Market Power Essays (Examples)

Industry Structure: Perfect Competition or Market Power

Napster vs. The U.S. Recording Industry:

Analysis of the Economic Model of the U.S. Recording Industry

The article "When the Music Stops" by Nick Wingfield in the November 2002 issue of the Wall Street Journal, relates an interview with the founder of Napster, Shawn Fanning, after the death of his company at the hands of the recording industry. Not only does it discuss Napster's creator's future plans and what he thinks is the future of the online music industry, it also provides an insight into the economic principles at work in the recording industry. This paper endeavours to explore the economic principles concerning demand models and the practice of selective collusion among the big recording companies which are alluded to in the article, thereby generating more awareness and understanding in the legal ramifications that ensued from the birth of Napster.

Although the article…

Contracting with Imperfect InformationThe manufacturing firm marginal benefit, MB, for hours of legal service isMB=$400-2L, where L=hours per week of legal services.Marginal benefit represents the maximum price that a rational buyer would pay for an additional unit of anything. This means that the marginal benefit curve can be considered to be the demand curve. This curve can be represented on a graph by figuring out the end point and then drawing a straight line between these points.For this case, we will take the formula MB=$400-2L, where L represents hours of legal services. The first step is to find out the value of MB when L=0 (this will give the value $400-0, therefore the vertical intersection point is $400) and when the value of MB=0, the value of L will be (0=400-2L L=200). For this question there are no fixed costs and the marginal costs (MC) is constant and equal to…

Market Structure of Subway Sandwiches

At the national level, Subway operates in a nearly perfectly competitive market: there are a number of franchise competitors (Blimpee, Quiznos), regional chains, and independent establishments, and supermarkets Market barriers are reasonably low (a food truck can offer sandwiches and compete with a local Subway), consumers have a high degree of buying power (there is a low commitment level when buying a sandwich) and there are many available substitute goods. However, in some areas, competition may be less 'perfect' depending on the availability of other establishments where people on a quick lunch break can eat. Although there still may be many possible options, such as bringing lunch, the location and lack of competitors can make it easier for a Subway to thrive within a certain area.

Q2. What type of competition does your firm face? Who are some competitors? (Even if you said your firm…

Over the last few years, the government has exerted more control on the insurance industry by controlling premium rates meaning the industry has become less competitive on pricing. In addition to this, through Obamacare, the government has set requirements for healthcare insurers which have significantly reduced their medical loss ratio Dinan 396.

The second factor that affects the degree of competitiveness of the industry is the number of companies operating in the industry. This has been the major reason for the hundreds of mergers in the industry since this is the major driving factor for changes in market share. The last factor is government-provided health insurance. The government provides insurance plans which create significant competition for the private companies Vanness and olfe 101()

The productivity measures that can be developed are the number of health insurance consumers, average cost of providing medical cover and price of health insurance premiums. The…

Of course, this is a good thing for customers on short-term, but is negatively affects other companies on the market. This is because smaller competitors and especially those that intend to enter the market addressed by IBM find it at least difficult to provide product prices in accordance with those provided by IBM. These smaller companies do not have the ability of reducing their production or operating costs, which does not allow them to introduce competitive prices on the market. This way, they are clearly disfavored by IBM's position and market power.

In addition to this, in a field like it, it is imperative to make continuous investments into the research and development activity. This requires significant capital amounts from these companies. The investment levels that IBM reaches cannot be reached by many of these companies. This makes it difficult for these companies to keep up with IBM and its…

Antitrust Practices and Market Power

The modern business environment is increasingly characterized by the proliferation of emerging monopolies in various industries. One of the industries that have experienced an increase in budding monopolies is Information Technology, particularly with the growth and development of social media and networks. Technology companies have rapidly developed into monopolies because of the connection between attractive business opportunities. The growth of leading technology companies into monopolies has also been fueled by their efforts to gain and maintain market power. However, some of these companies such as Google, AT&T, Standard Oil, Microsoft, and Facebook have been investigated for antitrust behavior.

Similar to Google, Facebook is company whose growth and development is partly attributed to the failure by Microsoft to strangle it like it did to Netscape a decade before. Facebook's business and operations are entirely built on focusing on developing network effects since the firm's value for…

Mergers can also help at least come domestic companies become competitive with international ones. Mergers potentially free up increased money for research and development.

Yes, it is possible for mergers to be beneficial overall. There is no blanket yes or no judgement that applies to whether or not mergers are beneficial. They are generally beneficial if the above conditions are met along with the following conditions: There remains sufficient competition that the newly formed company cannot enforce monopolistic conditions and that there remains freedom of entry into the market sector for new firms.

3. Why are competitive markets considered more efficient than monopolistic markets? Give economic reasons. Give a real-live example of a market that tends to be competitive and one that tends to be monopolistic. Describe characteristics that support your classification. Is there evidence of efficiency or inefficiency in either of the markets you describe?

Competitive markets are considered…

Market power can exist when there are substantial barriers to entry into the indus-try. Expectations about incumbent reactions, incumbent advantages, and exit costs all can serve as entry barriers.

The extreme case of a firm with market power is monopoly, where the industry con-sists of only one firm. Here, industry and firm demand curves are one and the same. In contrast to competitive markets, consumers pay more than marginal cost and the firm earns economic profits. Output is restricted from competitive levels. With a monopoly, not all the potential gains from trade are exhausted.

Monopolistic competition is a hybrid between competition and monopoly. It is like mo-nopoly in that firms under both market structures face downward-sloping demand curves. Market power comes from differentiated products. Examples include the toothpaste, golf ball, tennis racket, and shampoo markets. The analyses of output and pricing policies are similar in the two cases. The difference…

Market Study and Potential for EOT Cranes, Gantry Cranes, Jib, and the Market for Imported European Hoist and Crane Components in India.

A boom in the construction industry caused a corresponding boom in the demand for construction building equipment (specifically in cranes and hoists), which shows prediction of increasing in the future. Cement, steel, and construction industries have all been involved in this popularity, all of them requesting EOT cranes, Gentry cranes, JIB cranes and European-imported hoist and crane components. The market for machinery is huge, particularly for used machinery coming from Europe with the latter mostly being used in the unorganized sector. Off Highway esearch (OH), reported that in 2009, India sold 6,499 mobile cranes, most of which have been the pick and carry type. As of 2011, the market size for EOT cranes and hoists is approximately s 1,500 crore to 1,700 crore (Project Monitor). By the year…

Market Patterns

One industry that has shifted in the past few years in terms of its structure is the smartphone operating system market. A few years ago, most of the early smartphones were based around proprietary operating systems. Palm and Blackberry dominated the market. Apple joined the industry with the introduction of the iPhone, but more recently other firms have entered the market as well, including Google (Android), indows, Symbian and other systems. The market has moved from a stable oligopoly of four firms basically between two firms into a market that is much closer to monopolistic competition. However, there is the risk that as operating systems shake out, the market could return to an oligopoly of just three operating systems (est & Mace, 2007).

In the short-run, firms in this industry will seek to gain market share through differentiation. The products are slightly differentiated from each other -- they…

The crux of this challenge however is the distribution and fulfillment system, an area Amazon.com for example had streamlined for low-quantity orders before ever launching their website and online store. This equates to what Elberse and Oberholzer-Gee (2006) mention as the ability of online retailers to in effect feed the creation of long-tail markets by representing thousands of products online and fulfilling them through synchronized order management and supply chain systems.

According to Newman (2005) the network centricity of the Power Law is a contributing factor to its efficiency. From the standpoint of online retailers, this network effect is illustrated by the level of supply chain integration, synchronization, and the use of real-time shared data to create stronger hub-like efficiencies within a Power Law-dominated industry. One assumption and area of future research is in the definition of velocities of information throughout a Power Law network. Figure 2 shows a graphical…

Only then will the moe effective use of knowledge occu and its value is de-politicized, making it moe potent in geneating pofits (Chatand, 1985).

It is a paadox that the moe challenging, disuptive and uncetain a given industy is the moe oganizations factionalize thei stuctues, ceating splinte goups and politically volatile stuctues that only acceleate a company's demise. The paadox is that in the toughest and uncetain of times in the telecommunications industy, Veizon Telecommunications needs to think moe about how they too can be a disuptive foce in the maket. Instead, the management team is focused on a highly balkanized, vey politically-diven agenda of holding onto powe by ceating smalle silos o depatments that can easily manage the data that is peceived as the most valuable asset thee is in the oganization. The paadox comes full cicle when a company is sold in pieces and the sold unit o…

Market Society and the Public Sphere

My journal text comes to illustrate the utmost significance of globalization viewed as the force molding and shaping the current world. It describes the multidimensional aspect of globalization that influences and encompasses all facets of life through an integrated network. Currently, globalization is the buzzword in media articles, daily talks of media people and talks of politicians. There is no aspect of life that is not influenced or affected by globalization (Tober, 2006, 33). However, many people find it difficult to reflect on this phenomenon. This is because the term is applied in so many aspects leading to its ambiguity in defining it according to my text.

Numerous volumes of work have written about globalization in numerous fields such as political, science, business, economics, sociology and many more. This has made the term globalization lack a precise cogent theory and definition. This is seen…

Even public transportation is growing more expensive, given that cash-strapped states are raising fares.

SOT Analysis:

Strengths

Victory offers customizable bikes with great value and power, according to its promotional literature. I

eaknesses

Victory began as an "offshoot" of Polaris Industries, which is mainly known for marketing snowmobiles and ATVs. Amongst the target audience, particularly in the South and areas where snowmobiling is uncommon, it may have little brand recognition.

Opportunities

The economic downturn and demand for more fuel-efficient vehicles could be capitalized upon as a great opportunity for the company -- more individuals are likely to be seeking out motorcycles as a mode of transportation.

Threats

In a recent head-to-head of Harleys and Victories, one trade magazine said that Victory produced the superior model, but Harley had the better-known name: "It comes down to cooler character of the Harley vs. The better handling, more powerful Cross Country. I know…

It revealed the fact that customers were willing to buy chocolate in order to be in fashion.

The government, which is a communist one, has imposed chocolate importers to mark the country of origin in order to provide the customers with the accurate information about the products they offer.

Size, number, and financial strength of competitors. If we take into consideration the report mentioned above, the main competitors are: Dove (38.61%), Cadbury, Le Conte, Nestle, Hershey's, Golden Monkey, Ferrero Rocher, M&M's, Tresor Dore and Shenfeng. These ten producers account for 90% of the chocolate market, while the first three cover about two thirds of the market share. However, among these ten best companies we can only depict two internal brands. These are Golden Monkey (2.94%) and Shenfeng (1.58%). Due to the new regulations regarding the percentages and quality of the ingredients used, many national producers may not be able to…

The assumptions of industry structure and pricing are based on the market shares of the leading competitors in the motorcycle market including Harley-Davidson with 65% and Honda with 12.9%. There are over 40 different manufacturers of motorcycles globally who comprise the remaining 22% of the worldwide market (Murphy, 2008). Gaining distribution for a new motorcycle model will be challenging given the concentration level of competitors in the market. As motorcycles are considered discretionary purchases, they are influenced by the consumer sentiment index, the level of per capita disposable income, the downstream demand for motorcycle dealership and repair, and the available time consumers have for using them (Diamond, 2008). All of these factors are taken into account in the factoring of both the baseline motorcycle industry forecast and the hybrid motorcycle forecast as well.

Sales and Unit Forecasts

Using exponential smoothing and an average sale price of $9,100, the forecast for…

Power & Nationalism

Koreans seems to have grown tired of the American presence in their country. Is this a fact? What are its causes and how has it come to this status? The American presence in the Korean Peninsula dates from the Korean War, which was the first major war after the Second World War. The war started in 1950 with the invasion of South Korea by the Communist North. The war had been predictable for some time, as the Communist threat had become more persistent in that part of Asia, with the Communists having gained power in China in 1949, however, the United Stats had previously stated that it held no interest in the area and that it would not intervene.

Albeit this, Harry Truman and his advisors decided to send air strikes in North Korea and gained a United Nations mandate to send troops under its emblem to…

Therefore, the policy will ensure that as far as the plant keeps manufacturing products to the customers, it participates in protecting the lives and health of these people. Moreover, the policy is beneficial in offering equitable policies that allow a universal use of the environment. The second policy is categorical of what comes after the emission of the gases into the environment. This policy benefits the environment and all its components that benefit from it directly and indirectly (Thomas & Carson, 2011).

Cost of each action

Each policy is likely to consume a considerable amount of finances and other requirements. For instance, the policies are poised at establishing a palatable ground where agents and pursuers will have to seek compensation. Marketing or creation of awareness of the policies will consume a considerable amount of finances. Moreover, the aftermath of the policies will be reserved to financial constrains from the lobby…

For this type of customers, Diesel should create a special line of clothing items, different from the one for the primary target customers. For the primary target customers the central piece is the jeans. For the secondary target customers Diesel designers should combine jeans with other clothing items that are best suitable for 25-35 aged customers, that have good jobs and that are present in high social circles. For the secondary target customers the price should be significantly higher than the price for the primary target customers. The secondary target customers are trying to buy a certain status together with the clothing items they buy, so the higher the price of the clothes, the higher the status they are achieving. Other than this, the price should reflect the work invested in creating these clothing items, which require extra care for the secondary target customers.

As mentioned above, the communication strategy…

Market Potential Index

There are eight indicators on the market potential index: market size, market intensity, growth rate, consumption capacity, commercial infrastructure, receptivity, economic freedom and country risk.

The market size is the largest weight. The measures used are urban population and electricity consumption, I guess as proxies for the number of people who have at least the possibility of having money.

Market intensity is based on the gross national income per capita and private consumption as % of GDP, measures that reflect the wealth of the country and presumably telling something about purchasing power.

Growth rate is based on the growth rate in energy use and the real GDP growth rate, looking at how fast the market is growing.

The consumption capacity is measured with consumer expenditure and income share of middle class. This is similar to market intensity, but with a focus on consumers and the middle class,…

hen taking office, financial industry of America was in chaos. Economy was in its worst contraction, values of housing were plummeting and credit cards were frozen plus other external forces like Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Nevertheless, there has been success in his Agendas. Though the economy still remains weak, the president has put forward various initiatives that help in stabilizing recommended longer term programs for sustained growth, housing and capital market, starting a process of reaching out to the world aiming at changing image of America and to change priorities of American military that are in Iraq and Afghanistan, Dana D. Nelson, (2008).

The big issue is how Obama has been successful? There has been focus by the commentators that tight team work, deliberative methods and calm style of leadership could be. Obama read the country plus the political moments rightly. He was having in mind that in 2009 America…

Market Behavior

One industry that has seen a shift in the market model is the smartphone industry. During the mid-2000s, this industry was an oligopoly, populated basically by two firms that emerged from the old PDA market. Palm and RIM (Blackberry) operated as a duopoly, catering primarily to business customers with early smartphones. Apple joined the industry with the iPhone, and was quickly followed by a number of other players. The organization of the industry is somewhat unique, as some firms are vertically integrated providers with operating systems and hardware integrated (Blackberry, Apple) and other firms have a number of hardware manufacturers working in conjunction with operating systems makers. Thus in operating systems there remains almost an oligopoly with two or three major firms and a couple of other minor ones, whereas on the hardware side the industry is fully in a state of monopolistic competition.

Short Run and Long…

Power and the Use of Language, Orwell's 1984 And Beyond

George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel 1984 has become almost iconoclastic in its meaning for contemporary society. Almost like the term Machiavellianism, 1984 evokes images in popular culture, along with the author's name as an adjective, and phrases that were used in the book. Even the term "Orwellian" denotes a certain type of society; phrases like "Big Brother," "Newspeak," "Thought-Police," etc. are now part of the vocabulary when describing totalitarian regimes. The novel's premise has become part of a modern archetype, imitated on television, popular music, movies, and even one of the most popular advertisements ever made, the 1984 launch of Apple's Macintosh.

Nineteen Eighty-Four focuses on a new type of society -- repressive, totalitarian, staunch, all-powerful, all knowing, oligarchical, and pervasive. The novel's main character, Winston Smith, is a simple civil servant assigned to the daily task of perpetuating the…

Power of the Media

Few things in life have much power to influence individuals and society as a whole, either negatively or positively. The media is one such medium. hether it is books, the Internet, magazines, movies, music, newspapers, radio, television, or some other form, the media has tremendous power to impact both individuals and society as a whole, both negatively and positively. In recent years, there has been great controversy over whether the media has the power to promote or curb violence.

This paper analyzes and examines the power of the news and print media to promote or curb violence. Part II gives an overview of the role of the media in general. In Part III, how the media promotes or curbs violence is reviewed. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations for balancing the relationship between the media's need for freedom of expression and society's desire for less violence.…

In addition those on the board of directors may have worked at the same accounting or law firms and had business dealings with one another in the past. Even some college professors and ex-high ranking government officials who have conducted studies or have useful connections are board members (Holbrook, 2004). The author further reports that "These people with intertwined relationships with corporate management often sit on multiple boards, causing an even greater conflict of interest (Holbrook, 2004-page 4)."

As was mentioned previously the sources of power for a corporation can differ slightly depending on whether or not the corporation is publicly or privately held. Publicly held organizations are often beholden to shareholders (each of whom owns a percentage of the company) (Winkler, 2004). Publicly held corporations must make financial information about the company available to shareholders (per government regulations).

Shareholders have a significant amount of power because they are a…

For example, in the early 1990's the 'Intel Inside' of computers was great for computer sales. That is until the Intel brand name took a major hit for allowing a faulty chip to make its way to the market. The internet-based Word-of-Mouth made the 'Intel Inside' a marketing nightmare.

The Word-of-Mouth and Buzz marketing approach coupled with the internet are more effective than any available print or television ad currently used because consumers are too overly saturated by those mediums. This new approach of the future was recently used and studied for the popular film 'Fahrenheit 911' and the blockbuster results in revenues clearly show that this new approach is the wave of the next generation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the world of marketing has changed and our more global and technologically advanced social and business environment will make marketers reevaluate their approach. Marketing executives can no longer go about in…

In Bulbul and Menon 169).

Other companies besides Proctor and Gamble have created advertising with emotional appeal. Consider, for example, print ads for McDonald's restaurants that show a mother and her young daughter taking time together for lunch. Think of ads that show a sleek car speeding through empty city streets or a teary-eyed young woman surprised with the gift of an engagement ring. ecent research validates the wisdom of these creative decisions. "Emotions dominate cognition and need to be considered as the most crucial factor in the advertising process. Emotional reactions function as the gatekeeper for further cognitive and behavioral reactions" (Poels and Dewitte 18).

Advertisers also use color to provoke emotional responses in consumers. Some research has been done, but the field is still wide open for further study. Lichtle noted that "despite its importance surprisingly little is known about the influence of colour in advertising," (37).

Billions…

To ensure that none of this was taking place, many state regulatory commissions would set prices and monitor the industry. Then, during the 1980's is when deregulation would occur, as many economists felt that they were stifling economic growth. As a result, the different laws were changed, allowing for electric producers to have greater freedoms in: setting prices and determining how it would be distributed. With a host of electric companies, beginning to own others producers in different states and they began to actively trade it. This is important, because it shows how the overall level of government regulation would be reduced. Yet, the various state regulatory commissions would still be able to maintain oversight and control inside their borders. As a result, there was a reduction in the overall amount of regulations, while allowing certain controls to remain in place. When you put these different elements together, this meant…

Rational firms will choose the lowest-cost option between the two. The market is expected to be efficient, so that while some firms will find it cheaper to pollute, other firms will find it cheaper to install pollution abatement mechanisms.

Ultimately, the system will seek to deliver the lowest per-unit cost of abatement. This will be achieved because the firms that are going to abate their pollution are the ones for whom the cost of abatement is lower than the cost of polluting. With these firms focused on their abatement efforts, they will deliver a greater degree of pollution abatement at a lower per-unit cost with the marketable permits than any other system.

To see the value in this system, the alternative must be considered. If firms are mandated to reduce pollution, they will do so to bring themselves under the maximum allowable pollution levels. However, firms will have no economic…

(Dunn, 2009)

Arumemi-Ikhide believes that Arik can succeed due to a combination of the opportunity -- helped by economic and air transport reforms in Nigeria -- and the capability to deliver a high quality product." (Dunn, 2009) Also stated by Arumemi-Ikhide is that this "will be a key in differentiating it in the international market and providing feeder traffic. That will be the lifeline for the international network. That's what sets up apart from our rivals." (Dunn, 2009)

Martin Russell states in the report entitled: "Arik Air: The Future of African Aviation" that both the "internal opinion of African air travel and that of onlookers overseas was bleak before the arrival of Nigeria's newest treasure, Arik Air." (2008) Russell states that the aviation industry is African is "hampered by somewhat less predictable weather and frequent storms" resulting in aviation in African being "far from predictable with temperamental skies that readily…

Creating a homey, comfortable, and beautiful environment is likely to be important for the consumer, as much of the products of the company stress simplicity and elegance, yet adding something a bit extra to everyday life, through the use of homemade crafts, making food from scratch, or added amenities to the home. These are women who are concerned as to what other women think of them, and think of their childrearing and homemaking skills.

hat segments are the ideal targets of the market?

Marketers estimate that although women slightly more than 50% of the population, they women "buy or influence an average of 85% of everything that is sold in the United States," and that number is even higher for food, household items and home improvement items (Clark, 2007) omen are ideal marketing targets because they have "huge appetite to communicate" and often recommend products to their friends, and use…

A third area Kudler needs to concentrate on is understanding the psychographic segments of their customers, including how they perceive themselves as part of a broader group (Wagner, 2010). This is essential for them to gain greater insight into how best to manage these key influencers as part of a broader panel and gain critical intelligence on how to position their business.

Finally, it's very critical that any retail business have exceptionally strong competitive insight and intelligence. This is an area of market research that Kudler Foods needs to concentrate on thoroughly., as they will over time attract greater competition on price alone. If the amateur and commercial chef market is an affluent one in this area of the country, other competitors will certainly begin approaching these customers with loyalty programs and advanced deals. Using social media and continued monitoring of competitors while watching these critical segments' shopping patterns, Kudler…

emaining workers will get jobs at higher than equilibrium wage, the Supply curve shifts to the left, and wage and output stabilize until something else changes like input cost or legislation.

Were firms able to hire workers at less than minimum wage, say like in Figure 4, where the cost of paying illegals including the enforcement cost results in lower demand for legal minimum wage workers, the result would be a total average cost between the two supply lines, increased outcome for the firm, at less than average minimum wage cost. The new Alabama law seems to attempt to drive off the black line "illegals" by mandating stiffer enforcement for services and privileges like business or auto licenses, awls (2011) explains. This creates an interesting distribution of costs if firms derive profit, but the cost of enforcement is being pushed onto others not employing illegals. If the black line in…

Women in Control

What some see as a male-dominated world, others see females in control, sometimes behind the scenes.

When it comes to selecting mates, it is women who are in ultimate control. And, they are quite selective. Of the many characteristics women look for in a man, good financial prospects, social status, ambition, size/strength, and dependability are only a few ("Women's Long-Term" 109). Although if a man has many of these characteristics he may be able to more likely attract a female of his liking, in the end, men are at the mercy of women, when it comes to relationships, love and procreation. This is a significant amount of control that women solely possess.

Dreher's study regarding the glass ceiling and how women have been positively impacted by the increase in the number of work-life human resource practices in the last two decades. When compared with figures from the…

79 in 2003 to 7.27% in 2009. In addition, evenue Per Employee increased from $176,089 in 2003 to $192,618 in 2009. Wal-Mart has defined a series of internal strategies that allow them to capitalize on asset efficiencies and coordinate them to increase profits over the long-term. An example of this type of strategy is the reliance on continual supplier relationship management significantly improving the company's asset turnover from 10.38 in 2003 to 11.61 in 2009. Wal-Mart also relies on an intensive knowledge and information sharing network that includes pricing and sales uploads every night from each of their stores via satellite link. This data is then analyzed in the Bentonville, Arkansas headquarters and used for managing inventories, pricing, and suppliers more effectively than their competitors. This is also the factor leading to the company's higher inventory turns and more efficient use of assets as well.

Assessing the Price/Earnings atio

In…

Lululemon

Supply Analysis of Lululemon

Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Lululemon

ival Companies

PESTLE Analysis of Lululemo

Core Competencies

Analysis of Marketing Strategy of Lululemon

Analysis of Company Management

isk Factors

Financial Analysis

Company History

Lululemon Athletica Inc. which was founded in 1998 in the city of Vancouver by Chip Wilson is a specialist in the design and production of high-end technical clothing for athletes and yoga clothing.

While operating primarily in the continents of North America and Australia, the company initially targeted the educated woman who strives to live an active and a healthy life as their primary customers. The first store of the company was opened up in November of 2000 and it was aimed by the company to also function as a social and community hub allowing people to come together and learn and discuss issues related to physical aspects as well as the mental aspects for…

market structures in detail and analyses the pricing strategies that the firms have to undertake when they operate in different regimes. The case study on Toyota is considered next, which indicates that firms competing in various structures does not only have to focus on price and quantity ceteris paribus, they also have to consider external and internal variables that have a bearing on these decisions.

Introduction to Market Structures

Market structures are important parts of economic theory as they model market behavior that can help economists explain activities in industry with ease. Market structures, hence are basically models that define market behavior with respect to certain criteria so that it becomes simpler to compare events in real life to the postulated scenario as described in theory in order to be able to determine casualties and to define optimal strategies that firms operating in different market structures can use.

There are…

It is quite apparent that if the subordinates are not happy with the leader or the decisions that he makes, they will not work to the best of their ability.

A practical example of this sort of leadership is of Sir Richard Branson who is the owner of the Virgin Company. It should be noted that till this day, the company has a total of 50,000 employees. Despite having so many employees and such busy schedule, Sir Branson always looks after his employees and makes sure that none of their queries go un answered. He personally checks their emails or letters and replies to them. All his employees know that he goes thorough the email therefore they provide their input regarding company decisions as well. This sort of leadership exemplifies the notion that importance should be given to the subordinates as well. It is true that leaders may face tough…

Pharmaceutical industries have to operate in an environment that is highly competitive and subject to a wide variety of internal and external constraints. In recent times, there has been an increasing trend to reduce the cost of operation while competing with other companies that manufacture products that treat similar afflictions and ailments. The complexities in drug research and development and regulations have created an industry that is subject to intense pressure to perform. The amount of capital investment investments required to get a drug from conception, through clinical trials and into the market is enormous. The already high-strung pharmaceutical industry is increasingly investing greater amounts of resources in search of the next "blockbuster" drug that can help them gain market position and profits. Laws, regulations and patents are important to the industry while spending billions of dollars in ensuring the copyright of their products.

It is the intention of this…

orks Cited

Bardhan, P. (1997) "Corruption and Development: A Review of the Issues." Journal of Economic Literature 35: 1320-46.

Barro, R. (1996) "Determinants of Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study." NBER orking Paper No. 5698.

Barro, R., and Lee, J. (1993) "International Comparisons of Educational Attainment." Journal of Monetary Economics 32: 363-94.

Bhagwati, J.N. (1982) "Directly Unproductive Profit-Seeking (DUP) Activities." Journal of Political Economy 90: 988-1002.

Buchanan, J.M.; Tullock G.; and Tollison, R., eds. (1980) Toward a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society. College Station: Texas a & M. University Press.

Campos, J.E.; Lien, D.; and Pradhan, S. (1999) "The Impact of Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters." orld Development 27 (6): 105967.

Cheung, S.N. (1996) "Simplistic General Equilibrium Theory of Corruption." Contemporary Economic Policy 14 (3): 1-5.

Davies, B. 2001. "Making macaroni out of Marconi." Centaur Communications. [online] http://www.ideasociety.co.uk/marconi.htm

Easterly, ., and Levine R. (1997) "Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions."…

As noted, we have at least one student, one retiree, one manager, one housewife, and one entry level employee.

We will also assume that in the prescreening we were able to capture demographic data (age, gender, race, income, lifestyle, etc.).

Questions for Focus Group (Note, subheadings are potential probes based on responses):

1. Do any of you shop online for clothing?

a. How often? easons?

b. Perceptions of Quality, convenience, etc.

c. Approximate amount spent on online clothing purchases per annum?

d. Desire to continue?

2. Now, thinking about clothing, let's turn to purchases of shoes? Do you ever shop online for your shoe purchases?

a. Why or why not?

b. easons?

c. Concerned with "fit"

d. How do most shoe retailers in your experience handle returns?

e. Approximate amount spent on online shoe purchases per annum?

f. Desire to continue?

3. Are you familiar with the term "mass customized…

An important contribution to the market ideology is that the authors recognized the existence of a relationship between employment and the market. This relationship was based on that the employment, the division of labor and the "human material progress had proceed in parallel with the growth of the market." Otherwise put, there existed a direct relationship between the market and the employment, with the market being the feature which set the tone. An increase of the market would generate an increase in employment and vice versa. However, an increase or decrease in employment would not affect the market as the relationship between the two is unilateral.

Engels, Moore and Jones believed that the future successful implementation of the communist policies would see no major use of the market; "in the society of the future, there would be no mediation through the market. Wealth would satisfy needs directly. It would be…

Competitive Analysis: Tiny Home Market

Montainer is one of the more popular entrants in the tiny home market. It offers a relatively low price point for container homes. According to its website, a base module in the form of a recycled and refurbished shipping container is only $65,000, well below the price of even the most inexpensive homes, and installation runs $10,000-$20,000. The homes can be located anywhere the customer has land and can secure a permit. "We determine exact installation costs for your site including connection to utilities whether you are [sic] access to power, city sewer and water or well and septic system. Solar panels are also an option that we provide." ("FAQ," 2016). The shipping containers are relatively Spartan, however and a more realistic target market may be individuals who want vacation homes or temporary office spaces although according to Montainer, "Montainer wants to sell its homes…

environment in which an organization operates, seen as a cumulus of social, economic, legal or technological factors, is constantly changing. We may refer to the specific or general environment so as to separate the environment in which the company revolves on a day-to-day basis, including here its suppliers or customers, from the general conditions within the country (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn. Organizational ehavior. Eighth Edition. John Wiley and Sons. 2003. Chapter 12,-page 14). It becomes evident that the organization is influenced by both these different environments and that the decisions made within the company and the organization's politics are strictly determined by them.

The government regulations on business form much of the legal and economic factors of the general environment. However, they are also specific, as they have a direct impact on the company's business and on the decisions taken. A common business regulation is the Anti-Trust set of regulations,…

Advertising and Its Effects

Advertising is the art of making a product known to the potential buyers. It entails the use of various means of media and any other means that can relay the message to the people out there. Through advertisements, the buyers can know more than just the availability of a product. Besides being made aware of the product, consumers can learn about the prices and the usability of the products being sold. Advertisement is a commercial activity, and media houses make most of the revenue from it (Batra, 2009). People and even companies pay to be covered by the platforms of these media in order to have a better way of convincing the public to purchase the goods and services. This paper discusses the various aspects of advertisement and its effects to all concerned stakeholders.

Forms of advertisements

The most commonly used forms of advertisements include both…

Power

Stone presents a model of power that identifies nonofficial and invisible types of power that are more important than visible electoral clout. Social capital, cultural capital, and economic capital are within the province of this invisible type of power. Specifically, Stone identifies several types of unofficial and invisible power including potential power, nondecision making, and anticipated reactions. Nondecision making is defined as "the capacity of elite groups to restrict the scope of community decision making," effectively "not making" decisions while effectively making decisions that are of great importance to the disenfranchised community and the individuals that comprise it. Stone also refers to contextual forces that impact the manifestation and usefulness of power, and conceptualizes "systemic power," which is defined as "the impact of the larger socioeconomic system on the predispositions of public officials," (979). Lukes presents his argument about power from the perspective of the oppressed. His research question…

Market-State

oth Phillip obbit and Richard Robison offer accounts of what a market-state is. obbit contends that the core features of the market-state are a crisis of the nation-state, a transformation of core state functions, relations of national states to transnational markets, and cosmopolitan culture. Finance is at the center of the culture, the money economy. Governments are more centralized but weaker because power is allocated by the money men, the banks, the managers of finance and capital, and governments are merely their footstools. According to Robison, on the other hand, market-states are neo-liberal, techno-managerial and instrumental, and citizens are clients and consumers. oth describe the materialistic, consumerist society, yet each has its own theoretical approach and unique conceptualization. This paper will compare obbit's and Robison's accounts of market-states and use the writings of Smith, Keynes, Marx and others to help illustrate the nature of the two.

Differences of What…

Market Structure and Managerial Decision Making

The objective of this paper is to discuss the concept game theory in the competitive market environment where there are two or more firms competing against one another. The paper cites the examples of Nash equilibrium, prisoner dilemma, and dominant strategy. Moreover, the paper discusses the theory of perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic market and theory of oligopoly. (Bhat, and au, 2008).

Game Theory

The game theory is a type of situation where the rewards or payoff given to any player depends on the action of the other players. The interdependence between two or more firms is referred as a game theory, and the rewards earned by a firm is known as a payoff, and the payoff matrix assists in analyzing the interdependence between firms. A duopoly is an interdependence between two players that may result in a game theory. However, a relationship between two…

Market Society Material and Ideological Conditions

A great transformation occurred at the end of the Medieval Age, when a resurgence of classical humanism and an age of Enlightenment led the way to an industrial revolution and a restructuring of European affairs. The Old World religion gave way to a Protestant ethos which shaped the philosophies of the centuries that followed and the rise of democratic societies and the "middle class" altered the way nations conducted business. This paper will discuss the material and ideological conditions that supported this "great transformation" (Polanyi), the characterizations of the market society, the significance of the transformation, and the connection between the "Protestant work ethic" and the "spirit of capitalism" as defined by Max Weber (Bendix).

The transition from medieval to market society came about by a shifting of societal values. Trade between East and West increased as technology and the means of travel increased.…

Market Revolution: hy it as Good for Some, Not for Others

The Market Revolution of the 19th century could not have occurred without the Age of Industrialization that allowed it to displace the old mode of commerce and trade. Goods could now be produced en masse and shipped at far faster speeds than ever before. hat had once been the work of the domestic role players was not taken out of their hands and made the work of laborers in factors. In every sector, technology played a part -- the cotton gin, the furnaces, the steel mills, the meat packers, the freight trains -- the landscape of America was changing and life and its social, spiritual, economic and political characteristics were also being impacted as a result. For some the impact was positive -- but for others it was negative. To some, the market revolution was a quality of American…

Market in Early epublic

James Henretta is a history professor for the University of Maryland. In his article about the market in the early republic, Henretta (1998) outlines the structure of the market during that time period. He opens by pointing out that at the time there were two competing views of what the market should look like. One view, that of Hamilton and the Federalist party, was to "use the power of the state to assist monied men ... to pursue a capitalist path of domestic commercial development" (p.290). Such an approach would focus on building a strong banking industry to support the capitalists. The other approach, as advocated by Jefferson, Madison and the Democratic-epublican party, preferred a model that supported farmers, artisans and other small businesses. Incentives would be offered for these to produce for export markets, a "subsistence-plus" model that allowed people the means to survive while…

Photovoltaic power system is a type of renewable energy that converts solar energy into solar photovoltaic electricity. Photovoltaic (PV) technology converts energy from the sunlight into the electricity. One of the advantages of the PV technology is that it is pollution free, and it is applicable with little maintenance.

(EPIA 2008). Since sunlight is available free of charge, there has been an increase in the research and development (&D) to make the Photovoltaic energy available to all households and industry in the future. With the advantages derived from the PV energy systems, varieties of research have been launched at national and international laboratories focusing on the mass production of solar power at possible lower costs. (Dahl, 2005). In German, there are varieties of efforts in the development of PV technology. There has been an increase in the collaboration of government, university and the industry consortia in the development of Photovoltaic…

Once the technology is recognized as effective, by the industry and enforcement agencies these mines could even be offered deductions as a result of their reflected commitment to reduce injury and fatalities in the industry, through the provision of "Moxie" to employees. This jump in efficacy could reasonably take place, given the relative cost of the equipment and the desire of the industry to have such technology in as short a time as five years. It is hoped that once the efficacy is proven and the minors are recognized to have avoided accident and tragedy that the device will become a required aspect of equipping a minor and will therefore skyrocket in sales and more importantly improve the overall safety of the mine, tenfold.

Conclusion

In conclusion "Moxie" will offer the minor and the organization they work for, greater assurance that toxic gas will no longer be an unavoidable danger…

eviromental analysis, Porters powers SWOT analysis sbout a project . My project open a retailing medical company buys locally import medical surgical consumables . The company manufacture prodect, copmany import consumables saudi arabia resell local market, Also company buy medical surgical items local market bulk quantities factories resell .

Medic etailers is intended to be a large organization that will deal in the sale of medical supplies to consumers in Saudi Arabia. Indeed, doing business in the medical field is usually intensely involving given that the area is extremely regulated in order to ensure that standards are kept high. Similarly, the regulatory authorities are generally ultra-fast in closing down any businesses. Nevertheless, Medic etailers intend to come up with a precise elucidative process that will ensure high levels of hygiene and efficiency in its operations. The business will be about the importation of medical and surgical equipment from foreign countries…

1)

Also reported for Wal-Mart Stores Inc. was the following information:

(1) It is reported that Wal-Mart now ships in the U.S. alone order from 35 of its 4,000 stores in the U.S. compared to the previously reported shipping from 25. Goals have been set at 50 stores by the end of the year. It is reported that traffic to Wal-Mart's U.S. e-commerce site "exceeds 45 monthly visitors and growth and conversion are accelerating." (Davis, 2013, p.1) Davis also reports that Wal-Mart announced yesterday it had acquired two online technology startups and planned to hire 150 more staffers for its Walmart.com operations in Silicon Valley, which already employ 1,500." (Davis, 2013, p.1)

(2) It is reported that in the U.K. The "Asda supermarket chain that Wal-Mart owns is the country's second-largest online grocer, Wal-Mart says. Asda completed the rollout of Wi-Fi to its stores in the first quarter, making it…

Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydro Power Plant Disaster

Company Background

Sayano -- Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station is geographically located on the Yenisei iver, near Sayanogorsk in Khakassia, ussia. It was the largest hydro electrical power plant in ussian and sixth largest hydro electrical power station in the world, until the accident has occurred. The plant was operated by usHydro, which was established in December 2004 during ussia's privatization movement, however about 60% of its shares are owned by ussian government. The milestone of usHydro operation was that it has recorded the satiation's all-time highest electricity output in 24 hours (usHydro, July 2009). usHydro has 55 hydro plants with the installed capacity of 25.4 GW. The annual energy generation recorded by Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station was about 23.4 TWh, which was almost one-quarter of that produced by usHydro's resources for the Unified Energy Systems of ussia and Siberia. The major consumer of the plant…

Dispersed Knowledge Within Markets and Companies

As the world has penetrated into the age of advancements and innovations, it has given rise to increased globalization, which has resulted in intense and fierce competition in the marketplace on a universal platform. Companies and firms on a broad spectrum are now confronting numerous new challenges because of the competition that has rapidly grown within the marketplace. Therefore, it has become significant for the companies to be vigilant so that they can develop and implement the systems that meet the requirement of innovation of the current market and have the potential to act promptly in response to the new changes (itzer 2011).

A general perception has been developed that multinational corporations were the widespread firms that extensively practiced the dispersed knowledge. The globally dispersed locations of the firms confronted a need to assimilate geographically dispersed knowledge in order to create value to the…

South Florida, especially Broward County, has showed the most eagerness, with eighty seven percent in favor of solar energy investment. Central Florida and the Gulf Coast were close behind, and eighty percent of those living in North Florida also favored more state venture for solar energy. hile voters of all ages said they approved of spending more on solar, ninety three percent of those between eighteen and thirty four agreed. Statewide, the accord crossed party lines, with eighty two percent of Republicans favoring more public capital for solar energy, compared with eighty seven percent of Democrats. The poll also showed strong support for solar energy even if it led to an increase in utility bills. Overall, eighty one percent of those polled said they were willing to pay more each month on their utility bill to sustain solar energy (Poll: Support up for solar energy investment, 2008).

The sun is…

McDonald's Market Structure

McDonald's (2010) is one of the most recognizable brands around the world. It is the world's largest food chain and has more than 32,000 locations in more than 110 countries. Operating it's own brand, McDonald's franchises its brand to local business people; approximately 70% of McDonald's restaurants are franchised. As of 2009, 80% of McDonald's restaurants were franchised business with the remaining 20% being were company-operated. McDonald's serves more than 47 million customers on a daily basis and employs upwards of 1.5 million people. The chain has adapted to cultural regions and offers items such as the Teriyaki Mac in Japan, substitutes lamb for beef in India, and offers variants of the Filet-O-Fish in China ("Fast Food Market Share," 2011).

McDonald's functions as an oligopoly in the burger themed fast food franchise industry. An oligopoly occurs when few firms dominate the market. For example, in the Spanish…

secondary mortgage market in detail. It puts light on the functioning of secondary mortgage market. It also discusses different tools that are used in this market and the benefits and drawbacks of this market. This paper also highlights some of the secondary mortgage market organizations and agencies. The evolution and growth of secondary mortgage market has also been discussed in this paper.

The secondary mortgage market is a place where the investors buy mortgage loans from the originators. An originator itself can be an investor also, by buying the loans provided by other originators. An originator can also sell these loans to an intermediary, who then converts these loans into securities and sell them to other people. It is a place where the mortgages originated in the primary mortgage market are resold. The already issued notes are also sold in the secondary mortgage market. These notes are purchased by the…