes to be increasingly ostensible that sexual orientation is a significant index of human identity is historically and aesthetically (Hammack, 2005). In accordance to Fuller-Iglesias et al. (2010), perspectives for life span and life course increase the level of understanding in changeability with respect to timing and classification of sexual orientation identity development. With respect to life span, the categorization of sexual orientation identity development might rely on maturation influences, and the developmental phase in which identity development comes about. The inception and series of sexual orientation identity progress might also be influenced by the past framework in which development is experienced. According to the research study by Floyd and Bakeman (2006), there were palpable gender variances….

Criminal justice researchers are usually faced with numerous anecdotal data that is supported with relatively little to no empirical support. In order to effectively explore nuances of the issues that face the society with regards to law enforcement, criminal justice researchers tend to rely on empirical data, which is considered useful. The dependence on empirical data in criminal justice is evident in the fact that most of the existing criminology journals are quantitative as compared to qualitative studies (Jacques, 2014). Empirical research data is data obtained from direct and indirect observation of a complex social issue whereas anecdotal data is data obtained from someone else's observation or experience of an issue. In the criminal justice field, empirical research data is used to inform evidence-based practices in this field because it's based on well-designed analytical approaches and studies. In some cases, empirical research evidence is used to confirm anecdotal data as….

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research According to Lopez-Alvarado (2017) and Muijs (n.d.), research design decisions are linked to ontology and epistemology. Ontology refers to the researcher’s beliefs about whether reality is absolute or contextual, universal or relative. Whether the researcher is a realist or a relativist determines research questions and designs, with an increased tendency for relativists to focus on phenomenological and qualitative methods and a realist to use quantitative methods. Muijs (n.d.) describes quantitative research as using numerical data and mathematical methods, showing how a realist will use these types of methods to seek for an objective truth. Likewise, epistemology refers to how the researcher acquires knowledge, or what sources of knowledge are deemed valid. A researcher who believes in absolutism and realism will veer towards quantitative methods, which yield absolute and generalizable results. On the other hand, a researcher who values subjectivity would take a phenomenological and qualitative approach. Lopez-Alvarado….

H3: Credit historical data is prevalent in the available IB systems for SMEs.

Additionally, we find that the primary concern for banks is the trend of SME's short-term lines of credit.

H4: Among the SME credit history, the usage level of their short-term lines of credit represents their main determinant.

The financial structure as well as its effects is never the only determinants of the default probability as measured by rating systems. The profitability performances plays a relevant role in the credit evaluation process of a given (Edmister, 1972, Pagliacci,2006). This statement is then verified by the 5th hypothesis:

H5: An increase in profitability of an SME improves its rating.

The variables that plays a role in the failure prediction

The failure prediction models are based on a standard set of variables/indicators. Extant literature indicates that these variables can be divided into there main categories (Altman,1968; Caouette et al., 1998; Beaver, 1967; Edminster 1972; Chen &….

Women in AviationWhen conducting a study on women in aviation in Germany, some possibilities for selecting interviewees would:1. Women pilots and women air traffic controllers - they can provide insight into their experiences in the field and the challenges they face.2. Aviation industry professionals, including recruiters and human resources representatives, to get a better understanding of the hiring practices in the industry.3. Academic experts in gender studies, aviation studies, or sociology, who can provide theoretical insights into the topic.4. Representatives of women\\\'s advocacy groups, who can provide insights into the broader social and political context of women\\\'s experiences in aviation.Regarding the questions to ask, it would be appropriate to focus on the following areas:The experiences of women in aviation, including their challenges, barriers, and opportunities.The current state of gender equality in the aviation industry in Germany.The policies and initiatives that have been implemented to promote gender equality in aviation.The attitudes….

However, more empirical studies have been published in recent years which have both reported outcomes but also have acknowledged the complexity of the interaction of the number of variables involved in predicting outcome effects on children whose parents are substance abusers (Dworkin & Hirsch, 2004). This literature is particularly important because of the large number of children affected by substance abuse of various kinds and the social policy directed toward substance abuse offenders including parents.
Although the empirical research base is growing on the relationship of parental disability to child outcome effects (Emerick & Zirpoli, 2000) there continues to be a need for research that methodologically addresses specific critical parental disability factors.

Implementing Culturally Sensitive Crisis

In conclusion, when faced with an individual who is recognizably from a culture different from the crisis worker, some modification in approach will be considered. However, there is sufficient cultural diversity present in our population for….

Experimental esearch Methods in Business
Experimental esearch Methods

The author provides a survey of the literature illustrating applied experimental research methods in cross-sections of business and organization types. The advantages and disadvantages of the experimental research methods are discussed for each of the examples provided which run the gamut from depression-era agricultural economics to research conducted for the National Science Institute. While the article focuses on business research methods, the range of examples from multiple disciplines serves to demonstrate the adaptability of various methods to distinct contexts, the importance of thoughtfully developed research questions, and perceptions in the field regarding scientific rigor. The article is intended to guide students in their exploration of the breadth and depth of experimental research methods and to convey a sense of the challenges of applied scientific inquiry.

Introduction

The study of business topics has not always been inherently scientific. Certainly the work of Max Weber and Frederick Winslow….

cientific and empirical research take time, and therefore detracts from the timeliness of such research. However, the truth level in such research is higher than in research that takes less time and is therefore more timely. The author points out that these are not the only factors involved in the quality of a piece, and that the purpose of publication should also be kept in mind when assessing the quality of a work. A persuasive piece of literature will therefore entail a lower level of absolute truth than a piece that addresses more than one side of an issue without bias.
This is where increasing access to sources such as the Internet provides the researcher with a valuable tool for assessing believability. Materials can for example be broadly investigated and cross-checked against others for consistency in content regarding a specific issue.

Another valuable tool, according to Kmetz, is the elements represented….

57. The Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault (Lawrence . Sherman and Richard A. Berk)

Domestic violence

Types of data/methods: Sherman and Berk found that arresting batterers reduced by half the rate of subsequent offenses against the same victim within a 6-month followup period. However, in follow-up studies, sometimes offenders assigned to the arrest group had higher levels of (recidivism) while others showed a reduction in repeat cases.

Advantages/Disadvantages: Although the repeat nature of the offenses in a series of trials shows thoroughness, the inconsistent findings about whether mandatory arrest reduces domestic violence suggests more information about the different cases might be necessary to show if arrest helps in some cases but not in others.

Question

Summarize the overall prevalence and incidence of the crime problem in the 1960s as portrayed by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (pg.361) and by the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of….

In aaccounting research, the model used would be called analytical modeling, which consists of sstudies that use models with no specific underlying economic theory but use mathematical techniques. The mathematical formulas are applied to test and establish laws and accounting practices. Simulation, or the practice where the analysis is so complex that it requires a computer, is also an example of an inductive accounting practice research methodology.
Finally, pragmatic research utilizes pragmatic validity, which views research from a prescriptive-driven perspective. For example, solutions to problems that actually occur in the complex and high field of practice are developed in a way that, while valid for a specific situation, need to be adjusted according to the context in which they are to be applied. In the accounting area, general empirical research is a catchall that includes primarily descriptive empirical work. Another example of an accounting research methodology that consists of pragmatic….

social science research are qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research is believed to operate from a subjective, constructionist view of reality, whereas quantitative research operates from an objective, positivist viewpoint of the world. There has been quite a bit of debate over the merits of each of these approaches, often with one paradigm belittling the assumptions of the other. The current literature review explores the philosophical foundations of each paradigm, compares their practical differences, and discusses the strengths and weakness of both approaches as they relate to research in the social sciences and to human resources research. The rationale for mixed-methods research, where the two paradigms are combined, is also discussed.
In recent years there has been substantial interest concerning the role of specific paradigms and philosophical assumptions with regards to doing research. There has been a growing concern regarding the adequacy of research methods in social sciences and….

oss et al. (2010) placed electrodes at specific points on participants' skulls that were used to apply small electrical charges at various times during the experiment, while no charge or "dummy charges" (a charge that provided the same sensation as a full charge, but that did not actually provide current to the brain) was given at other times in order to test and control for the real effect of an actual charge to the brain. This methodology is described in brief by Porter (2011), however the technical elements that are carefully detailed in the research publication of the methods used are not presented in this popular media article (oss et al., 2010). All of the information aside from the key findings of the article are left out also, although the basic limitations of the finding are described and there is evident care taken to not inflate the results or….

A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment or research study. It typically takes the form of an "if-then" statement, where the researcher predicts that one variable will have an effect on another variable.

Here is an example of a hypothesis with a strong example:

Hypothesis: If students study for at least 30 minutes each day, then their test scores will improve.

In this hypothesis, the researcher is predicting that the amount of time students spend studying will have an effect on their test scores. By testing this hypothesis, the researcher can determine if there is a relationship between....