Immigration Policy Essays (Examples)

Sociology: Anti-Immigration Policies

-California Proposition 227 and Proposition 187-

The purpose of this paper is to research Anti-immigration policies in the United States and to further discuss California's Propositions 227 and 187 and in the critique of the literature to compare and contrast these policies while at the same time to interject originally and critical thinking from the perspective of underlying assumptions, potential weaknesses in the argument of methodological approach and further to analyze their potential value in really grasping an understanding in the immigration issue as to "second generation."

Early roots in anti-immigration sentiment were expressed in the two-dollar a head tax of immigrants in 1903 and in 1997 moving upward to four-dollars a head. "Anti-immigrant sentiment is a result of ignorance of the value of immigrants throughout the history of the United States," pointed our Michael Lin, National President of the Organization of Chinese-Americans (OCA)

During the year…

Bibliography:

Griswold, Daniel T. (2002) Trade Policy Analysis no. 19, 2002 Oct 15 Key Points: "Willing Workers: Fixing the Problem of Illegal Mexican Migration to the United States"  http://www.freetrade.org/pubs/pas/tpa-019es.html 

Moore, Kenneth

Reyhner, Jon (1993) American Indian Language Policy and School Success

The Journal of Educational Issues of Language Minority Students, Volume 12, Special Issue III, Summer 1993, pp. 35-59.

Immigration Fallacy

The Existential Fallacy Behind Arizona's Immigration Policy

Few issues currently featured in American public debate are clouded by as much emotional bias, invective and distortion as that of immigration reform. Particularly as this concerns America's shared border with Mexico, immigration is a discussion which carries significant political ramification, clear racial overtones and distinctions in ideology where American openness is concerned. As a result, many political figures have been moved to comment or drive policy on the issue-based less on the support of fact than on the employment of inflammatory rhetoric. And quite frequently, this rhetoric is presented with little concern for the logical fallacies which may underlie is basic formative claims. Rarely has this been evidenced with more vitriol or determination than in the state of Arizona over the last several years. In the context of our discussion, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer is particularly noted for her steady…

Works Cited:

Biggers, J. (2011). How Arizona wrote the GOP's immigration platform. Salon.com.

Pastor categorizes the last century (ending in the 1980s) as falling into several categories, with regard to immigration policy, which he also notes is open for debate, as it is usually done in public debates in Congress and between the executive branch and congress.

While policy during this period may be categorized in many ways, a Latin American perspective suggests four useful divisions...: Defining Limits, 1875-1921; the Classical Special elationship, 1921-1964; From Special elationship to Global Policy, 1965-1978; and the Special Case -- Illegal Migration.

1984, p. 37)

The shift associated with immigration from, European sources to Latin America, and namely Mexico is well documented and determinant of many social issues, including those designated with the legal immigration sphere as well as those designated illegal, by virtue of the manner in which immigration is done. This was also a shift, in that there had been significant movements during and following…

References

Borjas, G.J. (2001). Does Immigration Grease the Wheels of the Labor Market. 69.

Briggs, V.M. (1995). Mass Immigration, Free Trade and the Forgotten American Worker. Challenge, 38(3), 37.

Briggs, V.M. (1996). Immigration Policy and the U.S. Economy: An Institutional Perspective. Journal of Economic Issues, 30(2), 371.

DeSipio, L., & De la Garza, R.O. (1998). Making Americans, Remaking America: Immigration and Immigrant Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Immigration in America: The Benefits and Costs of a Polarizing Problem

Introduction

As Suarez-Orozco, Rhodes and Milburn (2009) point out, immigrants need “supportive relationships” in order to succeed in the foreign country that they move to (p. 151). However, when that foreign country is determined to address immigration issues—not only illegal immigration but also legal immigration—it can become a difficult problem for both sides of the political aisle. For a nation like the United States, that is especially true. After all, America was founded by immigrants. The early Spanish and French missionaries came in the 16th century seeking converts to Christianity. The Puritans and English followed. The Germans and Italians and Irish and Polish all came to America in the wake of Industrialization. Over time, America was host to so many different populations and groups of people that it was referred to as the melting pot in 1909 (Higgins). However,…

hile some eventually returned to their homelands, the vast majority settled throughout the United States, forming ethnic communities in urban areas, and homesteading farmlands in the west and mid-west rural areas. They fled their homelands due to economic depressions, and/or religious and political persecutions for the opportunity to establish a better life in the New orld, and in the process endured many hardships and often discrimination. Today, more than 43 million Americans claim German ancestry, and another 34 million claim Irish roots.

orks Cited

Cohn, Raymond L. "Immigration to the United States." Illinois State University.

Retrieved November 13, 2006 at http:/ / the.net/encyclopedia/article/cohn.immigration.us

Hansen, Lawrence Douglas Taylor. "The Chinese Six Companies of San Francisco and the smuggling of Chinese immigrants across the U.S.-Mexico border, 1882-1930." Journal of the Southwest. March 22, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Hardwick, Susan . "Galveston: Ellis Island of Texas." Journal of…

Works Cited

Cohn, Raymond L. "Immigration to the United States." Illinois State University.

Retrieved November 13, 2006 at http:/ / the.net/encyclopedia/article/cohn.immigration.us

Hansen, Lawrence Douglas Taylor. "The Chinese Six Companies of San Francisco and the smuggling of Chinese immigrants across the U.S.-Mexico border, 1882-1930." Journal of the Southwest. March 22, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Hardwick, Susan W. "Galveston: Ellis Island of Texas." Journal of Cultural Geography.

Immigration

In January of 2010 Haiti suffered a 7.0 magnitude earthquake which destroyed much of the country and left the population devastated. When this tragedy occurred, Haiti was "already the poorest in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty." ("CIA") As a Haitian with little prospects of having a decent life, or making a decent living, I have decided that I want to emigrate to the United States. After much consideration, including researching the immigration and naturalization process, but most importantly the costs, I have discovered that it will be very difficult for me to emigrate. The costs alone are much more than a poor Haitian like myself to pay. It costs over $1,000 U.S. just to apply for a Green Card, and this will only grant me residency, and another $680 U.S. just to apply for citizenship. And…

References

"CIA - The World Factbook." Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html 

"Statue of Liberty Inscription, by Emma Lazarus." New York City Travel Guide.

Retrieved from  http://www.nycinsiderguide.com/Statue-of-Liberty-Inscription.html%20//%20axzz1dnloO1VL 

uscis

There is no question, however, that immigration issues will remain in the forefront of our national policy debates.

Deportation Factors and Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude

Research indicates that since the late 1980s, Congress had been tightening the substantive provisions of the immigration laws, to make it far less likely that a convicted criminal alien can find a way to be relieved of expulsion. For many years the basic statutory pattern was that a crime involving moral turpitude rendered a person deportable, if it was committed less than five years after the person's entry and resulted in a sentence of one year or more confinement. A later-committed crime or one that drew a lighter sentence did not result in deportation. If the person committed two such crimes that were not part of a single criminal scheme, they could render the person deportable no matter when they were committed. A drug offense…

Bibliography

Calavita, Kitty. Immigration, law and marginalization in a global economy: Notes from Spain. Law and Society Review (1998).

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.  http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chinex.html  (26 Apr. 2005).

Immigration Act of 1907.  http://www.multied.com/documents/immigrationact.html  (26 Apr. 2005).

Levinson, Peter. The facade of Quasi-Judicial Independence in Immigration Appellate Adjudications. http://www.rightsworkinggroup.org/files/peter_article.pdf.(26 Apr. 2005).

questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001784438>.

This work is a consummate discussion of the strain that immigration has placed on the public and social systems of Denmark, as another example of the strain and stress pulling public opinion in favor of anti-immigration.

Kirkwood, R. Cort. "The Gathering Storm: Islamic Violence in France, Fostered by French nti-Christian Political and Cultural Elites, Gives a Glimpse of What Our Own Elites re Bringing upon Us Via Uncontrolled Immigration." The New merican 23 Jan. 2006: 23+. Questia. 21 May 2009 .

This work offers a discussion of how Islamic violence is effecting Europe, with brief but essential discussions of Denmark.

Kvist, Jon, and Lisbeth Pedersen. "Danish Labour Market ctivation Policies." National Institute Economic Review (2007): 99+. Questia. 21 May 2009 .

This work is an overall discussion of the Danish labor market and where immigrants fit into it.

Kymlicka, Will, and Keith Banting. "Immigration, Multiculturalism and the Welfare State."…

A editorial discussion of the issue of street level crime with regard to Islamic immigrant groups in Denmark.

Tierney, Jack. "The Right Becomes a Major Factor - the European Right Has Attracted Voters in Western Europe Who Feel the Center-Left Parties Are out of Touch and Even Corrupt." World and I Dec. 2002: 18. Questia. 21 May 2009 .

Another discussion of Denmark's political shift toward right-wing conservative politics in representation, largely as a result of anti-immigration sentiment.

Immigration

Ethics and Social esponsibility:

Immigration and Amnesty in the United States

The question of immigration, especially in this country, is ever-present. From our past, and well into our future, the United States will be a nation of immigrants. However, as political candidates raise a number of questions relating to immigrants south of the border, one must wonder about how immigration has grown into such a hotly debated issue, and how it is separating this country. Though it is true that the United States needs immigration reform, one must also look at the traditions of the country, and how they can protect the less fortunate, especially in the area of immigration. The reason this must happen is because most come here with notions of a better place, where they can live safely and freely, and prosper as individuals. This nation ought to offer that to all individuals, for that is…

References

Amnesty International. "USA must fight anti-immigration sentiments in nine states" (2010). Amnesty International. <  http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/press-releases/usa-must-fight-anti-immigrant-sentiment-in-nine-states >.

Baier, K. (1990). "Egoism" in A companion to ethics, Ed., Peter Singer. Blackwell: Oxford.

Cox, A., & Posner, A. (2007). The second-order structure of immigration law. 809,

822-23.

Alien Nation is organized onto fifteen chapters, divided into three parts:

(1) Introduction;

Part I: Truth: (2) the View from the Tenth Circle; (3) the Pincers; (4) How Did it Happen? (5) Why Did it Happen? (6) So What?

Part II: Consequences: (7) Immigration Has Consequences: Economics; (8) Immigration Has (More) Consequences: Economics II; (9) Immigration Has Consequences: Cultural, Social, Environmental...; (10) Immigration Has Consequences: Political Power; (11) Immigration Has Consequences: A Less Perfect Union; (12) Immigration Has Consequences: The War against the Nation-State; (13) Doing the ight Thing? The Morality of Immigration;

Part III: Shipwreck and Salvage: (14) What, Then, Is to Be Done? (15) Conclusion: The Bowels of Christ?

Brimelow commences his book by seeking the genesis of the immigration problem and finds that it is linked to the massacres conducted by totalitarian regimes. To better explain, the author of Alien Nation… believes that the rulers of the…

References:

Brimelow, P., 1995, Alien Nation: Common Sense about America's Immigration Disaster, Random House

Lind, M., 1995, the Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution, Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group

Reilly, J.J., the Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Forth American Republic,  http://www.johnreilly.info/tna.htm  last accessed on September 1, 2009

1995, Alien Nation: Common Sense about America's Immigration Disaster, National Vanguard Magazine, Edition of November-December, No. 115

Even European immigrants experienced discrimination in the 19th century. As Vellos (1997) points out, "American society did not accept the Irish Catholics and Germans, and movements to limit immigration began to form." The Chinese Exclusion Act established anti-Asian sentiments and was not repealed until as late as 1943. For the first time in American history, immigration was "seen as a threat to the United States economy, and Congress began expanding the list of 'undesirable classes' hoping to upgrade the quality of immigrants and to limit overall entry," (Vellos 1997).

In spite of having to live in squalid inner city tenement buildings, new waves of immigrants relished the idea of the American Dream. The American Dream provides the ideological and psychological incentive for new immigrants to a pursue a path of upward social mobility. Upward social mobility was most likely unavailable in the home country, whereas the United States has been…

Reference

"A Historical Look at U.S. Immigration Policy." (1995). Retrieved online: http://web.missouri.edu/~brente/immigr.htm

Center for Immigration Studies (n.d.). Immigration history. Retrieved online:  http://www.cis.org/ImmigrationHistory 

Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform (2010). U.S. Population and Immigration Data, Projections and Graphs. Retrieved online:  http://www.cairco.org/data/data_us.html 

Diner, H. (2008). Immigration and U.S. History. America.gov. Retrieved online:  http://www.america.gov/st/peopleplace-english/2008/February/20080307112004ebyessedo0.1716272.html

Advocacy groups, whether private or government-sponsored, ease transition from home to America but being uprooted poses severe psychological and sociological problems that are not easy to fix.

The United States remains one of the only nations to openly welcome immigrants as a national policy; Canada is another. For centuries the United States has relied on immigrant labor to fuel industry and add nuance to the nation's cultural fabric. The United States is no longer viewed as a melting pot because of the increased pride among immigrants in their native cultures and languages. Balancing assimilation with preservation of culture is still the most difficult task for immigrants, many of whom hope for a more stable life in the new world while still retaining the values and lifestyles of their ancestors.

Refugees continue to hold a unique social, economic and political status in the United States. As Tumulty notes, the Hmong assimilated…

Works Cited

Branigin, William. "Immigrants Shunning Idea of Assimilation." The Myth of the Melting Pot. Washington Post. May 25, 1998. Retrieved Jun 14, 2008 at  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0525a.htm 

Clemetson, Lynette. "Bosnians in America: A Two-Sided Saga." The New York Times. April 29, 2007. Retrieved Jun 15, 2008 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/us/29youth.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&adxnnlx=1213585920-/U4w96yxQS4h7/bEHNl%20Ug 

Federation for American Immigration Reform. "How Mass Immigration Impedes Assimilation." Retrieved Jun 15, 2008 at  http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=iic_immigrationissuecenters641a 

The Great Immigration Panic." The New York Times. June 3, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/opinion/03tue1.html

Immigration in America

The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze Bharati Mukherjee's essay, "Two Ways to Belong in America." Specifically, it will discuss the position that immigrants who legally come to this country should become citizens of this country, because they have enjoyed all the benefits the country has to offer, and they should be loyal to the country that has given them success and a new life. Immigrants who come to this country to live and work as legal immigrants certainly are not bound to become American citizens. However, as author Mukherjee notes in her essay, many immigrants are grateful to the country that has given them so much, and so, they do not want to take it for granted, or turn their back on it. Immigrants who do not become citizens have a place in American society, but if that is their choice, then…

References

Mukherjee, Bharati. "Two Ways to Belong in America." Writer's Presence: A Pool of Readings, 4th Edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.

Salins, Peter D. "Toward a New Immigration Policy." Commentary Jan. 1997: 45+.

Schuck, Peter H. Citizens, Strangers, and In-Betweens: Essays on Immigration and Citizenship. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.

Susser, Siskind. "Why Become a Citizen?" VisaLaw.com. 4 Feb. 2004. 22 Nov. 2004.

Immigration Education in California

Few issues create long-lasting controversy, the type of controversy that engages nearly every member of society regardless of their economic, ethnic, intellectual, political, religious, or social background. Examples of such issues are abortion, crime, the death penalty, racism, rape, etc. Another example of such an issue is immigration education in California. hile California has traditionally embodied the "melting pot" image that the United States so ardently embraces, the issue of immigration education in California has created (and continues to create) quite a stir.

This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to immigration education in California. Part II discusses the materials and methods utilized. In Part III, the problem of immigration education in California and the probable causes is outlined. Part IV examines the research methods employed. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations and potential solutions.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conceived…

Works Cited

Hayne, Sarah. "Immigration News: California Proposes Higher Education for Immigrants." 6/29/01. Retrieved at http://www.usvisanews.com/memo1345.html. On November 12, 2002.

FactBook 2002: Immigration Status of Students- Proposition 187 of 1994 and Welfare Reform Act of 1996." Retrieved at  http://www.cde.ca.gov/resrc/factbook/immigstatus.htm . On November 12, 2002.

Immigration Education Issues Pathway: Immigration Policies and Laws." Retrieved at http://eric-web.tc.columbia.edu/pathways/immigrant_issues/impol.html. On November 12, 2002.

Immigration News: California Won't Keep Bilingual Education Programs." 12/30/99. Retrieved at http://www.usvisanews.com/memo825.html. On November 12, 2002.

e can see that minority status has far less to do with population size, and instead seems very much to be inclined by race, ethnicity and political power instead. This label of minority status is in many ways used as a tag by which certain groups are detained from political unity or effectiveness.

To a large degree, this is a condition which relates to the nature of the Hispanic demographic, which in spite of its cultural diversity, is typically perceived by the larger American public as a single unified entity. This is both untrue and reflects the ethnocentric qualities of the white American political body that have tended to relegate the Hispanic population to representation that is not proportional to its true presence here. Indeed, "although Mexican-Americans continue to be the largest group within the Latino population, increasing immigration from other Latin American means they are perhaps the most culturally…

Works Cited:

Agencia EFE. (2009). Hispanics ask Obama for More Key Government Posts. Hispanic Business. Ret. Feb. 13, 2010 at http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/politics/2009/4/30/hispanics_ask_obama_for_more_key.htm

Auerbach, a.J. & Oreopoulos, P. (1999). Analyzing the Fiscal Impact of U.S. Immigration. The American Economic Review, 89(2).

Bernstein, R. (2008). U.S. Hispanic population surpasses 45 million now 15% of total. U.S. Census Bureau News.

Borjas, G. (1995). The Economic Benefits from Immigration. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2).

Conclusion

The population concerns, and the amount of finance drained towards the social welfare of the immigrants pose threat to the U.S. economy. It is therefore important for the government to focus more towards the employment of the local population, and the immigration to the applicants should be granted on the basis of available job opportunities. The government has so far failed to deliver the economic grievances of the local population, therefore the amount sanctioned for the social welfare of the immigrants can be diverted towards the well-being of the local population the allocation of the funds towards security along the borders is justified because in many of the cases the immigrants have been associated with practices that are responsible for unethical and terrorist activities.

eferences

Gordon Howard Hanson. Why Does Immigration Divide America? Public Finance and Political Opposition to Open Borders Peterson Institute. 2005. pp. 51

Gary Scott Smith.…

References

Gordon Howard Hanson. Why Does Immigration Divide America? Public Finance and Political Opposition to Open Borders Peterson Institute. 2005. pp. 51

Gary Scott Smith. Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush. Oxford University Press U.S.. 2006. pp. 425

Reed Ueda. A Companion to American Immigration. Blackwell Publishing. 2005. pp. 142

U.S Department of Homeland Security. Office of Management and Budget. 2006

hen economic conditions plummet, as they did in 2008, anti-immigrant sentiment may increase even more. Blaming immigrants is a popular pastime but it doesn't change the facts.

Conclusion

As America braces for a bruising round of political debate on the immigration issue, having a sense of which facts are accurate and which are myths will help both citizens and policy-makers. elfare reform and immigration reform policies can change the process for obtaining public benefits and obtaining legal status, respectively. But these differences will impact the economic sector only in minor ways. The bottom line is clear. Immigrants benefit the American economy in many ways, both obvious and subtle, both long-term and immediate, both as workers and as consumers. Those who favor a strong economic engine in the U.S. would do well to welcome our neighbors from around the world.

orks Cited

American Civil Liberties Union. 2002. Immigrants Rights: Immigrants and…

Works Cited

American Civil Liberties Union. 2002. Immigrants Rights: Immigrants and the Economy.

Available at:  http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/immigrants-and-economy 

Anrig, Greg and Tova Wang. 2004. Immigration, Jobs, and the American Economy. The Century Foundation. Available at:

 http://www.tcf.org/list.asp?type=PB&pubid=491

The 'euniting Families Act' would also try to increase the current per country limit of 7% to 10% for the issuing of green cards. This bill, if passed, would also permit widows, widowers and children of those persons who die before the completion of the immigration process to get LP status. (Shank, Michael Honda to Announce Key Component of Comprehensive Immigration eform: euniting Families); (euniting Families Act-2009); (Honda, The euniting Families Act (H.. 2709))

euniting Families Act also attempts to stop discriminatory clauses in other immigration rules which prevent permanent same-sex partners to reunite with their families. From the perspective of illegal immigrants, section 245(i) would be more suitable as they will not have to return to their home country before filing a petition for a change of status because if they do return, they might face a possible ban ranging from 3 to 10 years barring them from entering…

References

Butterfield, Jeanne A. AILA on 245(i) Provisions.



Dinan, Stephen. Senate Democrats propose amnesty for some illegals. The Washington Times, 10

May, 2002. p. A4.

Immigration and its Policies:

One of the major recent controversial topics that have attracted huge debates in the United States is illegal immigration into America. The heated debate in the Congress involved two main political parties i.e. epublicans and Democrats prompting various immigrant supporters to hold peaceful demonstrations in the entire nation. The controversy was exacerbated by the calls for a comprehensive immigration reform approach by the president. The main reason behind the controversy in this topic is the significance of increased immigration for the spiritual and economic health of the United States. With the large number of immigrants in the United States, there is need for comprehensive reforms of the current immigration policies.

The immigration topic has become a subject of huge debate because 1 out of every 9 U.S. residents is an immigrant. In areas where the number of immigrants is growing or high, this debate has attracted…

References:

Gabaccia, D.R. (2006, November). Today's Immigration Policy Debates: Do We Need a Little

History? Retrieved November 23, 2011, from  http://www.migrationinformation.org /usfocus/display.cfm?ID=488' target='_blank' REL='NOFOLLOW'>

immigration in the United States is a complex topic that can only be understood in any depth by employing the perspectives of different social-science disciplines. The focus of this paper is immigration to American in the early to mid-nineteenth century and looks at the causes and consequences of it from a historical, economic, political, and geographic perspective. Given the paper's scope and the fact that immigration to America is such a large, complex topic, this paper will, by necessity, speak in generalities, using information from specific countries as examples rather than thoroughly analyzing and discussing the immigration experience of individual countries.

The United States began its "life" as a new nation "with no encouragement to immigrants except those offered by its [inherent] opportunities and with no barriers except those confronting native and foreigner alike" (Hansen, p. 56). Although "immigration policy has been a political issue since the nation's founding," it…

Bibliography

Hansen, Marcus Lee. The Atlantic Migration. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1940.

Immigration and Naturalization Service, Historical Reference Library. "An Immigrant Nation: United States Regulation of Immigration, 1798-1991." Washington, D.C., 1991.

immigration to the U.S. nd focuses on Charlotte North Carolina. The reader is given an foundational understanding of the INS and how it operates as well as information about immigrants in the Charlotte area, both documented and non-documented. There were four sources used to complete this paper.

INS the Immigrant Police

WHT IS THE INS?

The letters INS stand for Immigration and Naturalization Services. Its purpose is to document and legalize immigrants who come migrate to other nations to live and to work. The INS started in the 1800's when the government decided that merica had a policy of immigration that was to free and to open

fter certain states passed immigration laws following the Civil War, the Supreme Court in 1875 declared that regulation of immigration is a Federal responsibility. Thus, as the number of immigrants rose in the 1880s and economic conditions in some areas worsened, Congress began…

Arthur.C. "Hispanics Feel Economy Pinch ." AP Online; (2002): January.

Arthur.C. "Hispanics Feel Economy Pinch ." AP Online; (2002): January.

Arthur.C. "Hispanics Feel Economy Pinch ." AP Online; (2002): January.

Macroeconomics

Factors that lead to Growth

There are several factors that lead to economic growth. They are physical capital, human capital, natural capital and technological change. Physical capital refers to the infrastructure that a nation has, for example transportation and communication infrastructure, and manufacturing capacity. Human capital refers to the number of people, and their skill level. Natural capital reflects natural resources that can be exploited. Technological change reflects the increases in productivity and opportunity that come from innovation.

In his article, Hanson is focused on human capital and the benefits of technological innovation in particular. The two are closely linked, since nations with better human capital are more likely to be innovation leaders as well. Hanson argues that immigration reform should take into account the role that immigrants play in economic growth. The U.S. has many technology companies, and is a leader in most technology fields. That leadership depends,…

References

Downie, M. (2010). Immigrants as innovators boosting Canada's global competitiveness. Conference Board of Canada. Retrieved April 20, 2014 from  http://www.conferenceboard.ca/e-library/abstract.aspx?did=3825 

Hanson, G. (2012). Immigration and economic growth. Cato Institute. Retrieved April 20, 2014 from  http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2012/1/cj32n1-3.pdf

This is a deducted consequence of the inability of the market to absorb all the immigrants coming every year in the country. More precisely, "the number of immigrants -- legal and illegal -- living in the U.S., is growing at an unprecedented rate. U.S. Census ureau data indicate that 1.6 million legal and illegal immigrants settle in the country each year. In 2006, the immigrant, or foreign-born population, reached about 38 million in the United States" (Camarota, 2007). The ones who manage to find jobs and employment in the United States tend to impact the legal labor market. The ones that do not find proper employment places influence by increasing the number of people working on the black market. These are mostly illegal immigrants and recent analyses have shown that out of the 38 million people that was of foreign origin in 2006 in America, 12 million of them were…

Bibliography

Associated Press. (2006). Study Suggests High Immigration Hasn't Hurt U.S. Employment. Fox News. Accessed 27 February 2008, at  http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207745,00.html 

Beck, Roy. (2004) Occupation Collapse and Poverty Wages: Consequences of Large Guest worker Programs. Numbers USA Education & Research Foundation. Accessed 27 February 2008, at  http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/beck032404.pdf 

Briggs, V.M. (2001) Immigration and American unionism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Briggs, Vernon M. (1992) Mass Immigration and the National Interest. Armonk, NY.M.E. Sharpe.

Some of these people not only gave United States a claim to fame, but they also protected Americans through national security and scientific achievements.

Thus, immigration is, ultimately, beneficial to the United States. hile some have recently taken the other side of the debate, it can be seen that the benefits of immigration clearly outweigh to consequences. Immigration impacts the United States greatly in the area of diversity, which allows the country to from better domestic and international relations, seeking peace. Immigration also impacts the United States economy in a positive way through creating a larger workforce and a larger consumer base, while also providing more workers who pay into the social security system. In addition, the United States would be pained without the immigrants who have made it the place it is today, whether they were unskilled workers helping to boost the profits of a farm or Albert Einstein…

Works Cited

"Famous American Immigrants." Immigration Updates. n.d. 12 April 2009.



Grbic, Douglas. "Social and Cultural Meanings of Tolerance: Immigration,

Incorporation, and Identity in Aotearoa New Zealand" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal Convention Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Aug 11, 2006

Immigration in Europe

The issue of immigration in Europe has become one of the pressing subject matters especially for governments within the European Union. In contrast to the United States which has experienced immigration for centuries, for Europe this issue is of a recent demographic inclination since the past five decades or so. There are several migrants who make an attempt to move into Europe and settle there. This particular paper will seek to discuss three immigrant groups that form the majority of the immigrants who seek to enter the EU borders. These three immigrant groups include Syrians, Afghans and Eritreans.

Immigrant Groups and their Push and Pull Factors

There are numerous physical, social and economic reasons and factors that play a great role in the reason as to why people migrate to different nations or expanses and these factors can be normally categorized as 'push' and 'pull' factors. In…

Works Cited

BBC News. "Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum? September 2015. Retrieved online from:  http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24583286 

Collett, Elizabeth. "Immigrant integration in Europe in a time of austerity." Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2011.

Eliott, Sarah. "The push and pull of the world's most dangerous migration route -- what's really behind the flock of thousands to Europe these days?" Politics Inspires, 2015.

Giovagnoli, Mary., Yale, Samantha. "New Study on Immigrant Integration Compares and Ranks the United States, Canada, and Europe" American Immigration Council, 2011.

Immigration to America

An Introduction and Claim

Over the years, the issue of immigration in America United States has raised complex demographic issues. Elements of population increase and cultural change on the native societies in the United States are evident characteristics of immigration. The social, political, and economic components of immigration cause controversies on issues of employment, settlement patterns, ethnicity, and economic benefits for non-immigrants. The government works on developing social mobility, reducing crime, and controlling voting behavior. This paper intends to outline the negative issues surrounding immigration in the U.S. The United States has fewer immigrants on per capita consideration comparable to half the OECD countries. Policies had developed before 1965 focused on establishing a working formula for limiting naturalization and immigration opportunities for persons without native claim.

Background

The exceptional economic status of America makes it a haven for immigrants (David & Okazaki 887). However, globalization is fast…

Works Cited

David, Richards, and Okazaki Stephens. Activation and automaticity of colonial mentality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40.4(2010), 850 -- 887. Print

Mossakowski, Kilchenmann. Are immigrants healthier? The case of depression among Filipino Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70.3(2007), 290 -- 304. Print

Picot, George. Hou, Farou., & Coulombe, Silva. Poverty dynamics among recent immigrants to Canada. The International Migration Review, 42.2(2008), 393 -- 424. Print

Stickels, Jackie. The Victim Satisfaction Model of the Criminal Justice System, Criminology and Criminal Justice Research and Education, 2.1 (2008), 1-19. Print

Immigration

Nation of Immigrants

America is sometimes referred to as a "nation of immigrants" because of our largely open-door policy toward accepting foreigners who pursuing their vision of the American Dream. Recently, there has been a clamor by some politicians and citizens toward creating predominantly closed-door policy on immigration, arguing that immigrants threaten American life by creating unemployment, taking jobs from American workers, using much-needed social security services, and encroaching on the American way of life. hile these statements seem valid for many, they are almost overwhelmingly false, and more than likely confused with the subject of illegal immigration. Immigrants actually enhance American life by creating, not taking jobs, bolster social service funds through tax payment, and bringing valuable technical knowledge and skills to our country.

Discussion

Illegal Immigration

Illegal immigration is defined as the trespassing across the national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the…

Works Cited

Farrell, Chris. "Imigration Can Fuel U.S. Innovation -- and Job Growth." Bloomberg Businessweek. July 19, 2010. 30 July 2011

Masters, B. "The Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigrants." National Public Radio. March 29, 2006. 30 July 2011.

Messerli, Joe. "Should America Maintain/Increase the Level of Legal Immigration?" BalancedPolitics.org. May, 18 2011. 30 July 2011.

"Pros And Cons Of Illegal Immigration." Iloveindia.com. (NDI). 30 July 2011.

Economic and political factors in the originating country influenced the decision to migrate; the perception that the United States has greater political freedoms and more economic opportunity has consistently influenced the decision of Turkish immigrants to come to the United States rather than other nations, such as in Europe. hatever opportunities there might be more immigrants, those without specific job skills or a higher level of education quickly find themselves relegated to a low class job market and struggling to survive. Turkish immigrants are also likely to form close-knit communities upon arriving in the United States because of strong ethnic identification and general American animosity towards Muslims in the United States -- whatever the religious beliefs of individual immigrants. These historical factors have facilitated the creation of a sizeable Turkish immigrant population in the United States that, nonetheless, finds it difficult to integrate with mainstream American society.

orks Cited

Acehan,…

Works Cited

Acehan, Isil. "Outposts of an Empire: Early Turkish Migration to Peabody, Massachusetts." The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University. Ankara, Turkey: Bilkent University, May 2005.

Akcapar, Sebnem Koser. "Turkish Highly Skilled Migration to the United States: New Findings and Policy Recommendations." Migration Research Program at the Koc University. Istanbul, Turkey: Koc University, 2005-2006.

Kaya, Ilhan. "Identity and Space: The Case of Turkish Americans." The Geographical Review 95.3 (July 2005): 425-440.

These measures included laws, which denied services to undocumented residents, alerted police to assume ICE functions, penalized for employers who hired the aliens, and made English the official language. In Arizona, ordinary citizens were encouraged to report businesses, which hired suspicious foreign-looking persons. Hispanics were the major targets of this xenophobia because they were believed to be the major law violators. Statistics showed that there were approximately 12 million undocumented immigrants, most of them Latinos or Hispanics, in the U.S. The national bias against them showed up in studies, which considered only them in determining how much they were costing the country in services. ut did they really drain the economy? A spokesman for the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission did not think so. A 2004 study on "foreign-born" citizens of Virginia alone concluded that Asians outnumbered Hispanics. The Commission found that these "foreign-born" citizens were not a huge…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Galuszka, P. (2008). Hispanics bearing the brunt of xenophobia. Diverse Issues in Higher

Education: Cox, Matthews & Associates. Retrieved on March 24, 2009 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_mWMX/is_1_25/ai_n2491956?tag=content;col1 

ICE (2008). About ICE. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved on March 24, 2009 from http://www.ice.gov/about/index.htm

Marcucci, M.R. (2007). Marchers call for immigration reform. Oakland Tribune: ANG

In the most extensive study till date including nearly 3,000 people, Prof Vega has revealed that acculturation to U.S. customs has a damaging impact in the U.S. He found double the rate of mental disturbance in U.S. compared to the latest happenings of immigration or Mexicans who stayed in their country. Prof Vega along with his team of associates found that U.S. born Mexican-American, the lifetime threat of being detected with any mental disorder was analogous to that for non-Hispanic whites which is 48.1% that roughly one in two people. However, in case of new immigrants and Mexican citizen, the rate dropped down to 24.9%. Besides, they found out that the rate of psychological effect went up progressively after immigration in such a measure that Mexicans who had stayed in the country for more than 13 years had roughly identical rate as who were born in U.S. (as Mexican Immigrants…

References

Causes and Consequences of California's Latin American Origin Immigration" Retrieved at http://clnet.ucla.edu/challenge/ccorigin.htm. Accessed on 4 May, 2005

Chac n, Oscar; Rodr'guez, Aide; Shannon, Amy. (June, 2004) "Latino Immigrant Leaders Push for Immigration Reform: Background on Immigrant-Led, Community-Based Organization." Citizen Action in the Americas, No. 10; Americas Program, Interhemispheric Resource Center (IRC) Retrieved at  http://www.americaspolicy.org/citizen-action/series/10enlaces_body.html 

Huntington, Samuel P. "The Special Case of Mexican Immigration" the America Enterprise online. Retrieved at http://www.taemag.com/issues/articleid.12114/article_detail.asp. Accessed on 4 May, 2005

Marti, Dinerstein. (September, 2004) "Social Security 'Totalization' - Examining a Lopsided Agreement with Mexico" Retrieved at  http://www.cis.org/articles/2004/back904.html . Accessed on 4 May, 2005

Immigration Myths

Some of the myths surrounding immigration are based on misinformation, others on simple ignorance, still others on incorrect interpretations from the media. Based on the text and popular sources, it seems that there are four major myths -- despite the fact that the United States is, in fact, a nation of immigrants:

Immigrants steal jobs from American citizens -- Immigrants count for 12% of the population, but 15% of the workforce; a result of the aging American population. What people really mean is that illegal immigrants are stealing American jobs. This is not true, since immigrants tend to be concentrated in low-skilled or agricultural jobs that most Americans do not want.

Immigration is mostly illegal and at an all-time high -- The high-point of American immigration came in the late 19th century. In the 21st century, about 2/3 of all immigrants are here legally as naturalized citizens or…

Scores of illegal Latin Americans work in the hospitality industry, construction, meatpacking, agriculture, and landscaping sectors. In fact, in some of the states it is said that almost half of the construction workers are from Latin America. There are arguments that if all these illegal immigrants were removed these jobs would improve the unemployment situation for the American citizens. It is also generally argued that the pay scale for low skilled jobs would also increase. Also, most of the illegal aliens utilize healthcare, education and other services without paying taxes causing significant drain for the government.

The above points are clearly valid but there are both positive and negative effects of illegal immigration. Economists feel that totally eliminating illegal workers would only marginally improve the pay scale for high school dropouts and would not have any significant impact for workers with higher qualifications. Furthermore, illegal immigration contributes positively as Americans…

Bibliography

1) Michael Barone, 'Living with Illegals', U.S. News and World Report, April 3rd 2006.

Identifying Optimal Immigration Policies

In 1870, the United States had a population of about 39 million people with virtually no immigration laws in place (U.S. historic population, 2017). In fact, it was not until several individual states began passing various types of immigration laws after the Civil War that the federal government enacted any limitations on immigration to the United States at all (Early American immigration policies, 2017). Although the situation in America is far different today, these early immigration policies were based on the same exclusionary issues that they are today. For instance, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Alien Contract Labor laws of 1885 and 1887 were intended to prevent workers from specified countries from entering the country (Early American immigration policies, 2017). In other words, over the past century and a half or so, foreigners have increasingly been regarded as some type of political, economic or…

American immigration policy and population patterns have changed in response to labor demands and economic forces, as well as shifts in American identity and social norms. Global forces have also shaped immigration patterns over the past hundred years. Anti-immigration sentiments have also strongly influenced immigration policies, with the most notable examples from a century ago being the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Nativist movement of the 1920s (Young 1). Similar Nativist sentiments bubbled to the surface during the Trump administration, clouding constructive discourse on the role and status of immigrants in the United States, and the fundamental functions of immigration policy.

Although the United States was always a settler nation, immigration trends changed in the early 20th century. Immigrants from Southern Europe and Eastern Europe started to pour in before the First World War, pushed by economic uncertainties and outright poverty and pulled by the promise of readymade…

American Immigration

Globally, the United States has been known as "a nation of immigrants" almost from its inception. Beginning in the 1600s with English Puritans and continuing today, America is a melting pot of culture and ethnicity. In fact, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigration was the major source of U.S. population growth. Looking over our 200+ years we find that to clearly be true, with approximately 1 million immigrants coming to America during the 17th and 18th century. Almost 3 million arrived during the 1860s, and another 3 million in the 1870s. In the next four decades, the number of immigrants rose to over 25 million people, most from various European nations, most arriving in New York or one of the Eastern seaports (Damon, 1981). Despite the politicization, as of 2006, the United States actually was the number one country globally to accept legal immigrants into…

REFERENCES

Anderson, S. (2010). Immigration. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Brooks, P. (2004). Immigration. Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library.

Damon, A. (1981, December). Immigration: A Look at the Record. AmericanHeritage.com.

Retrieved from:  http://www.americanheritage.com/immigration/articles  / magazine/ah/1981/1/1981_1_50.shtml

Immigration on U.S. Crime Rates

Immigration in the United States of America

Structure of Immigration

Impact of Immigration on the Crime rates of the United States of America

Conclusion and Policy Implications

Immigration Structure in 1970

Immigration Structure in 2010

Foreign Born Population in the United States of America

Immigrant Share in the Total Population and Across Counties, 1950-2000

Immigrant Flows and Rate of Homicide

Rate of Growth of Incarceration and Immigration

Reasons for the Removal of Criminal Immigrants

This paper aims at identifying the relationship that exists between immigration and crime rates. It aims at highlighting the impact of immigration on the rate of crimes. In addition to that, this paper also makes recommendation, in relation to the alteration of immigrant policies so as to make immigration more secure and safe.

There has been an evident increase in the number of crimes along with the increase in the rate…

Works cited

Bianchi, Milo, Paolo Buonanno, and Paolo Pinotti. 'Do Immigrants Cause Crime?' Journal of the European Economic Association 10.6 (2012): 1318 -- 1347. Print.

Borjas, George J, Jeffrey Grogger, and Gordon H. Hanson. 'Immigration and the Economic Status of African-American Men'. Economica 77.306 (2010): 255 -- 282. Print.

Camarota, Steven A, Jessica Vaughan, and Staff Members of the Center for Immigration Studies. Immigration and Crime. 1st ed. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2009.

Jones-Correa, M. Contested Ground: Immigration In The United States. 1st ed. Washington, D.C: Migration Policy Institute, 2012. Web. 2 Jun. 2014.

Moreover, multiculturalism is alive and well in Canada today; to wit, foreign-born Canadian citizens are "over-represented in the fields of mathematics and physical science, the health professions, sciences and technologies," Thompson concludes, as well as in the fields of engineering and applied sciences.

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Boyd, Monica. 1976. Immigration Policies and Trends: A Comparison of Canada and the United States. Demography 13 (1): 83-104.

Canadian Council for Refugees. 2001. A hundred years of immigration to Canada 1900-1999:

chronology focusing on refugees and discrimination. Retrieved March 20, 2007 at http://www.web.net/~ccr/history.html.

CIC Canada. 2001. The Role of Transportation in Canadian Immigration 1900-2000. Retrieved March 20, 2007 at http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/transport/chap-3b.html.

Patrias, Carmela. 2000. The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy

By Ninette Kelley; Michael Trebilcock. The American Historical Review 105 (2): 532-533.

The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2003. Immigration. Retrieved march 20, 2007 at http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com.

Thompson, John Herd; & einfeld, Morton. 1995.…

Works Cited

Boyd, Monica. 1976. Immigration Policies and Trends: A Comparison of Canada and the United States. Demography 13 (1): 83-104.

Canadian Council for Refugees. 2001. A hundred years of immigration to Canada 1900-1999:

chronology focusing on refugees and discrimination. Retrieved March 20, 2007 at  http://www.web.net/~ccr/history.html .

CIC Canada. 2001. The Role of Transportation in Canadian Immigration 1900-2000. Retrieved March 20, 2007 at  http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/transport/chap-3b.html .

Rather than violating the rights of medical practitioners, is it not a better idea simply to break the trusts that make health care so unaffordable? I agree there should be real reform -- but we should not be satisfied with phony reform.

Rand Paul's policy on health care puts the issue in a singular light. First, he draws distinction between real health care reform and phony reform. Real reform, he states would emphasize free market economics and would allow consumers to buy health insurance from providers from a wider spectrum rather than from the artificially manipulate market that we see today. As Paul says, state and federal laws place restrictions and exactly who can buy what from where -- and this is the real heart of the problem because it allows health insurance companies to charge higher and higher premiums and places greater and greater restrictions and demands on medical…

Works Cited

Tenant, Michael. "Rand Paul. Right to Healthcare is 'Slavery'." The New American.

2011. Web. 3 Apr 2012.

Paul, Rand. "Can Healthcare Reform Affect the Economy?" Rand Paul U.S. Senate.

2009. Web. 3 Apr 2012.

United States immigration. The writer explores the topic and history of immigration and discusses some of the changes that have taken place over time. There were seven sources used to complete this paper.

The United States has proudly opened its arms to immigrants since its inception. There are millions of American residents who live in the states by way of immigration, and they have come here to make a new life for themselves. America has been known as the land of opportunity for over 200 years, which draws immigrants around the globe to its borders. Over the years the government's immigration policy has undergone several changes to accommodate political, economical and other needs. The history of immigration has been driven by the way the federal government felt about other nations. Those feelings used to control that was and was not allowed in the states, but in the last four decades…

References

The Associated Press, Important events in the history of Angel Island., AP Worldstream, 04-08-2002.

L. Edward Purcell, Chapter: 7: The Decline of Immigration. Vol. 1, Immigration: Social Issues in American History, 01-16-1995.

Siobhan Gorman, IMMIGRATION: Reframing the Debate., National Journal, 03-02-2002.

Lynch, Mike, Immigration advocate., Reason, 06-01-2002, pp 15.

Pro-Immigration Policies

The illegal immigration issue is one of the most divisive in the nation. Generally, those who oppose relaxed immigration rules express concerns that it contributes to the vulnerability of the nation to terrorists and drug merchants and that large numbers of immigrants absorb disproportionate amounts of public resources without paying taxes on undocumented employment. They also argue that large numbers of immigrant workers compete with Americans for unskilled labor positions thereby keeping salaries low, and that they cause harm to their native countries by contributing their labor and talents to the United tates instead of to their nations of origin.

On examination, the argument against increased immigration flexibility does not support its conclusion. In the most general sense, restricting immigration violates the fundamental principle engraved on the tatue of Liberty, according to which the U.. has always prided herself as a bastion of safety, security, and opportunity for…

Sources Consulted

Davidson, A. (2006). "Is illegal immigration an economic burden to America?"

(March 30). ACLU-ProCon.org. Retrieved from:

 http://aclu.procon.org/view.answers.php?question  ID=000713

Grillo, J. (2010). "The Immigration Dilemma." Retrieved from:

Legal Immigration Is Good for the United States

With the United States opening its boarders to thousands of legal immigrants each year, immigration has become one of the most hotly debated issues in the country. However, what has largely fueled this debate has to do with the impact of both illegal and legal immigrants on the United States' economy, crime rates as well as education and environment. While some continue to advocate for the reduction of immigration within the U.S., others are of the opinion that legal immigration impacts positively on the U.S. In terms of diversity and economic gains amongst other unique benefits. It is important to note that when legal immigration is viewed from a critical perspective, the United States does benefit greatly from the same. This text will clearly and concisely highlight some of these benefits.

Immigration in the United States: An Overview

Considered a complex demographic…

References

Arnold, K.R. (2011). Anti-Immigration in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia. California: ABC-CLIO.

Estrom, P. (2007, June 7). Immigration: Google makes Its Case. Retrieved February 12th, 2012, from Business Week website:  http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/jun2007/db20070606_792054.htm 

Geigenberger, J. (2008). The lasting Value of Legal Immigration for the United States of America. Norderstedt Germany: GRIN Verlag.

Griswold, D. (2009, July 21). As Immigrants Move in, Americans Move Up. Retrieved February 14th, 2012, from CATO Institute website:  http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10650

One of the most contentious political issues today is immigration. Many countries grapple with their immigration policy, the United States included. Even though the United States was founded by settlers and has been a nation of immigrants ever since, the discourse towards immigration policy has occasionally been hostile. The hostility towards immigration is a problem, but immigration itself is not at all a problem. In fact, immigration improves overall quality of life, builds a safer and more productive society, and builds both economic and cultural capital.

One of the reasons why immigration is not a problem is that it improves the overall quality of life both domestically and throughout the world. When Americans favor policies that promote economic and social development, they contribute to the betterment of all societies, including its own. Immigrants contribute to their communities by starting businesses and introducing new ideas. Quality of life improves as immigrants…

(Heer, 22)

What need to be understood is the fact that the immigration problem today is a part of the general environment in which it is found, and that the traditional immigration law enforcement strategies are actually encouraging an increase in the immigrant population, rather than discourage it. When a citizen of the U.S.A. thinks of an illegal alien, with images provided by the media, in previous years, it was that of a hardworking laborer. However, after the September 11 debacle, more people than ever before see an illegal alien as a prospective terrorist. The official policy of the INS now called the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement or the BICE is to target the employers of illegal aliens. This is in order to understand and act upon the reason as to why the illegal aliens come to the United States, because it is a well-known fact that many…

References

Cullingworth, Barry J; Cullingworth, JB; Caves, Roger W. Planning in the U.S.A., policies, issues and processes. Routledge (UK). 2003.

Heer, David M. Undocumented Mexicans in the U.S.A.

Cambridge University Press. 1990.

House passes Bill to tighten Immigration Laws. USA Today. 17 December, 2005. Retrieved from  http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-12-15-immigration-usat_x.htm . Accessed 2 August, 2006

For instance, most illegal immigrants earn a living that is below the poverty threshold. Towns and cities can enforce legal policy created due to the economic incentive of protecting local schools and hospitals from financial ruin. Therefore, if there is a large population of illegal immigrants living in a town/city and are below a minimal level of income, the most effective policy is to build additional schools and hospitals designed to cater specifically to these populations.

The idea is to create facilities where illegal immigrants can learn and understand how to become an assimilated immigrant into American life. Additionally, these facilities will house programs that enable immigrants to become American citizens through the legal process of obtaining citizenship. The creation of additional schools and hospitals will increase jobs in the community, which can be funded in part through a number of federal programs that provide direct and indirect monetary resources…

References

Joch. (2010). "Immigration in the United States." New Presence: The Prague Journal of Central European Affairs. July 1, 2010. Retrieved from:  http://web.ebscohost.com.rlib.pace.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=7&sid=79b0dbd3-39a3-42cd-9251-b89bc3234568%40sessionmgr13&vid=1 

Independent Review. January 1, 2010. Retrieved from:  http://web.ebscohost.com.rlib.pace.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=7&sid=9e5d9f48-ef82-40e2-b0da-de96f7c9b839%40sessionmgr15&vid=1 

Independent Review. 2010

In the event that the analysis of records of telephone, e-mail and internet use was considered to amount to an interference with respect for private life or correspondence, the Government contended that the interference was justified. First, it pursued the legitimate aim of protecting the rights and freedoms of others by ensuring that the facilities provided by a publicly funded employer were not abused. Secondly, the interference had a basis in domestic law in that the College, as a statutory body, whose powers enable it to provide further and higher education and to do anything necessary and expedient for those purposes, had the power to take reasonable control of its facilities to ensure that it was able to carry out its statutory functions. It was reasonably foreseeable that the facilities provided by a statutory body out of public funds could not be used excessively for personal purposes and that the…

Bibliography

ECHR Case Law - Copland vs. United Kingdom European Court of Human Rights - Council of Europe Copland vs. United Kingdom 3 April 2007 Violation of Art. 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Legile Inernetului (2009) Online available at http://www.legi-internet.ro/english/jurisprudenta-it-romania/decizii-cedo/copland-vs.-united-kingdom-echr-case-law.html

Vermeulen, Mathias (2009) UN Special Rapporteur Releases Report on the Role of Intelligence Agencies in the Fight Against Terrorism. 27 Feb 2009. Online available at  http://legalift.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/un-special-rapporteur-releases-report-on-the-role-of-intelligence-agencies-in-the-fight-against-terrorism/ 

Recent Case Law on Asylum and Immigration (2008) Migration Watch.

UK ASYLUM LAW and PROCESS in the human rights law [3.1.6] section of the guide: 3.1.6|1 the IMPACT of HUMAN RIGHTS LAW; and 3.1.6|2 USEFUL RESOURCES (ICAR) 2008. Online available at http://www.icar.org.uk/7013/31-law-and-process/316-human-rights-law.html

Euromonitor.com. 17 May 2009 .

Chekalin, Alexander. "Press Service - Speech by First Deputy Minister of the Interior Militia." 8 August 2006. Ministry of the Interior, Russian Federation. 17 May 2009 .

Dzieciolowski, Zygmunt. "Russia's immigration challenge." 15 June 2007. Opendemocracy.net. 17 May 2009 .

Matthews, Owen and Anna Nemtsova. "The Kremlin Vigilantes." 14 February 2009. Newsweek. 17 May 2009 .

Monacelli, R. "Russia: Population, Immigration and the Economy." 19 February 2009. Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, Policy. 17 May 2009 .

Schwirtz, M. "For Russia's Migrants, Economic Despair Douses Flickers of Hope." 9 February 2009. New York Times. 17 May 2009 .

Yasmann, V. "Russia: Immigration Likely to Increase, Mitigating Population Deficit." November 2005. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. 16 May 2009 .

Attachment 1

RUSSIAN IMMIGRATION STATS:

Top Stats

All Stats

Just Stats



immigrant population > Immigrants as percentage of state population

8.483

immigrant population >…

Bibliography

Banjanovic, Adisa. "Russia's new immigration policy will boost the population." 14 June 2007. Euromonitor.com. 17 May 2009 .

Chekalin, Alexander. "Press Service - Speech by First Deputy Minister of the Interior Militia." 8 August 2006. Ministry of the Interior, Russian Federation. 17 May 2009 .

Dzieciolowski, Zygmunt. "Russia's immigration challenge." 15 June 2007. Opendemocracy.net. 17 May 2009 .

S. House that would make it a felony to be in the country illegally; the rally was just angry backlash by a criminal elements for increasing the penalties of this criminality, in their view (AP 2006). Whether or not illegal immigrants are assets to a society, if they are illegal then there must be punitive consequences for breaking this nations laws -- this is the argument that is becoming increasingly popular in anti-immigration circles.

More recently, controversy over immigration has been stirred up due to the passage of an Arizona law making being in the country illegally a state crime as well as a federal one, and requiring state and local law enforcement to take certain actions regarding verifying the legal status of immigrants that many people fear will lead to racial profiling. In addition, many public figures and politicians feel that the law itself is illegal, as it attempts…

References

AP. (2006). "Immigration issue draws thousands into streets." Associated press. Accessed 11 June 2010.  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11442705/ 

CNN. (2006). "Thousands march for immigrant rights." Accessed 11 June 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2006/U.S./05/01/immigrant.day/index.html

Norwood, C. (2003). "Should state or local governments enforce federal immigration laws? Yes." ProCon.org: Illegal Immigration. Accessed 11 June 2010.  http://immigration.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000800 

Saenz, T. (2010). "Should state or local governments enforce federal immigration laws? No." ProCon.org: Illegal Immigration. Accessed 11 June 2010.

Balance of Fragile things is an engrossing novel that raises a lot of points and questions. As such, there are a lot of directions that the author of this report could take for this report but the author has selected one in particular. American immigration is a hot-button topic that gets up the dander of a lot of people. However, one reason the topic is so contentious and roiling is the historical, nationalistic, racial (not racist) or even bigoted viewpoints and avenues that many people take. However, the aforementioned historical fixation is a lot of the problem and that needs to be disregarded in favor of the future. While there is a ton of proverbial water under the bridge vis-a-vis immigration, focusing on the future and a continued expansion of who can realize the American dream will be the most beneficial to any and all people involved including both immigrants…

Introduction
Child welfare services have a complicated history in America and still today face a continual crisis. On the one hand, foster care requires resources from the state and breaks up families; on the other hand, implementing family preservation plans carries its own risk. This policy reform paper will examine the problem presented by The Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA), enacted as part of Public Law (P.L.) 115–123, also known as the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018. It will then provide analysis of the problem from the standpoint of historical, social, economic, and political perspectives. It will then examine the policy, evaluate it and discuss current proposals for reform.
Problem Overview
It is recognized that removing children from their families and placing them in foster group home services can be psychologically and emotionally damaging for the child (Ringel et al., 2018). However, leaving children in families where abuse is…

References
Behrmann, S. (2019). Former DHS Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen says she left post because 'saying no' wasn't enough. Retrieved from  https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/10/22/kirstjen-nielsen-former-dhs-secretary-said-she-left-post-because-saying-no-wasnt-enough/2450196001/ 
Definitive Contract. (2016). Retrieved from  https://govtribe.com/award/federal-contract-award/definitive-contract-hsfe3013c0366 
Mallon, G., McHartt-Hess, P. (2013). Child Welfare in the 21st Century. 2nd Edition.Columbia University Press.
O’Connor, S. (2001). Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Patwardhan, I., Hurley, K. D., Thompson, R. W., Mason, W. A., & Ringle, J. L. (2017). Child maltreatment as a function of cumulative family risk: Findings from the intensive family preservation program. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 92-99.
Reid, P. (2019). DHS Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen speaks for first time since resignation announcement. Retrieved from  https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kirstjen-nielsen-resigning-dhs-secretary-expected-to-offer-resignation-today-live-updates-2019-04-07/ 
Ringel, J. S., Schultz, D., Mendelsohn, J., Holliday, S. B., Sieck, K., Edochie, I., & Davis, L. (2018). Improving child welfare outcomes: balancing investments in prevention and treatment. Rand health quarterly, 7(4).
Wiltz, T. (2018). This New Federal Law Will Change Foster Care As We Know It. Retrieved from  https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/05/02/this-new-federal-law-will-change-foster-care-as-we-know-it

Workplace enforcement includes the scrutiny of the I-9 form and the attached documents, in an attempt to discover identity fraud, fraudulent documents, and illegal workplace activities.

Illegal firearms.

Another aspect of illegal immigration is weapons. Illegal immigrants bring guns and other weapons across the border, but there is also a growing trade in illegal firearms, obtained in the United States, traveling back into Mexico and being used in criminal activities there, especially by powerful drug cartels. The annual report states, "ICE launched Operation Armas Cruzadas in FY08 to provide a targeted law enforcement focus on arms smuggling between the United States and Mexico" (Torres, 2009). The problem has gotten so bad that the U.S. issued warnings to travelers to stay away from the country during the recent spring break season. The agency has had some success with stopping cross-border smuggling activities, but they have not had as much success as…

References

Cox, A.B., & Posner, E.A. (2007). The second-order structure of immigration law. Stanford Law Review, 59(4), 809+.

Dillin, J. (2006). How Eisenhower solved illegal border crossings from Mexico. Christian Science Monitor.

Green, T.C., & Ciobanu, I.M. (2006). Deputizing - and then prosecuting - America's businesses in the fight against illegal immigration. American Criminal Law Review, 43(3), 1203+.

Headley, B. (2006). Giving critical context to the deportee phenomenon. Social Justice, 33(1), 40+.

These problems persist to this day, but were especially prevalent in the 1980s; Chinese immigrants were brought into the country illegally by smugglers that often sold them into slavery in the underworld of American society, or that delivered them penniless, starving, and often barely alive (or not alive at all) to fend for themselves (Kyle & Koslowski 2001; Chen 1999). Horror stories became a reason to avoid emigrating to the United States, but both legal and illegal immigration from China to America continued to rise during this decade.

An ongoing problem that would-be Chinese immigrants have faced, including through the 1990s and into the current decades, is the control of both internal and external migration by the Chinese government (Au & Henderson 2005). This, coupled with an immigration policy that many still view as restrictive of Chinese immigration (though on amore subtle and therefore more insidious level than the previous…

References

Au, C. & Henderson, J. (2005). How migration restrictions limit agglomeration and productivity in China." Journal of developmental economics 80(2): 350-88.

Chen, E. (2010). Encyclopedia of Asian-American Issues Today, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Chin, K. (1999). Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine immigration to the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Kyle, D. & Koslowski, R. (2001). Global human smuggling: Comparative perspectives. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Conclusion:

The resolution of this policy counsel meeting is the endorsement of a refinement of Australia's terror policy with respect both to the preservation of constitutional rights and in terms of approach its relationship to the United States with balance and diplomacy. Recognizing the severity the security threat but simultaneously recognizing the need to refine policies so as to diminish the tendency toward inflaming the political and ideological anger of the developing world, Australia must spend the coming decades finding ways to quell such hostility. This will mean a closer consideration of the economic, political and trade policies that often have run aground of the interests of the developing world. Likewise, it means that Australia must function as a continued partner to the U.S. But also as a voice of conscience with respect to the discretionary use of military force or diplomatic finesse.

orks Cited:

Aly, a. (2007). Australian Muslim…

Works Cited:

Aly, a. (2007). Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 42(1).

Australian Federal Police (AFP). (2009). Fighting Terrorism in Australia. www.afp.gov.au

BBC News. (2006). Australian Loses Terrorism Appeal. BBC News.

Brown, M. (2009). Al-Shabaab terrorists 'living in Australia.' ABC News. Online at  http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/23/2693927.htm?section=justin