A psychologist should never solicit demands from the hostage-taker as this will give the hostage-taker an increased sense of power -- something that should be avoided at all costs (Hatcher etal, 1998, p. 460). ather a psychologist should wait for the hostage-taker to make demands. Once demands are made, the psychologist (or anyone else talking with the hostage-taker) should never dismiss the demands as unreasonable, impossible, or trivial. These demands are important to the hostage-taker and to dismiss his or her demands will in all likelihood be seen as a dismissal of the person and so cause the situation to escalate. The process of meeting a hostage-taker's demands is also one that can allow for an alliance to be built up over time between a psychologist and the hostage-taker, especially if the psychologist can break down negotiations into their component parts -- such as first negotiating that food will be…...
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References
Borum, W.R. (October 1988). A comparative study of negotiator effectiveness with "Mentally disturbed hostage taker scenarios." Journal of police and criminal psychology4(2): 17-20.
Hatcher, C. etal. (December 1998). The role of the psychologist in crisis/hostage negotiations. Behavioral sciences and the law 16(4): 455-472.
Lipsedge, M. (2004). Hostage-taking and domestic sieges. Psychiatry 3 (8): 24-26.
McMains, M. & Mullins, W. (2006). Crisis Negotiations: Managing Critical Incidents and Hostage Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Co.
Hostage Situation
The main difference between a hostage situation and a non-hostage situation is the threat to human life. "In most hostage incidents, the explicit threat is to the hostage's life. It is not the loss of property, status, or belonging to a community that is at stake. Life itself is at stake" (McMains & Mullins, 2010, p.12). The threat to human life gives the hostage-taker an advantage in the bargaining process, because it increases the press associated with an incident and increases the stakes of the negotiation.
A bank robber goes into the bank, but the police are alerted before he can leave. The bank robber takes one of the bank's customers and holds her at gunpoint, until the robber can reach the getaway vehicle. This is a hostage situation. The life of the teller has been threatened by the bank robber. The bank robber does not have to say that…...
Ode noted a change in food provisions at this time. The restrictions on the hostages communicating with one another seemed to loosen as well, and Ode describes socializing with fellow hostages by playing chess. However, he also describes escalating brutality towards hostages who are not compliant, especially a hostage named done.
In fact, during the third phase of captivity, some of the students began to treat Ode in a different manner. They complained that he was opinionated and that he was always complaining. Actually, it was surprising to see how vocal Ode had remained throughout his ordeal, and how few repercussions he received for that vocal behavior. Carter was able to secure the safe return of the hostages, without the loss of a single hostage life, though American military men did die in a rescue attempt. However, the hostage crises probably tipped the 1980 election in favor of eagan, which…...
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References
Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. (2006). The hostage crisis in Iran. Retrieved February 22,
Use sound reasoning to explain to Bradley how the situation will get better if he allows the hostages to go free. Perhaps the negotiator can call in a favor on Bradley's behalf if Bradley shows a sign of good faith and allows the hostages to go free.
Providing Bradley alcohol would be against protocol, but the food and the promise of aiding Bradley is getting the help he needs rather than going to jail may be of help. Bradley is looking for help right now and not to get drunk. He also may be looking to make a demand that the negotiator will say no to in order reiterate the fact that Bradley does not trust the police.
If the alcohol is a necessity to Bradley, the negotiator may try to pull some strings and allow it. Against protocol or not, if lives are in danger, providing the alcohol to Bradley…...
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References
ZAITSU, W. (2009). Bomb Threats and Offender Characteristics in Japan. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profi ling, 1(7). Retrieved November 17, 2010, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jip.106/pdf
James, R.K., & Gilliland, B.E. (2001). Crisis intervention strategies (4th ed.). Belmont, CA, USA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.
Noesner, G. (1999, January 1). Negotiation concepts for commanders | FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, the | Find Articles at BNET. Find Articles at BNET | News Articles, Magazine Back Issues & Reference Articles on All Topics. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_1_68/ai_54036504/
Moreover, there are a number of people who are not able to even sustain a lasting marriage, nor produce and nurture a pair of twins the way Seth, who has been plagued with disassociation all his life, has. Julia is able to continue through her mentally demanding job while disassociating for days at a time. Neither of these two examples of Stout's patients engages in behavior that is deemed an act of lunacy while disassociating, which proves that they are very much sane and have reasons for being unable to perceive reality the way they usually can during these periods. Additionally, we can attempt to stabilize the unreliability of our memories by choosing to confront those issues, however dark and scary they may be, that our minds choose to disassociate from in that respect there is no wishful thinking involved in the adage "Know Thyself," because with will, desire,…...
Media on Terrorism
Acts of anti-American terrorism are becoming increasingly common, and more and more are occurring on American soil, according to Columbia political scientist rigitte L. Nacos (Nacos, 1995). According to Nacos, the rise in terrorism is not a matter of flawed national security. It has more to do with the success that terrorists have enjoyed in exploiting the relationships among the media, public opinion and political decision-making (Nacos, 1994).
Nacos believes that the media is "the crucial link in the terrorist's 'calculus of violence,' particularly terrorist spectaculars -- large actions aimed at Americans, like the Iran hostage crisis, the bombing of PanAm Flight 103, and the hanging of hostage Lt. Colonel William Higgins in Lebanon (Nacos, 1994)." In these cases, she says, the terrorists "exploited the free American media. They got an extraordinary amount of attention -- up to two-thirds of the network evening news devoted to the events.…...
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Bibliography
News Directors on the Defensive in Nashville." (September 16, 1985). Broadcasting, pp. 76-78.
Cohen, N. (1997). Lessons learned from providing disaster counseling after TWA flight 800. Psychiatric Services, 48, 461-462.
The lasting legacy of the Iran hostage crisis is that the American public and government developed an attitude that the Iran people and government were a group of evil and crazy individuals who lacked the capacity to negotiate. This attitude caused a breakdown in negotiations at the time of the hostage crisis and has continued to the present day. Americans, as a rule, still fail to recognize that the Iranian people have legitimate concerns and that these legitimate concerns have value. Over the decades since the hostage crisis there has been little movement forward in regard to how Americans view Iran and the level of animosity between the two nations remains high. Farber suggests that this level of animosity helped to ensure that America's relations with the Muslim world would remain contentious and that such contentiousness led to the attacks of September 11 that resulted in the escalation of the…...
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Work Cited
Farber, David, the Iran Hostage Crisis and America's First Encounter with Radical Islam, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2006)
Iranian hostage and Jimmy Carter
Farber, David, the Iran Hostage Crisis and America's First Encounter with Radical Islam, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2006)
Munich Massacre of 1972 was an organized terrorist attack on 11 Israeli Olympic athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. By the end of day-long the conflict, 11 Israelis, five Arab terrorists, and a German policeman were dead.
On September 5, 1972 at 4:30 AM, Arab terrorists wearing tracksuits and carrying weapons in athletic bags scaled the fence of the Olympic Village in Munich. Security was lax or non-existent, enabling a quick and efficient entry. Upon breaching the Village, the terrorists rendezvoused with an under-cover terrorist, who had been working for the Village, and thus knew exactly where the future hostages were sleeping. At 5AM, the terrorists knocked on the door of Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg, who immediately recognized that something was awry. He shouted a warning to his players and, with wrestler Joseph omano, tried to keep the terrorists out while some of the players escaped out…...
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References
Palestine Facts 2010, Israeli 1972 Olympic Team Murdered in Munich, viewed 8 February,
Negotiation Crisis Team
The process of hostage and crisis negotiation is an event that involves a team, it is not something that can be performed by an individual and cannot be considered as a secondary activity. Such negotiations are meant to help in the management and/or resolution of very risky situations, and in most cases the situations are very tricky to deal with. The manner in which these situations present themselves often make it necessary to have specialized, explicit and compound knowledge backgrounds to be effectively handled. The effectiveness of such a process is very significant since the measure is through the loss of life avoided. The success or failure of such a team in the management and resolution of the situation is measured in terms of human lives saved or lost, this is why the team must be well composed. The knowledge and experience of each and every member of…...
Kennedy Hickman (n.d.) the Entebbe raid codenamed "operation thunderbolt" started when, on the 27th of June in 1976, a French aircraft left Tel Aviv for Paris. The craft was hijacked at Athens allegedly by the two members of Popular Front for liberation of Palestine and two others from German's evolutionary cells. It was flown to Uganda where they were welcomed by Idi Amin. Most of the hostages were released but the Israelis, Jews and the crews were kept. The terrorists wanted all the Palestinians held in Israeli and other parts of the world released by the 1st of July. On the night of 3rd July, a rescue mission under the command of Colonel Yoni Netanyahu arrived in Entebbe rescuing more than one hundred hostages. In the process, three hostages, forty five Ugandan soldiers and Netanyahu were killed.
International coordination in counterterrorism operation
Bruce Newsome (2003) says that international coordination requires sharing…...
Bruce, N. (2003). Expatriate Games: Interorganizational Coordination and International Counterterrorism Studies in Conflict & Terrorism retrived on October, 24th, 2012 from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu
Eileen, S. (2004). Counter-Terrorism Measures and the Impact on International Human Rights Standards in the Field of Criminal Justice: Unpublished manuscript
Kennedy, H. (n.d.), retrieved on October, 23rd, 2012 from www.about.com
Bel Canto by Ann Patchett is a novel that is interesting and intriguing. It tells the story of a group of party-goers in a Latin American country who are being entertained by a famous opera singer named oxane Coss. The party is in the honor of a Japanese businessman named Mr. Hosokawa. The party is an attempt to lure Mr. Hosokawa to do business in the country, but he really only came because he wanted to meet oxane. During the party, terrorists come into the building and take everyone hostage. The terrorists let all the women except oxanne go, and then keep the rest of the hostages in the building for months, waiting for their demands to be met. During this time, oxane helps keep the hostages sane by singing every day, and surprising friendships grow between the hostages, and even the terrorists. oxane and Mr. Hosokawa become romantic, and…...
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References
Patchett, Ann. Bel Canto. New York: Perennial, 2002.
The Nordic Apollo vessel radioed for help on Monday, December 19, indicating that it was being fired on by pirates in a small skiff, according to Philip Ewing, writing in www.military.com. The U.S.S. Pinckney responded with a helicopter (an MH-60R Seahawk), saw the pirates' skiff, and hovered over them. The pirates threw their weapons into the sea, along with their ladders. Soon the Pinckney arrived, launched a small boat and basically disarmed the pirates and threw one of their outboard motors overboard, leaving them just enough power and enough gasoline to get back to Somalia (Ewing).
Should the Navy have shot the pirates dead on the spot, sunk their boat and sent a message to other pirates? Probably their orders are not to kill unless the pirates are threatening the lives of innocent civilians. But the point is, the Navy is doing a wonderful job against this threat and it…...
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Works Cited
Ewing, Philip. 2011. U.S. Navy Stops Somali Pirate Attack. Retrieved December
Morey Unit Hostage Crisis
The hostage crisis that occurred at the Morey Unit of the Arizona State Prison Lewis Complex lasted for fifteen days and represented a hostage standoff that was the longest in U.S. history. The crisis began in the early morning hours of January 18, 2004 in the kitchen area of the unit, when two inmates, Ricky Wassenaar and Steven Coy, subdued a correctional officer and a kitchen staff employee. They subsequently took two hostages and inflicted serious emotional and physical damage to multiple correctional officers and civilian employees prior to engaging in the fifteen-day standoff. The lengthy episode challenged the resources of the Arizona Department of Corrections and magnified substantial security lapses and errors in judgment used by Department of Corrections officials. An ultimate analysis of the episode finds major flaws in the supervision of inmates at the Morey Unit, which the two inmates were able to take…...
Stockholm Syndrome
"Men, when they receive good from whence they expect evil, feel the more indebted to their benefactor." ~ Niccolo Machiavelli
Stockholm syndrome is a psychological condition in which those who are held captive learn to sympathize with their captors. Instead of trying to escape the conditions that they are in, they become a part of the twisted psychology of those in control (Kocsis 266). It was named for the first reported incidence of the phenomena after a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden. Captives were held for six days, during which time they became emotionally attached to their captors, even defending them after the ordeal was over. It is a very serious condition affecting approximately 25-30% of all hostage situation victims. People affected by Stockholm syndrome can have serious psychological repercussions for years to come, even affecting the individual for the rest of their life if not properly treated. For psychologists…...
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Works Cited:
Bejerot, Nils. "The Six Day War in Stockholm." New Scientist. 61: 886. 1974. 486-487. Print.
Doctor, Ronald M., and Frank N. Shiromoto. The Encyclopedia of Trauma and Traumatic Stress
Disorders. New York, NY: Facts on File, 2010. Print.
Fabrique, Nathalie. "FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin." 76:7. 2007. 10-17. Print.
Negotiation Process: How Attica and Lewis Changed the Nature of Negotiation
The historical events of the riot at Attica prison on Sept 9th, 1971 and the hostage situation in 2004 at Lewis State Prison (Arizona) led to a significant change in the application of crisis negotiation. The lessons learned from each event changed the art of crisis negotiation as a result. Understanding how this transformation came to be, it is essential to discuss the events that transpired.
The Attica prison revolt served as a "wake-up call" to administers of crisis negotiation (Strentz, 2012, p. 176). Lacking on this day were the necessary "experience" and "intelligence" of crisis negotiators, as well as the implementation of correct "command decisions," tactics, and techniques (Strentz, 2012, p. 176). The "art" of negotiation was unrefined, crude, "forceful," and disorganized (Brown, Campbell, 2010, p. 362). However, among the prisoners, there was the opposite: organization, rhetorical skill, and…...
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References
Brown, J., Campbell, E. (2010). The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology.
UK: Cambridge University Press.
McMains, M., Mullins, W. (2014). Crisis Negotiations. NY: Routledge.
Strentz, T. (2012). Psychological Aspects of Crisis Negotiation. FL: CRC Press.
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