Motivation, as vital component of the learning process, is supported by three major theories, namely that of self-efficacy, of self-worth, and of self-determination (Module 17: Self Theories), which are altogether based on competence in shaping the self. Self-efficacy can be defined as an individual's expectation that he is capable of successfully performing an activity. According to the self-worth theory, individuals need a constant positive appraisal of their own value as persons, and the way to protect their self-worth is by entertaining the belief that they are competent. Finally, the self-determination theory asserts that human beings possess universal, inherent needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

What transpires from the three theories of motivation is the fact that human beings need to envision their selves as competent, which would entirely justify an inherent desire to explore and attempt mastery of certain skills. At the very root of self-efficacy is the personal belief that…...

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References

Burkitt, I. (2008). Social Selves: Theories of Self and Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc.

Module 17: Self Theories. (n.d.). Retrieved August 3, 2013 from  http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/007337850x/611332/boh7850x_CL5Mod17.pdf 

Dweck, C.S., & Master, A. (2008). Self-Theories Motivate Self-Regulated Learning. In Schunk, DH, & Zimmerman, B.J. (Eds.), Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp. 31-52). New York, NY: Routledge.

Self-Theories. (n.d.). Retrieved August 3, 2013 from  http://www.learning-theories.com/self-theories-dweck.html

human beings have continued to experience numerous health problems as they age unlike when they are young. This paper presents a review of an analysis of the design of the human body based on an article known as if humans were built to last. The paper examines some of the claims presented by the three authors on their analysis of the human body. The paper also discusses some of the reasons that the authors used to support their claims that the human body was not designed for an extended period of time.
eview of If Humans Were Built to Last:

The article examining the concern about if human were built to last was developed as a result of an analysis on what the human body would be like if it was designed for a healthy long life. Jay Olshansky, Bruce Carnes, and obert Butler developed the article following their examinations and…...

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Reference:

Olshansky, S.J., Carnes, B.A. & Butler, R.N. (2001, March). If Humans Were Built to Last.

Scientific American.

Human Being, Development and Change
l. What does being human mean: internally, relationally and in a wider social contest?

There are many different viewpoints on what it means to be human, but most boil down to the struggle between right and wrong and the role of personal responsibility. Internally, human beings struggle daily with "good" versus "bad" impulses; responsible human adults have learned to delay gratification and make use of the control they exercise over their own lives, in order to make a worthwhile contribution to society. elationally, human beings struggle with genuine intimacy -- the ability to share oneself openly and honestly in meaningful communication with another. This is where the adage "you're only as sick as your secrets" comes into play; if someone is engaging in thoughts or behaviors he is ashamed to share with friends, family, or romantic partners, he cannot share himself fully and genuinely. And without…...

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Resources

Arieti, S 1974, American Handbook of Psychiatry: The Foundations of Psychiatry, Basic Books, New York.

Bellack, A & Hersen, M 1998, Comprehensive Clinical Psychology: Volume 1, Pergamon, New York.

Covey, S 1989, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, Free Press, New York.

Lerner, R 1997, Concepts and Theories of Human Development, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.

Human Beings Make Sense of Things
In the early-1900s, Edmund Husserl sought to provide psychology with a truly scientific basis, not by copying the physical sciences but through the description of conscious experiences. This would be a truly humanistic psychology, grounded in human life and experience rather than materialistic and mechanistic theories like functionalism and behaviorism. Karl Jaspers called for a psychology that would describe phenomena such as "hallucinations, delusions, dreams, expressions, motor activity, and gestures" for the "person as a whole" (Churchill and Wertz, 2001, p. 247). This holistic or Gestalt psychology is dedicated to the search for the authentic self, and to heal the "hollow' men and women of our time who have lost touch with themselves" (Churchill and Wertz, p. 248). Intentionality is one of the key assumptions of phenomenological psychology in which "experience must be grasped holistically and a relationship in which the subject relates to…...

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REFERENCE LIST

Churchill, S. And Wertz, F. (2001) "An Introduction to Phenomenological Research in psychology: Historical, Conceptual, and Methodological Foundations," in K.J. Schneider, J .F .T. Bugental, & J.F. Pierson (Eds.) The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Leading Edges in Theory, Research, and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 247-62.

May, R. (1958). "The Origins and Significance of the Existential Movement in Psychology" and "Contributions of Existential Psychotherapy" in R. May, E. Angel and H. Ellenberger (Eds.), Existence. New York: Basic Books, pp. 3-36; 37-91.

Heidegger, M. (1971)." Building, Dwelling, Thinking," and "The Thing" in Poetry, Language, Thought. (A. Hofstadter, Trans.). New York: Harper and Row, pp. 145-61; 165-86.

Heidegger, M. (1955, 2003)."Memorial Address," in Stassen, M. (Ed). Martin Heidegger: Philosophical and Political Writings. Continuum International Publishing Group, pp. 87-96.

Much of the nature of the widespread use of alcohol at this time is cited by the author, who also notes the high rate of alcoholism among slaves, the way women drank in private so their family would not know, the relationship of alcohol use to social position, and so on. Drinking was only one factor marking social divisions, and it as one of the few that could be controlled. Rorabaugh emphasizes the nature of the problem, or at least one possibility for its nature, with his sub-title "An American Tradition," suggesting that being drunk is somehow an American tradition and that the subject needs to be approached form that standpoint.

Rorabugh writes well, as does Johnson, and both books are readable and make coherent arguments that are fully referenced and well reasoned. Both books deal with a segment of the larger American social order, and both books contain controversial arguments…...

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Works Cited

Johnson, Paul E. The Kingdom of Matthias. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 199

Rorabaugh, W.J. The Alcoholic Republic, New York: Oxford, 1979.

Trahair, Richard C.S. Utopias and Utopians: An Historical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999.

Richard C.S. Trahair, Utopias and Utopians: An Historical Dictionary (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999), 219.

" (2004) the individuals "worldview and moral span are limited and fundamentally relates to how the individual feels, what the individual wants..." (Kerrigan, 2004)
As the individual develops, they move to the sociocentric level "becoming more oriented to the social group (family, peer group, tribe, subculture, professional group, city, nation, co-religionists, etc.) as the reference point..." (Kerrigan, 2004) and the self is viewed as part of the social group. At this point of development the individuals "worldview and moral span expand and fundamentally relate to the value, goals, and norms of the group." (Kerrigan, 2004)

Further development moves the individual into the worldcentric level in which the individual gain orientation into the community of the world as the individual's main point of reference "with the self and all social groups being seen as a part of a vast web of being." (Kerrigan, 2004) at this stage of development the worldview and moral…...

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Bibliography

Sociocentric (2007) Medical Dictionary. Online available at  http://www.answers.com/topic/sociocentric?cat=health 

Derne, Steve (2006) Rethinking Well Being: Lessons from a Sociocentric Society. Paper presented the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. Montreal Convention Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 10 August 2006. Online available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p102940_index.html

Kerrigan, David (2004) an Introduction to Integral Social Service. AQAL: The Journal of Integral Theory and Practice, 1(2). In Press. Online available at http://csisw.cua.edu/AnIntroductionToIntegralSocialService.pdf.

Erikson, E., & Erikson, J. (1997). The life cycle completed. New York W.W. Norton

human being has a set of biological features that distinguishes him from others and this feature is known as the person's race (Babbitt and Campbell 202). acism can be described as the philosophy or practice of perceiving dominance of one group over others. acism can either be based on race, color, ethnicity or cultural heritage. It is not only limited to a particular area or group of people but it is a global practice which is noticeable at all levels whether individual, group or institutional. It is spread and preserved by introducing planned activities and policies in every area of life i.e. economy, society, politics, education, religion and culture. One can easily pick out and observe the prejudiced, opinionated and biased people who shape up their mind-set, principles, traditions, beliefs and practices on racial ideology. This particular set of thought is not only possessed by the ordinary people but…...

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References

"Army Regulation 600-20." FAS. Federation of American Scientists, n.d. Web. 31 Oct 2011. .

Babbitt, Susan E., and Sue Campbell. Racism and Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. Web. .

Crocker, John. "THE EFFECTS OF RACISM-RELATED STRESS ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF NON-WHITES." RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL. 3.1 (2007): n. page. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. .

"Racism." NASW National Association of Social Workers. National Association of Social Workers, n.d. Web. 31 Oct 2011. .

Human beings constantly seek a sense of belonging, even identity from the society within which they live. Unfortunately, humans as a breed possess superficial differences while intrinsically being the same. Such superficial differences often leads to segregation and the drawing of lines between different 'types.' Discrimination has always existed historically and continues in one form or the other (race, color, religion, wealth or sexual preferences) even today in spite of the exponential advances in social and behavioral sciences that have established the physiological and psychological sameness of pattern in humans everywhere. Studs Terkel's Roberto Acuna, Migrant Farm orker and Claudio's Becoming Myself in Souls Looking Back are texts that highlight the emotional trauma, which is caused by different types of discrimination. Taken at face value, both texts appear to be a strong comment and protest against unthinking and cruel discriminating behavior. The more powerful message contained in both texts,…...

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Works Cited

Claudio. "Becoming Myself." In Souls Looking Back: Life Stories of Growing Up Black.

Terkel, Studs. " Roberto Acuna, Migrant Farm Worker." In Working: People

Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do. 1974

Digital Knowledge and the Human Art of Thinking
Digital Knowledge, New Horizons for the Human Art of Thinking, and Creating Knowledge

Digital technology has introduced people to new paradigms of thinking and creativity necessary to make use of this elaborate technology. In the past, the limited technology environment reinforced a linear approach to education and thinking dictated by the use of books and expected to work in digital settings in much the same way they read in books. The current digital era offer people with a high level of autonomy in navigating across knowledge domains to construct knowledge from separate shreds of data. Such multidimensional thinking skills have enabled individuals to construct meaningful understandings of complex phenomena. This hyper-digital technology has revolutionized the digital thinking skills into digital skills. These skills serve students the ability to remain oriented and avoid getting lost in the hyper-digital space as they navigate across complex information…...

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References

Kurzweil, R. (2006). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Princeton, N.J: Duckworth

Goertzel, B. & Wang, P. (2007). Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms: Proceedings of the AGI Workshop 2006. Volume 157 of Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications, ISSN 0922-6389. Washington, DC: IOS Press.

Honavar, V. (2004). Artificial intelligence and neural networks: steps toward principled integration. Neural networks, foundations to applications. University of Michigan: Academic Press.

Minsky, M. (2007). The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind. White River Junction, Vt: Simon and Schuster

For example, if I am experiencing sad thoughts and want to remain sad, I would most likely play a soft rock song. On the other hand, if I am experiencing thoughts that are sad, but wish to change my attitude to one that is more carefree, I may select a dance song that can hopefully get me out of the rut.
H. While these messages are not true in every song of the genres, they hold true more often than not. Knowing what messages they bring in comparison to what thoughts I would like to have can be very helpful when selecting from the two music types.

III. Conclusion

A. So while there are many types of music that can be enjoyed, soft rock and dance music are two types that offer an endless supply of song choices.

B. Dance music and soft rock are very opposite in their offerings of feeling, productivity,…...

Neuroplasticity has gained traction, in the realm of pop psychology and also in the more credible arenas of counseling and clinical psychology. In Doidge's (2007) book, neuroplasticity is presented for a general audience but using research to substantiate claims. Therefore, the case studies that comprise The Brain That Changes Itself can become effective blueprints for personal change. The book delves into various aspects of neuroplasticity. Three of those include sexual attraction, addiction, and pain.
Chapter 4 of The Brain That Changes Itself covers the neuroplasticity of sexual attraction and love. Doidge (2007) claims that human beings "exhibit an extraordinary degree of sexual plasticity compared with other creatures," (p. 94). Specific examples of sexual plasticity include trying different sexual positions, techniques, or toys with the same partner or with multiple partners, becoming fixated on certain "types" of people for a while, or going through periods of high versus low sexual energy. As…...

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References

Doidge, N. (2007). The Brain that Changes Itself. New York: Penguin.

Joseph Conrad and His Influence on British Literary History
Joseph Conrad was born in the Polish-dominated side of Ukraine in the year 1857, and was originally known as Jozef Teodor Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski. He was at sea for twenty years, after which he became an author. He wrote in English, which was the language he learnt third. hat he went through while in Africa, the Caribbean and Southeast Asia, along with all the reading and the knowledge he had about Europe were the bases for his writing. He was listed as the top British author of the 20th Century (Larabee).

He was well-known as a sophisticated and subtle observer of the physical world and the behavior of humans. Conrad was also a renowned literary artist. He had many writings including memoirs, novels and short stories, which are still widely read and studied today. For example, his 1899 story, Heart of Darkness, is…...

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Works Cited

Encyclopedia Britannica. "Joseph Conrad: British Writer." Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016,   Accessed 23 August 2016.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Conrad .

Larabee, Mark. "Joseph Conrad." Oxford Bibliographies, 30 September 2013,   Accessed 23 August 2016.http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0089.xml .

Origin
Jesus said that God created human beings (Matt. 19:4) and they should worship and obey Him wholly and also love their neighbors, much as they love themselves (Matt. 22: 37-39). He also taught that human beings have immaterial souls that live on after one dies and that these souls will be reunited with bodies on the day of resurrection (Matt: 12: 26-27; John 5:28-29). Interestingly, Jesus termed human beings as spiritually "lost" (Luke 19:10) and also corrupt (Matt. 9:13; Mark 7:21-23) (Douglas . Groothuis 2003).

Buddha did not speculate about the origins of humans. His focus was the existing human condition with emphasis on suffering occasioned by having unfulfilled wants and desires. His teachings asserted that humans cannot satisfy the needs of their souls as they do not have souls to begin with. Similar to a chariot that lacks essence and is just a composition of individual components and parts,…...

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References

Douglas R. Groothuis. "Jesus and Buddha: Two Masters or One?" CHRISTIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL, 2003.

Mikio Matsuoka. "The Buddhist Concept of the Human Being: From the Viewpoint of the Philosophy of the Soka Gakkai." The Journal of Oriental Studies, 2005.

Paul Dooley. Buddhism V. Christianity. 2014.  https://evidencetobelieve.net/buddhism-vs.-christianity/ .

Scott A. Mitchell. "Christianity is for rubes; Buddhism is for actors": U.S. media representations of Buddhism in the wake of the Tiger Woods' scandal." Journal of Global Buddhism, 2012: 61-79.

Polymicrobial Diseases of Animals and Diseases
Identify the research hypothesis and re-state it

The research hypothesis is that polymicrobial diseases found in animals as well as human beings are instigated by polyviral contaminations, polybacterial contaminations polymicrobial contaminations that involve viruses and bacteria, polymicrobial infections that involve fungi and parasites and polymicrobial infections owing to microbe-induced immunosuppression. These aforementioned illnesses are severe and whose etiologic causes are every now and then challenging to diagnose and treat.

What is the major issue at the heart of this publication?

The key issue at the core of this publication is the discussion of polymicrobial infections, particularly in human beings and animals. It also takes into consideration the etiological causes and the fundamental mechanisms of pathogenesis. It is imperative to note that polymicrobial illness is a fast developing and exceedingly studied field, yet at the same time signifies an ignored concept. Therefore, this article delves more into the comprehensive…...

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References

Brogden, K. A. (2002). Polymicrobial diseases of animals and humans.

elational Theory
Assumptions and Implications of the elational Theory

elational theory aligns with traditional views of social work. This theory has special significance on relationships and the settings that women attest to. In the recent times, researchers and psychologist have perceived the dissimilarities in mental development between men and women (Saari, 2005). A key conclusion is that women strongly emphasize on relationships whereas men lay emphasis on individuation (Quinn and Grumbach, 2015). One of the main assumptions of the relational theory is the intrinsically and innately social nature of human beings. Based on the belief that people are socially founded and instituted by associations, relational theory seeks to understand the complication behind the formation of relationships (Mccauley, 2013). In particular, the relational theory puts forward that the relational nature of us as human beings' steers and instigates us to grow and develop through and in the direction of connection. As pointed out…...

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References

Comstock, D. L., Hammer, T. R., Strentzsch, J., Cannon, K., Parsons, J., & II, G. S. (2008). Relational-cultural theory: A framework for bridging relational, multicultural, and social justice competencies. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 279-287.

Firestone, L. (2013). How Your Attachment Style Impacts Your Relationship: What is your attachment style? Psychology Today.

McCauley, M. (2013). Relational-Cultural Theory: Fostering Healthy Coexistence Through a Relational Lens. Beyond Intractability. Retrieved from:  http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/relational-cultural-theory 

Quinn, C. R., &Grumbach, G. (2015). Critical Race Theory and the Limits of Relational Theory in Social Work with Women. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 24(3), 202-218.

One of the cornerstones of the idea of liberty and freedom, especially when viewed from a religious perspective like Thomas Merton’s, is the idea of free will.  Whether human beings truly have free will is a surprisingly divisive philosophical question that, by design, must consider questions like natural versus nurture, motivation, the influence of society on people, and even the nature of good and evil (O’Connor).  However, the idea of free will is central to Christianity and also to Merton’s explorations of liberty and freedom in a Christian context.

Using the concept of free will to explore the....

Person centered care focuses on the patient as an entire human being, not just as a person experiencing an illness, injury, or other health emergency. The approach is gaining traction in healthcare and mental healthcare. There are five essential elements in person-centered care. They include understanding what motivates people to act how they do; controlling how you respond to behavior you find challenging; honoring the patient’s preferences when you can do so without compromising patient care; changing to a strength-based mindset instead of focusing on deficits; and changing the culture of staff and....

Essay Topics Presenting Opposing Viewpoints in Literature

1. The Role of the Author's Intent in Literary Interpretation

Pro: Authors have a definitive purpose and meaning for their works, and this intent should guide interpretation.
Con: Authors' intentions are often unclear or irrelevant, and readers should focus on the text itself.

2. The Nature of Literary Realism

Pro: Literature should accurately depict reality and reflect the social and psychological experiences of human beings.
Con: Realism can be limiting and fail to capture the complexity and imagination of human life.

3. The Importance of Form in Literature

Pro: Structure, style, and language play a crucial....

Title: Contrasting the Philosophical Perspectives of Plato and Aristotle: A Comparative Analysis

Plato and Aristotle, two towering figures of ancient Greek philosophy, have left an indelible mark on Western thought and continue to shape intellectual discourse to this day. Their profound insights into the nature of reality, knowledge, ethics, and politics have influenced generations of scholars and continue to inspire contemporary philosophical inquiry. This essay delves into the philosophical perspectives of Plato and Aristotle, highlighting their similarities and differences in their approaches to understanding the world.

Similarities in Philosophical Outlook

Plato and Aristotle shared certain fundamental assumptions about the nature of reality. Both....