Genghis Khan Essays (Examples)

Improvements to The Chinese System and Ideals Done by Kublai Khan
Introduction
Genghis Khan moved his troops into the quasi Chinese Chin-rule north China in 1211, and in 1215 they crushed the capital city. Hisson Ogodei vanquished all of North China by 1234 and ruled it from 1229 to 1241. Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan, vanquished the Chinese Southern Song in 1279, and out of the blue all of China was under foreign rule (Johnson, 2014).
In 1271 Kublai Khan named his administration Yuan which signifies "origin of the universe." The Yuan tradition in China kept going from 1279 to 1368. Kublai Khan took after a speculative approach of Sinicization, that is, he adjusted to the Chinese method for administering and when you take a look at his picture, he looks especially like other Chinese rulers. Then again, in spite of the fact that he utilized some Chinese in low…

China and the Mongol Conquest

China and Mongol Conquest

The 13th century saw the influence of the Mongol Empire which Genghis Khan established stretching from the borders of Poland in the west to the East around Yellow Sea. Grandson of Genghis named Kublai Khan was the ruler of this empire in 1260 after which he went a head to consolidate his power when he relinquish the Mongol conquests outside China and established his capital where modern-day Beijing is now located.

As Venetian merchants, Nicolo Polo and his brother traveled overland in 1260 to the Mongol capital where they remained within the court of Khan until when they reached Venice in 1269. The two merchant once again traveled (though dangerous trip) to Kublai Khan's court in 1271 accompanied by their seventeen-year-old son Marco. They had to take three and a half years before their adventure came to an end. After staying…

References

Jeffrey Hays (2008) "MARCO POLO." http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=48

Morris Rossabi (2004) "The Mongols in China." Columbia University.  http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/china/china.htm

Spices Tea impacted global trade. eference Book: A History World Societies, Eighth Edition, Volume 1 by: McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks

By the time of the death of Chinggis, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Caspian Sea in the west. How can we account for this astounding expansion?

"Perhaps no empire in history has risen so spectacularly as that of the Mongols. In less than 80 years, a band of warriors originally comprised of several men grew to an empire that encompassed all from the Pacific Ocean to the Danube iver" (The Mongol Empire, 2001, All Empires). The reasons for the domination of the Mongols are rooted partially in their superior military and tactical skills. In contrast to the heavy armor of medieval knights, Mongols dressed lightly and rode small, speedy horses. Their austere lifestyle made them well-suited to battle.…

References

Genghis Khan and the great Mongol Empire. (2012). Macro History. Retrieved:

 http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm 

McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks. A History of World Societies:

Vol 1. 8th Ed.

civilizations have often resulted in dramatic changes to both sides. Peaceful encounters bring transfers to new goods, new technologies and new ideas, while encounters built on conflict can change outlooks, governments and ways of life. A violent culture clash occurred with the Crusades, while a more peaceful meeting of the cultures occurred with traders from Europe (especially Venetians) heading eastward to Asia. These two encounters between civilizations would lead to much of what we see in the geopolitical world today. We have conflict in the Middle East between the Arab world and the Western world. We also see global trade as a major driving force in the world. This trade also would eventually lead to the age of exploration and mass colonization.

The rise of Islam and the response of Christian Europe during the Crusades not only characterized its era, being one of the most important events of the time,…

Some Chinese researchers assert that Chinese flutes may have evolved from of Indian provenance.

In fact, the kind of side-blon, or transverse, flutes musicians play in Southeast Asia have also been discovered in Africa, India, Saudi Arabia, and Central Asia, as ell as throughout the Europe of the Roman Empire. This suggests that rather than originating in China or even in India, the transverse flute might have been adopted through the trade route of the Silk Road to Asia. In addition to these transverse flutes, Southeast Asians possessed the kind of long vertical flutes; similar to those found in Central Asia and Middle East.

A considerable amount of similarities exist beteen the vertical flutes of Southeast Asia and flutes from Muslim countries. This type of flute possibly came from Persians during the ninth century; during the religious migration to SEA. Likeise, the nose-blon flute culture, common to a number of…

works cited:

Purple highlight means reference from his thesis, chapters 1-5

Blue highlight means reference from his raw research that was sent (17 files)

Yellow highlight means that writer could not find reference; one of the 17 files received

Gray highlight means writer found this source

Other imperialist powers continued to exploit immensely naturally rich country and still made use of Force Publique, the army of mercenaries that Leopold had employed for his sinister objectives. They also used the tactics employed by Leopold to extract rubber in their own colonies. ith the outbreak of First orld ar, the world largely forgot about Congo and its horrifying past. Instead of showing outrage against Belgium for allowing such brutalities in one of their colonies, the Allies actually started the war against Germany on the pretext that it was trying to protect Belgium. It had taken just a few years for them to forget that "only a decade or two earlier, it was the King of the Belgians whose men in Africa had cut off hands." (p296)

"King Leopold's Ghost" confirms what Joseph Conrad had written in the Heart of Darkness. However what is really unfortunate is the politics…

Work Cited:

Adam Hochschild. King Leopold's Ghost. A story of greed, terror and heroism in colonial Africa. Macmillan, 1998,

Mental breakdown and psychological distress also follow. Good leaders are effective communicators and have the empathy to read warning signs of mental breakdown. They are able to address mental health situations before they start.

You will know bad leadership when you see it. Organizations that are run poorly suffer from the same types of problems including inefficiency, poor financial performance and high incidence of workplace injury and mental health problems. Simply put, bad leadership is hazardous to your health.

orks Cited:

Smith, D. (2006). The high cost of bad leadership. Douglas K. Smith. Retrieved November 6, 2009 from http://www.douglasksmith.com/2006/01/the_high_cost_of_bad_leadershi.htm

Hadler, N. (1984). Occupational illness: The issue of causality. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 26, 8.

No author. (2009). orkplace injuries and illnesses -- 2008. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved November 5, 2009 from http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osnr0032.pdf

No author. (2009). Accident Report: Fatal Facts. OSHA. Retrieved November 5, 2009 from http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/toc_FatalFacts.html…

Works Cited:

Smith, D. (2006). The high cost of bad leadership. Douglas K. Smith. Retrieved November 6, 2009 from  http://www.douglasksmith.com/2006/01/the_high_cost_of_bad_leadershi.htm 

Hadler, N. (1984). Occupational illness: The issue of causality. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 26, 8.

No author. (2009). Workplace injuries and illnesses -- 2008. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved November 5, 2009 from  http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osnr0032.pdf 

No author. (2009). Accident Report: Fatal Facts. OSHA. Retrieved November 5, 2009 from  http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/toc_FatalFacts.html

Architecture

Naturally, the ruins of Cuzco and Machu Pichu of which some monuments and constructions are intact tells us that the Ican were master masons and builders. Large slabs of stone were put together to design these complex and beautiful structures. (Kleiner and Mamiya, 2006) What is also interesting is that there was no cement or mortar put between the stones to hold them in place. The massive stones fit together so well, that they could not be dislodged. It has also stood the test of time. There has been a significant scientific effort to find out (using computers and simulations) how the Incas built these monuments without the benefit of advances of science. Various theories have been advanced, but modern science cannot explain Incan architecture. (Hemmings and anney, 1982)

The End of the Incan Civilization

It is said that the end of the civilization happens from within. The weight…

References

Bauer, Brian S. The Sacred Landscape of the Inca: The Cusco Ceque System. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1998.

Hemmings, John, and Edward Ranney. Monuments of the Incas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.

Julien, Catherine. Reading Inca History. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000.

Kleiner, Fred S., and Christin J. Mamiya. Gardner's Art through Teh Ages: Non-Western Perspectives. New York: Thomson and Wadsworth, 2006.

As Stephen Goode states (1998, p. 19) Gibbon's magnificent and memorable story is how difficult equilibrium is to maintain. Such equilibrium was based in most part on the emperor's character. A bad emperor would mean mad times. "The evil imperializing genius of Augustus placed this delicate balance in jeopardy," Gibbon writes, as one of his major themes of his book: That is, when imperial power is misused as it often was, the result was sapping the virtue of the state and initiating the decline of the living and strong political life that had maintained ome during the epublic and created its greatness.

Gibbon was the major critic of the oman Empire, and as detailer of its decline, he explains the loss of the public support and withdrawal of citizens from personal involvement in the life of the empire: "Their personal valor remained, but they no longer possessed that public courage…

References Cited;

Craddock, P. (1989) Edward Gibbon. Luminous Historian. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Epstein, J. (1996). Real Page-Turner. The American Scholar 65: 167-8

Goode, S. (1998) Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. Insight on the News. 14(29) 18+.

Kelly, C. (1998) Edward Gibbon, the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Greece & Rome. 45: 232-233.

Alexander had taken Roxana, a Bactrian princess as one of his many wives, however, his Macedonian officers rebelled at his attempt to force them to intermarry with the Persians and "resisted his Eastern ways and his vision of an empire governed by tolerance," and although there was a mutiny, it was unsuccessful (Alexander Pp).

In 323, while planning a sea voyage around Arabia, Alexander caught a fever and died at the age of thirty-three (Alexander Pp). His generals then began quarreling about the division of rule, and his only son, Alexander Aegus, born to Roxana after Alexander's death, was "destined for a short and pitiful life" (Alexander Pp).

hether Alexander had designs for a world empire is debatable, however, what is true and factual is that he accomplished greater conquests than anyone before him, he simply did not have time to mold the governments of the all the lands he…

Works Cited

Alexander the Great."

The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. 4/22/2004; Pp.

Alexander the Great." pp. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564408/Alexander_the_Great.html

Cartledge, Paul. "Alexander the Great: hunting for a new past?"

Of course, the much shorter pleated skirt we now associate with modern Japanese school girls is also a chic look, and the carrying over of this simple design into a popular and often fetish-linked fashion for Western girls of modern times is an important note of timelessness.

Court" Fashion for Japanese Males, Asuka Period (593-710):

Eastern influence is not reserved for Westerners alone, as one can see in Asuka and Nara period clothing designs from Japan. Chinese influence was strong during this time period for clothing styles in Japan between 593 to 794 AD. uddhism and Chinese culture design was popularized by the imperial court members that wore clothing of this kind. The hakama trousers remained intact, but without the binding ties below the knee that earlier periods had emphasized. The upper garment of this period, the "ho" ("Japanese Dress in Former Times...") was less form fitting than previous designs,…

Bibliography

Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. "Orientalism - East Meets West." Galley of Fashion. January 2005. http://gbacg.org/orientalism_fashion.htm

At-Home Dress." Metropolitan Museum of Art.  http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/orie/hod_1994.302.1.htm 

Banyan." Metropolitan Museum of Art.  http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/orie/hod_1981.208.2.htm 

Bhatia, Nandi & Puwar, Nirmal. "Fashion and Orientalism." Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body and Culture. October 2003. v7 n3-4.

Dark Age of Macroeconomics (wonkish) -- Paul Krugman

Paul Krugman's column in The New York Times zeros in on the good and the bad that goes with government debt financing. He references economists Brand DeLong, Eugene Fama, and John Cochrane, all of whom claim that debt-financed government spending "…necessarily crowds out an equal amount of private spending" (Krugman, 2001). The economists that Krugman references believe that private spending is being blocked not based on some empirical model, but on simple accounting. In other words, because so much money is financed through debt dynamics, those with capital are being pushed out of the opportunity to invest. But Krugman begs to differ, and that is the sum and substance of this article in the Times.

Meantime while other economists try to read more into Cochrane and Fama than is actually contained within their narrative, Krugman asserts that it's not that complicated. Krugman…

Islam

Ibn Khaldun conceptualized history in terms of transformations of social and political power, leading to cultural changes. This was especially true for the expanding Muslim world, of which Ibn Khaldun was a part. During the Middle Islamic periods, scholarship and learning became entrenched throughout the Muslim world and would have a tremendous impact on the evolution of human consciousness and society. Art, architecture, science, medicine, math, and engineering all flourished during the Middle Islamic period. Although these were the primary external features of the Middle Islamic period, also referred to as a golden age, there were underlying political, socio-religious, and economic developments that caused and characterized changes taking place throughout the Mamluk, Mongol, and Timurid periods.

Abbasid rule had a major impact on political, socio-religious, and economic developments. The Abbasid caliphates stressed schools of learning and formal modes of education that were rooted in Islam but which also transcended…

Work Cited

Egger, V.O. (2007). A History of the Muslim World. Pearson.

Life: Purpose

The meaning for life has illusively evaded humans for centuries. Theories abound, yet the hunger remains as mankind seeks to identify a purpose for their existence. The question of our purpose is often unknowingly based on two other unanswered queries. While some seems to construct on a meaning of life from their accomplishments, basing personal value, purpose, meaning on what he or she builds to leave behind after his death is a huge assumption. Constructivists believe that because a reality outside of this life does not exist, the construction one's own personal reality, and meaning for life is the only example. This assumption is particularly American in understanding, having evolved out of the prosperity of the West in combination with the trend of distancing ourselves from religious traditions. However, if the discussion is the meaning of life, our conclusions must be more universally applicable than to a nation…

Resources

Freud, S. Civilization and its discontents. Accessed 29 April 2004. Website:  http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/freud-civ.html 

Morrison, T. The Song of Solomon. Western Washington University. Accessed 29 April 2004. http://www.az.com/~andrade/morrison/start.html

Nietzsche, F. On the Genealogy of Morals. 1887. Translated by Ian Johnston Malaspina University-College Nanaimo, BC. Accessed 29 April 2004. Website: http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/Nietzsche/genealogytofc.htm

Warren, Rick. The Purpose Driven Life. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing Company. 1999.

Women and conflict resolution" was published in 2004 in The Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture. She puts forward women's role in political negotiations and societal decision-making, stating that, in a world where the absence of war does not necessarily imply the presence of peace, women can be important contributors to a reconciliation approach "through education and civil society -- the two areas where women are the most active and have the most experience." (Golan, 2012) Golan's article is an invitation to revise general attitudes in political circles toward women's presence at negotiating tables. It is an invitation to include women and accept their capability to negotiate and cooperate despite national identities and cultural differences that may sometimes prevent men who are in official positions to reach a beneficial, reconciliatory agreement between parties.

We live in a world that is apparently bound to be affected by violent conflict at…

Bibliography

Brewer, N., Mitchell, P., & Weber, N. (2002). Gender role, organizational status, and conflict management styles. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(1), 78-94. Retrieved from https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~libby/manage/conflict.pdf

Golan, G. (2012). Women and conflict resolution. The Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture, 11(2). Retrieved from  http://www.pij.org/authors.php?id=104 

Mount, E. (2014). Well-intended measures: Conceptualizing gender as a social structure in post-conflict policy development. In M.T. Segal & V. Demos (Eds.), Gendered perspectives on conflict and violence (pp. 45-72). Emerson Group Publishing Limited.

Themner, L., & Wallensteen, P. (2013). Armed conflicts, 1946-2012. Journal of Peace Research, 50(4), 509-521. doi: 10.1177/0022343313494396

Confucianism in Pre-Modern China

Confucianism comes from the Chinese philosopher Confucius, after whom the philosophy takes its name. Confucius lived from the middle of the 6th century BC to the first part of the 5th century BC and was a teacher of the values of those who lived in the days of Chinese antiquity. For Confucius, the greatest years of the Zhou dynasty had come in the three centuries prior to his birth. The dynasty itself lasted for centuries following Confucius' life, though in a much different form from what came before. Confucius viewed the lessons of the early Zhou dynasty as containing valuable nuggets of wisdom. Confucius' teachings carried on well after his day as did many other schools of thought in China, where philosophy and wisdom were highly prized and sought after by many Chinese leaders from Confucius' own time till the end of the 3rd century BC.…

Martin Luther King explains that it is vital that mankind learn to put aside war-making in favor of active peace-making. His argument is in some respects firmly set in his historical era, as he is arguing against the Vietnam war. However, there are many ways in which his arguments are uncannily modern as well, and might be applied just as easily to the current world situation. He suggests that nation-states, like individuals, should embrace the way of non-violence which is active in trying to make and build peace through consensus and service. King understands that the problem of modern war, which he describes as inherently futile and self-destructive, are more complicated then to be solved in a simple and instantaneous fashion. Personally, I think he is right in this, but that he fails to go far enough. King believes that by making a "peace race" for the creative ability to…