Exercise Physiology
The paper discusses five articles related to exercise physiology. Within these articles, a number of topics are comprised, including: exercise in extreme environments, optimizing performance in sport, gender and age as they relate to exercising, fatigue during exercise and health. These topics will be examined as per the points-of-view presented in the articles below.

Icy Climb to the Sky in Summery Yosemite by Bill Becher (Source: )

This first article discusses the topic of exercise in extreme conditions. Here, the extreme conditions are cold, snow and ice, and the exercise is ice climbing in Yosemite National Park. The article begins by describing the conditions with which one must put up in this extreme sport, which include frigid temperatures and, sometimes, superhuman strength, as one dangles hundreds of feet, even thousands, above the ground. The article, however, relishes in this latter facet, and even applauds those who undertake such extreme forms of…...

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Article 5: Exercise: 7 Benefits of Regular Physical Activity by Mayo Clinic Staff (Source: )

The last piece builds upon all the advice offered in the previous articles. The seven benefits of regular physical activity, according to the article, are: controlling one's weight, combating potential diseases, improving mood, boosting energy, sleeping better, having a better sex life, a last but not least, having fun. These positives, as evidenced here, can only improve one's life, and the article highly advocates exercise by describing them in detail. One can learn from this piece, as the one above, by seeing, first and foremost, that exercise, if anything, can prevent such diseases as cardiovascular disease, which is very common in Americans.

The basic facts are that exercise promotes healthy living, which is not something that all Americans are undertaking right now, but something that all should strive towards. What can be learned from this article is that there is a culture that exercise can promote, and a mental state, which is superior to that of a person who does not exercise regularly. Thus, if one wishes to be healthy, he or she must exercise, without a doubt.

Exercise Physiology: learning about it, involving oneself in it or obtaining gainful employment from it is becoming a part and parcel of most people's life. With improvements in technology, our lifestyles have become sedentary. Such lifestyles also put us at greater risk for diseases. This work will be concerned with a general idea of exercise physiology with information for all who want to involve themselves with it.
Simply put, exercise physiology (EP) is the identification of physiological mechanisms that underlie any physical activity. (Amundsen, 1981) and hypertension should be closely monitored. While maintaining a regimented lifestyle with optimal levels of physical activity can be helpful, over-exercising can be detrimental. Exercise physiology therefore, also involves professional guidance and counseling.

In 1997, the American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP) was founded. (CSS.edu, Professionalization of Exercise Physiology Online, 2003) few universities have ASEP accredited bachelors and masters degree programs in exercise science. Some of these…...

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Bibliography

Adams, Gene M. Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual. Dubuque, IA: Wm.C. Brown Publishers, 1990.

Amundsen, Louis R. Cardiac Rehabilitation. Clinics in Physical Therapy; V. 1. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1981.

ASEP.com. American Sports Education Program. 2003. ASEP.com. Available:

20, 2003.http://www.asep.com/.October

Exercise Physiology1. What factors should be considered to provide maximal protection when people are exercising in the cold?Conducting exercises and partaking in competitions in the cold weather circumstances is usually less risky in comparison to circumstances of extreme heat. Nonetheless, there are different factors that have to be taken into consideration in order to provide maximal protection. One of the factors encompasses staying hydrated regardless of the cold weather conditions. A second factor encompasses the clothing worn and the layers of clothing used. More often than not, people wear a lot of clothes to prevent themselves from being cold. However, while exercising it is necessary to have lesser number of layers of clothing as this can even cause an individual to faint. Lastly, there is the factor that is metabolic heat production from the body to attain thermal balance. There is a likelihood of variance in metabolic heat production owing…...

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ReferencesAdams, G. R., Caiozzo, V. J., & Baldwin, K. M. (2003). Skeletal muscle unweighting: spaceflight and ground-based models. Journal of applied physiology, 95(6), 2185-2201.McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2010). Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Powers, S. (2014). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Training Programme) (30%)
Date/Time:

Strength/flexibility exercises test ubric (5%)

The instructor (NOT student) will choose 5 strength/flexibility exercises from the student's Written eport that the student states he will use over the 3-month hypothetical training period. The Instructor will ask the student to perform the exercises in turn and name the muscle(s) being stretched or strengthened. This is NOT a physically demanding test (only 1 repetition is performed).

Possible

Marks

Strength/flexibility exercise

Conducted exercise correctly

Correctly named muscles strengthened/stretched

Strength/flexibility exercise

Conducted exercise correctly

Correctly named muscles strengthened/stretched

Strength/flexibility exercise

Conducted exercise correctly

Correctly named muscles strengthened/stretched

Strength/flexibility exercise

Conducted exercise correctly

0.8

Correctly named muscles strengthened/stretched

0.2

Strength/flexibility exercise 5

Conducted exercise correctly

0.8

Correctly named muscles strengthened/stretched

0.2

TOTAL

(Total marks will be rounded down (not up). For instance, if you score 4.6, your TOTAL will be recorded as 4.0)

Section:

Date/Time:

Written eport (Strength and Flexibility Training Programme) ubric (25%)

Yes

No

Possible

Marks

Created motivating exercise title, filled out assigned Cover Page correctly, and attached ubric after Cover Page, but before Summary Page

1.0

Summary

Summarised the key features of the training…...

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References

CDC. (2013). Why strength training? Retrieved from CDC.gov:

 http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/growingstronger/why/ 

Heart.org. (n.d.). Flexibility Exercises. Retrieved from heart.org:

 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/CardiacRehab/Stretching-and-Flexibility -Exercises_UCM_307383_Article.jsp#

In fact, she already had all of that information written in the margins right next the photographs. Every picture had a description of how many calories, and how many grams of protein, carbohydrates, and fats she consumed in between the consecutive pictures. She explained that her diet changed much more than her training during that time and I was very surprised at the difference that could be seen so clearly from picture to picture, and especially at the differences in her physique and muscularity from the beginning to the end of each contest preparation cycle. According to her, she maintains the same basic workout routine all year long and the real difference that accounts for the extreme changes in her muscularity before contests is almost exclusively a function of her diet.
My friend helped me understand that I had arrived at narrow-minded conclusions about the relationship between exercise, diet, and…...

Exercise has been described as the best medicine for depression. It can help a person get through rough times. Physical exercise is very important for a person's mental and physical health. Exercise helps in pumping more blood through the veins. This results in the increase in size of the arteries and it prevents fats from clogging the arteries. It also prevents blood clots. A person who exercises regularly is protected from a variety of diseases and it helps in curbing cholesterol. Exercise benefits a human body as it lowers blood pressure and conditions the lungs. Exercise has its various advantages. It successfully counters stress, depression and anxiety. It has been named as the best fighting force for all these problems. Exercise is also instrumental in improving a person's nervous, cardiovascular and immune system. It also increases our metabolism, digestion and stimulation. (University of Michigan Health System) (http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/primry/fit02.htm)
Sometimes people feel angry…...

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Bibliography

http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/primry/fit02.htm

Marissa Beck, Relieving Stress Through Exercise, The Tufts Daily, 2003

Richard Harvey, The Physician and Sports Medicine - September 1995

Harvard Health Publications Special Health Report, Depression Report, 2002

The authors were trying to develop a system of estimating and indexing muscle fatigue rates during static muscle contraction. The results of this study indicated that estimations were reasonably successful with some limitations that were noted. One limitation was that the study neglected muscle recovery since the experiment was performed in a lab under controlled conditions and the muscles were able to fully recover. However, in the real world muscles move in a dynamic environment thus making muscle recovery rates a challenge in producing an accurate estimate of fatigue.
Another study looked at the efficacy of treatments in patients who suffer from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). The study conducted research using 111 patients who suffer from CTS. They compared the standard conservative treatment (SCT) with other forms of treatment available that also propose to alleviate symptoms associated CTS. They found that SCT, which includes local steroid injections, was effective as…...

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References:

Yewguan Soo; Sugi, M.; Nishino, M.; Yokoi, H.; Arai, T.; Kato, R.; Nakamura, T.; Ota, J.;, "Quantitative estimation of muscle fatigue using surface electromyography during static muscle contraction," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009. EMBC 2009. Annual International Conference of the IEEE, vol., no., pp.2975-2978, 3-6 Sept. 2009

doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5332521

URL:  http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5332521&isnumber=5332379 

Ay-e N. Bardak, Mehmet Alp, Belgin Erhan, Nurdan Paker, Betul Kaya and Ay-e . Onal,;, "Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of conservative treatment in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome," Advances in Therapy, Publisher Springer Healthcare Communications, ISSN 0741-238X (Print) 1865-8652 (Online), Issue Volume 26, Number 1 / January, 2009

Air Force Military Training 4 Aviation Tactical Force- to- Force Exercise
Military operations entails an interaction of multiple forces, hence sequencing their interaction during training is essential in promoting inter-service cooperation (Col Gopaul, 2017). Efficiency in training is determined by how well the training mirrors the battlefield. The sequencing of the battlefield is configured engaging in multi-service training exercises referred to as force- to- force exercise.
Force- to- force exercise training is a form of training that entails training with simulation equipment to realism to training as the training. Tactical force-to-force exercises essentially entail simulation and configuration of battlefield complexities to support basic training of pilots, mission commanders, and operators. The operation entails the interaction of technologies and forces with different operation experience (Kishore, 2017). The simulated exercises ensure warfighting competencies and swift execution and successful spectrum of operations as well as interforce relationship building (Col Gopaul, 2017). Force- to- Force simulations enables…...

The Pathophysiology of OsteoporosisToday, more than 10 million Americans already suffer from osteoporosis and 44 million more are at elevated risk of acquiring this condition due to low bone density (Osteoporosis facts, 2024). Given the rapidly aging demographics of the American population, it is reasonable to suggest that far more consumers will suffer from this condition in the foreseeable future. To determine the facts, the purpose of this paper is to review the relevant literature concerning the pathophysiology of osteoporosis to describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the human body system as well as the normal mechanism of osteoporosis. Finally, a discussion concerning the prevention and treatment of this disorder is followed by a summary of the findings that emerged from the research in the conclusion.eview and DiscussionNormal Anatomy of the Body SystemIn a healthy human body unaffected by osteoporosis, the bones are composed of a thick outer cortical…...

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ReferencesBhattarai, H. K., Shrestha, S., Rokka, K., & Shakya, R. (2020). Vitamin D, Calcium, Parathyroid Hormone, and Sex Steroids in Bone Health and Effects of Aging. Journal of Osteoporosis, 1–10.Burke, E. (2016). Osteoporosis: Assessment, Prevalence and Current Treatment Options. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Ficai, A. et al. (2009). Layer by layer deposition of hydroxyapatite onto the collagen matrix. Materials Science and Engineering, 29(7), 2217-2220.Giorgio, I., dell’Isola, F., Andreaus, U., & Misra, A. (2023). An orthotropic continuum model with substructure evolution for describing bone remodeling: an interpretation of the primary mechanism behind Wolff’s law. Biomechanics & Modeling in Mechanobiology, 22(6), 2135–2152.Hadjidakis, D. J., & Androulakis, I. I. (2006). Bone Remodeling. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1092(1), 385–396.Hunziker, E. B., Shintani, N., Lippuner, K., Vögelin, E., & Keel, M. J. B. (2023). In major joint diseases the human synovium retains its potential to form repair cartilage. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–16.Kaye, A. M., Weisman, Y., Harell, A., & Sömjen, D. (1999). Hormonal stimulation of bone cell proliferation. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37(3), 431–435.Mayhew, P. M., Thomas, C. D., Clement, J. G., Loveridge, N., Beck, T. J., Bonfield, W., Burgoyne, C. J., & Reeve, J. (2005). Relation between age, femoral neck cortical stability, and hip fracture risk. Lancet, 366(9480), 129–135.Osteoporosis facts. (2024). Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation. Retrieved from   Y., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Cui, J., Feng, K., Kong, X., & Chen, L. (2017). Psoralidin, a prenylated coumestan, as a novel anti-osteoporosis candidate to enhance bone formation of osteoblasts and decrease bone resorption of osteoclasts. European Journal of Pharmacology, 801, 62–71.https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/wp-content/uploads/Osteoporosis-Fast-Facts-2.pdf .Zhai,

Physiological Effects of Endurance Training
Endurance training produces many physiological changes, both during training and after the training period is complete. These changes are biochemical and also involve changes in the cardio-pulmonary system. The correct way to perform endurance training has been a subject of controversy in recent years. There are many differences in training methods. These differences and the effects of endurance training will be the subject of this research. The jury is still out as to what constitutes the perfect duration and intensity of training program.

Studies have shown that a focused training program can increase maximum oxygen intake by 15-30% over a three-month period (7) and that can increase to 50% if the training is sustained for over 2 years. The body makes many metabolic adaptations as well. These adaptations drop rapidly in the first few weeks after training is stopped (1).

Duration and Intensity of Different Training Programs

There are…...

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References

1. Acevedo EO, Goldfarb AH. Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance. Med and Sci in Sports Exercise, (21), 563-568, 1998

2. Finn, C, Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Training on Endurance Performance. Sportscience (5)(1), sport sci.org. Jour. 1-3, 2001.

3. Foss M.L., and Keteyian S.J. Fox's Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. WCB Boston, Mass., McGraw-Hill. 1998.

4. Hawley JA, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD, and Dennis, SC. Training Techniques To Improve Fatigue Resistance And Enhance Endurance Performance. Jour of Sports Sci, (15), 325-333, 1997.

Biomechanical Priciples
Biomechanical Principles

Biomechanics is the study of mechanical and physics principles in relation to motion in sports. Every sport has its biomechanical theories and each one is specialized to that particular skill with equations derived from Newtonian physics and knowledge of the human body and its capabilities. When combined and properly practiced, biomechanics can improve an athletes overall performance, making the athlete superior to their competitors.

The freestyle arm-pull in swimming is a precise study in the art of biomechanics introduced for an efficient result. It is an established fact that water is 773 times as dense as air and 55 times as viscous (Miller, 1975). What this means is that planning an efficient stroke in water is going to require greater strategy than planning an efficient stroke in air. The primary factors that go into creating the ideal stroke in swimming are vectors, motion, force, work, and power.

Vectors

The primary vectors…...

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References

Boone, Tommy; Birnbaum, Larry (2005). Exercise Physiology: Professional Issues, Organizational Concerns, and Ethical Trends. Edward Mellen Pr.

Burkett, Brendan (2012). Basic principles for understanding sport mechanics. Human Kinetics. Accessed 14 March 2012 from  http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/basic-mechanical-principles 

Miller, Doris (1975). Biomechanics of Swimming. Exercise and Sport Sciences. Vol. 3.1, 219-248.

Richardson, AR (1986). The Biomechanics of Swimming: The Shoulder and Knee. Clin Sports Med. Vol 5.1, 103-13.

career of an athletic trainer, including the background necessary for the career, the necessary education, and job opportunities for athletic trainers. Athletic trainers form a necessary backbone of most professional sports organizations, and many private organizations. A professional athletic trainer can make the difference between a life-changing injury, or returning to the game. Athletic trainers are an essential and integral part of modern sports medicine, and as sports and athletics increase in importance in our society, they will continue to play an important part in our healthy lives.
Athletic trainers have been around for centuries, but today, most trainers are certified, and not only work with sports clubs or educational facilities, they can work in gyms and fitness centers, and even corporate workout centers.

Certified athletic trainers (ATCs) are medical experts in preventing, recognizing, managing and rehabilitating injuries that result from physical activity. Athletic trainers can help you avoid unnecessary medical…...

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Works Cited

Author not Available. "Athletic Trainer." NortheastAHEC.org. 2003. 25 Sept. 2003.  http://www.neahec.org/hc/HealthCareerPgs/AthleticTrainer.html 

Editors. "What Does a Certified Athletic Trainer Do?" NATA.org. 2003. 25 Sept. 2003.  http://www.nata.org/downloads/documents/306CareerInfoBrochure.htm 

Hibberts, Rob. "How to Start Your Career." Cerro Coso Community College. 1998. 25 Sept. 2003. http://athletics.cerrocoso.edu/sportsmedicine/how_to_start_your_career.htm

Kornspan, Alan S., et al. "Career Opportunities in Sport and Exercise Among College Students." College Student Journal 36.3 (2002): 367+.

(1989). These researchers investigated skeletal muscle adaptations in response to acclimatization at high altitude. Samples of muscle extracted before reaching high altitude and after returning to sea-level showed that maximal activities of enzymes, such as those representative of beta-oxidation, were unchanged. However, after exposure to extremely high altitude hypoxic conditions, reductions were observed in succinic dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase and hexokinase. The findings of this study did not support the researchers' hypothesis that extremely hypoxic conditions elicit changes that are adaptive toward maximizing oxidative function at the intracellular level (Green et al., 1989).
eference

Donoghue, S., Fatemian, M., Balanos, G.M., Crosby, A., Liu, C., O'Connor, D., Talbot, N.P., obbins, P.A. "Ventilatory Acclimatization in esponse to Very Small Changes in PO2 in Humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 98 (2005): 1587-91.

Green, H.J., Sutton, J.., Cymerman, A., Young, P.M., Houston, C.S. "Operation Everest II: Adaptations in Human Skeletal Muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 66.5 (1989):…...

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Reference

Donoghue, S., Fatemian, M., Balanos, G.M., Crosby, A., Liu, C., O'Connor, D., Talbot, N.P., Robbins, P.A. "Ventilatory Acclimatization in Response to Very Small Changes in PO2 in Humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 98 (2005): 1587-91.

Green, H.J., Sutton, J.R., Cymerman, A., Young, P.M., Houston, C.S. "Operation Everest II: Adaptations in Human Skeletal Muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 66.5 (1989): 2454-61.

Hoppeler, H., Vogt, M. "Muscle Tissue Adaptations to Hypoxia." The Journal of Experimental Biology 204 (2001): 3133-9.

Hoppeler, H., Vogt, M., Weibel, E.R., Fluck, M. "Response of Skeletal Muscle Mirochondria to Hypoxia." Experimental Physiology 88.1 (2003): 109-19.

However, these studies did not separate the effects of ephedrine from that of caffeine and so more intense research is awaited in this direction. [Robert a] it is to be noted that caffeine and ephedrine work synergistically which could be dangerous in patients with pre-existing cardiac or blood pressure abnormalities. Caffeine affects the adenosine-mediated dilation of blood vessels by antagonizing its receptors. The resulting increased availability of free adenosine monophosphate furthers the activity of ephedrine and catecholamine stimulation resulting in reduced cardiac refractory periods and increased cardiac output and consequently elevated blood pressure. [Charles N. Krome]
It is necessary to look into the inherent risks associated with the use of ephedrine. Ephedrine has a very high percentage of adverse reactions compared to all other herbal supplements. As reported by ent et al. (2003), ephedrine alone accounts for around 64% of all adverse medical reactions due to herbal products. This in…...

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Bibliography

Daniel Ari Kapner, 'Infofacts Resources: Ephedra and Energy Drinks on College Campuses," Accessed 26th April 2008, Available at,  http://www.higheredcenter.org/pubs/factsheets/energy-drinks.html 

Michael P. Schaefer, Jay Smith, Diane L. Dahm and Matthew C. Sorenson, 'Ephedra Use in a Select group of Adolescent Athletes'. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006) 5, 407-414, available at  http://www.jssm.org/vol5/n3/6/v5n3-6pdf.pdf 

3) Robert a. Robergs1, Tommy Boone2, Donna Lockner3, "Exercise Physiologists Should not Recommend the Use of Ephedrine and Related Compounds as Ergogenic Aids or Stimulants for Increased Weight Loss," Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, Volume 6 Number 4 November 2003, available at  http://faculty.css.edu/tboone2/asep/RobergsV2.doc 

4) Charles N. Krome, 'Cardiac Arrhythmia in a Professional Football Player. Was Ephedrine to Blame?' The physician and Sportsmedicine Vol31, No 12, Dec 2003.

Deliberately reducing the amount of PO2 circulating in the breathable atmosphere around a person -- such as Kara accomplishes at sea-level with her tent -- ultimately produces a lowered rate of hemoglobin oxygenation in the arterial blood. This condition, hypoxia, can be dangerous and can, of course, impair aerobic physical exercise -- however the trick that Kara is taking advantage of is the body's ability to undergo acclimatization, in which the body's physiology and metabolism will engage in adjustments that improve the body's ability to tolerate the low-PO2 levels through different means, such as adjusting its own acidity (to change the level of interior biochemical reactivity in order to boost absorbable oxygen levels) but also -- more importantly for Kara and her endurance training -- by improving metabolism on the cellular level and blood circulation (to maximize the value of the oxygen actually obtained) and, most importantly, by "increased…...

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References

McCardle, WD, Katch, F, and Katch, VL (2009). Exercise physiology. 7th ed. New York: LWW.

Murphy, K. (2011). Janeway's immunobiology. 8th ed. New York: Garland Science.

I. Athletic Injuries and Rehabilitation

The Role of Sports Medicine in Preventing and Treating Athletic Injuries
Advancements in Surgical Techniques for Rotator Cuff Repair
Rehabilitation Protocols for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries
The Impact of Concussions on Long-Term Cognitive Function

II. Sports Nutrition and Performance

The Role of Macronutrients in Enhancing Athletic Performance
Supplements and Ergogenic Aids in Sports: Benefits and Risks
Hydration Strategies for Athletes in Extreme Environments
Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes

III. Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics

The Effects of Interval Training on Cardiovascular Fitness
The Biomechanics of Running: Injuries and Performance Optimization
The Impact of Muscle Morphology on Athletic....

1. Resistance training not only enhances physical strength but also acts as a potent anti-aging mechanism at the cellular level by promoting telomere length maintenance, which is crucial for cellular longevity and thus, contributes to a more youthful appearance.

2. By engaging in regular resistance training, individuals can stimulate the production of growth hormones and myokines, which are known to reduce cellular aging by enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress, thereby preserving skin elasticity and reducing wrinkles.

3. The anti-aging effects of resistance training are evidenced by studies on mice, where those subjected to regular physical activity displayed healthier organs and....