Organizational Analysis Essays (Examples)

Organization Analysis

Analysing Organisation: Using relevant theoretical perspectives frameworks, critically analyse organisation choice.

Analyzing organization is the process of assessing the organizations systems, functionality and capacity so as to increase the organizations performance, efficiency and overall output. This is done by using various theories and models whose aim is to understand the structure of the organization, technology and behavioral relationships Bate, Khan, & Pye, 2000.

This should be a periodic and detailed activity that assists the organizations management to identify any inefficiency or problems that may have risen and have not been dealt with the management will then come up with strategies to deal with them.

The Company

Compulyzed Telecommunications is a telecommunications company dealing with telephone, cabling, and internet provision services for both home and corporate clients. Compulyzed Telecommunications had an increase of 1.7% operating profit in the fiscal year 2011 as compared to the previous year this was…

References

Barney, J.B. (1995). Looking inside for Competitive Advantage. The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), 9(4), 49-61.

Bate, P., Khan, R., & Pye, A. (2000). Towards a Culturally Sensitive Approach to Organization Structuring: Where Organization Design Meets Organization Development. Organization Science, 11(2), 197-211.

Becker, I., & Flaxer, E. (2008). Analysing the Hierarchical Organization of Text by Using Biologically-Inspired Statistical Methods. [Article]. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 15(4), 318-339. doi: 10.1080/09296170802326657

Bloodgood, J.M., & Bauerschmidt, A. (2002). Competitive Analysis: Do Managers Accurately Compare Their Firms To Competitors? Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(4), 418-434.

These individuals will then be able to seek some aspects of care and reimbursement through these qualifying federal services, and allow the IHS to bill federal programs to offset its own billing costs and to ensure the elimination of redundancy. These programs supplement the provision of care for American Indians and Alaska Natives and reduce the funding burden on limited funds directed to the IHS. These federal programs, also assist those who qualify in receiving care in areas where IHS services are not traditionally located, off reservation and possibly even in urban and/or rural areas without IHS services and programs.

Stakeholders in the programs are of course the IHS itself, all those American Indians and Native Alaskans who are covered by its services or could be covered for services, and the 557 Indian Nations in the 35 states they are affiliated with. Secondary shareholders are all the supplemental federal agencies…

References

About IHS (2008) Retrieved December 5, 2008  http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfo/PublicAffairs/Welcome_Info/IHSintro.asp 

Coward, R.T., Davis, L.A., Gold, C.H., Smiciklas-Wright, H., Thorndyke, L.E., & Vondracek, F.W. (Eds.). (2006). Rural Women's Health: Mental, Behavioral, and Physical Issues. New York: Springer.

French, L.A. (2000). Addictions and Native Americans. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

IHS homepage (2008) Retrieved December 5, 2008  http://www.ihs.gov/index.asp

Global Organization Analysis

The World Trade Organization, or WTO, has a strong role in promoting international trade (World, 2014). It not only supervises that trade, but also works to make trade more liberal for all countries (World, 2014). Since trade is an excellent way to keep the economies of various countries moving forward and growing, it would make logical sense that the WTO would be encouraging trade in many different capacities. The WTO was created in 1995 and offers a framework whereby countries can formalize and negotiate trade agreements with one another (World, 2014). There is also a process for dispute resolution so there is less risk to the countries who decide to trade with one another (World, 2014). Participating countries have to agree to the WTO requirements and regulations, and the current focus of the WTO is to bring in more developing countries and get them trading so they…

References

African Development Bank Group. (2014). Retrieved from:  http://www.afdb.org/en/ 

Daniel, F.J. & Hughes, K. (2014). U.S. To take India to WTO over solar power policy. LiveMint. Retrieved from  http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XAtX6hSM4SamEyHHRfYDeI/U.S.-set-for-trade-enforcement-action-linked-to-India.html 

World Trade Organization (2014). Retrieved from:  http://www.wto.org

From the experiences, I have had in organizations that work to combine autonomy, mastery and purpose, the level of performance goes up and becomes the new norm of corporate performance. The many studies of motivation underscore that when autonomy, mastery and purpose are combined, long-term learning and motivation occur (amsey, 2010). The communication networks and channels within organizations are accentuated and made more effective when these three attributes become the foundation of long-term learning and growth over time.

In conclusion, the culture, incentive, and leadership within a given organization have a major impact on the effectiveness of communication networks and channels within organizations. When there is a transformational mindset about aggregating content, data and information then transforming it from a system of record to competitive advantage, companies can use their expertise to compete more effectively. In many respects, this ability to compete more effectively based on better use of information…

References

Andriole, S. (2010). Business Impact of Web 2.0 Technologies. Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM, 53(12), 67.

Bernoff, J., & Li, C. (2008). Harnessing the Power of the Oh-So-Social Web. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49(3), 36-42.

Billington, C., & Davidson, R.. (2010). Using knowledge brokering to improve business processes. The McKinsey Quarterly,(2), 110.

Jeffrey H. Dyer, & Kentaro Nobeoka. (2000). Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal: Special Issue: Strategic Networks, 21(3), 345-367.

Jack elch became the CEO of General Electric and was tasked with bringing the company's profits up in a recession. In this case, he realized that it was an issue of the internal affairs of the business and not so much customer service issues. In response, elch transformed the company through creating fresh action plans for each department, eliminating departments that were not making the market's best products, and creating an internal structure that encouraged employee growth and improvement, moving employees toward becoming leaders within the company. The purpose of the changes was to reform GE into a modern, growing company. The way that elch was able to do all this was the key: he got rid of all the company's red tape and bureaucracy. elch knew that in order for the company to thrive, there could only be one leader at the front of the company and one leaders…

Works Cited

Badaracco, Joseph L. "Ann Hopkins." Harvard Business School (1991): 1-28. Print.

Bass, Bernard. "Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations." Free Press New York12 (1985): 265-72. Print.

House, Robert J. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004. Print.

Kao, John. "Scandinavian Airlines System." Harvard Business School (1993): 1-21. Print.

The seven variables that have been termed as "levers" by the authors all start with the letter 'S'.

Following are the things included in the seven variables:

-Strategy

-Systems

-Staff

-Skills

-Structure

-Shared values and -Style.

Structure is explained as the skeleton of the organizational chart or an organization. Strategy has been identified by the authors as the path or plan of action that is taken in order to achieve some goals and target over a period of time. Systems are defined as the routine process and procedures that are carried out within the firms. Staff is further divided into the personal categories within the firms (e.g., engineers). The skills refer to the capabilities possessed by the staff that is working within an organization. Style is defined as the way in which the managers behave or act in order to achieve the organizational goals. Shared value variable basically comprises of…

References

Burke & Litwin. (1992). A Causal Model of Organization Performance and Change', Journal of Management, Vol 18, No 3, pp 523 -- 545.

Katz, D. & Kahn, R.L. (1978). The Social psychology of organizations. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.

McLindon, D, McDaniel, K., Smiley, J., Anderson. T. And Moorman, R., (2012). Whole Foods Market Case Study. Retrieved from:  http://www.slideserve.com/arleen/whole-foods-market-case-study  on May 15, 2013.

Pascale, R.T. & Athos, a.G. (1981). The art of Japanese management: Applications for American executives. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Organizational Diagnosis of Palm

Palm Computing had reinvented the hand held computer market overnight with the line of PalmPilot and similar devices geared to the mobile gadget industry. According to Clancy (1999), "Palm Computing ultimately sold faster than the videocassette recorder, the color TV, the cell phone, even the personal computer that was its great-grandfather. Introduced in April 1996, within 18 months Palm Computing had shipped more than 1 million units of the handheld and some estimate there were 2 million Palm devices shipped in 1998 alone." (Clancy, 1999)

Such incredible demand for Palm Computing's products were a function of the brilliant and innovative management and design team that launched and built the company. The two prominent executives of the company, responsible for developing product and marketing, and product releases, were Jeff Hawkins and Donna Dubinsky.

According to Clancy (1999), "In Hawkins, Silicon Valley has one of its most independent,…

References

Enderle R. (2010) "HP and Palm: The Explosion that Will Rock the Computer Industry"

Leadersphere (2008) "HR Intelligence Report -- Organizational Diagnostic Models -- A Review & Synthesis"

Niccolai J., Gohring N. (2010) "A Brief History of Palm"  http://www.pcworld.com/article/195199/a_brief_history_of_palm.html 

http://www.leadersphere.com/img/OrgmodelsR2009.pdf

" (Simon, 188) the fundamental perspective here is that leadership and the ability to apply actions based on culturally driven decisions are central to helping members of the organization learn in a concrete manner how best to accord with the reigning culture.

In order for this to occur though, there must be a certain initial scrutiny and selectiveness where leadership and personnel are concerned, endorsing an organization-wide emphasis on the quality of personnel. This implicitly brings us to consideration of the application phase in terms of learning organizational culture, which is inevitably associated to all actionable aspects of an organization's structure and operations. The correlation between recruitment, personnel makeup and leadership personalities is perhaps threaded by the common string of day-to-day responsibility within an organizational culture. And quite certainly, we see the stamp of organizational culture on so many of the most important applicable indicators. Schein, to this end, points…

References

Arnold, J., Cooper, C. & Robertson, I.T. (1995). Work psychology: Understanding human behavior in the workplace, Pitman Publishing, London.

Beer, M. & Walton, E. (1990). Developing the competitive organization: interventions and strategies. American Psychologists, 45(22), 154-161.

Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. Harper and Row, New York.

Bowditch, J.L. & Buono, a.F. (1994). A primer on organizational behavior. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.

Organizational Outputs

HP and Palm Inc.: Organizational Outputs

On July 31, 2010, Hewlett Packard purchased Palm Inc. Palm exclusively makes handheld devices such as smartphones, and mini-computing devices. Palm is a mobile operator system that would allow Hewlett Packard to compete with operating systems such as Symbian, iPhone, and Linux (Berry, p.1). The following organizational analysis will examine the organizational outputs of the combined company after the merger.

Organizational Outputs

hen HP acquired Palm Inc., it allowed them to combine a leader with a global economy of scale with an award winning eb OS. This allowed HP to expand its outputs to include the many product lines offered by Palm, including the highly profitable the $100 billion Smartphone acquisition (HP, 2010). Prior to the acquisition, HP was a leader in many PC based applications. The acquisition of Palm Inc. allowed it to the increase its outputs. As far as Palm…

Works Cited

Berry, A. The Significance of Hewlett Packard buying Palm. May 4, 2010. Helium.com. <

 http://www.helium.com/items/1823947-hewlett-packard-acquisition-of-palm-inc  >.

Accessed February 28, 2011.

HP.com. (2010). HP Completes Palm Acquisition. News Release.

organizational change by using Tesco plc as our organization of choice. The concept of change is explored from definition to effects that it has on an organization. Change resistance and the resulting conflict are also discussed. Finally, a recommendation of how to effect change is provided.,

Organization culture, a term that which refers to a collection of policies, values, beliefs as well as attitudes (Mullins,2010) is a very critical element of any organization. This term is roughly used to denote the rather universal as well as general context for all the things that we think and perform within a given organization. In this paper, I discuss the implications of culture change in Tesco plc in order to exemplify the concept of organization culture as the effects that it might have on the operations of the company. Ways of managing organization culture are also presented. The company is famous for its…

References

Armstrong, M. (2009) A handbook of human resource management practice.

London: Kogan Page.

Bass, B.M. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectation. New York: The Free

Press

ver the past decade, 'culture' has become a common term used when thinking about and describing an organization's internal world, a way of differentiating one organization's personality from another. In fact, many researchers contend that an organization's culture socializes people (Stein, 1985) and that leadership styles are an integral part of the culture of an organization. A culture-specific perspective reflects the view that the occurrence and the effectiveness of certain leadership behaviors (as well as constructs) is likely to be unique to a given culture.

In contrast, leaders in the culture-universal position contend that certain leadership constructs are comparable across cultures and that many universal leadership behaviors do exist. nly recently, based on the review by Bass (House, 1998), has the leadership research community begun to realize that universal and culture-specific leadership behaviors and constructs are not mutually exclusive categories, but can rather coexist in a single culture at the…

On the other hand, transactional leaders work with the existing rules, norms and procedures of the organization's culture, and reward followers for positive work, and also work to maintain the existing culture (Bass, 1985). The transactional leaders base their decision-making and actions on existing norms, values, and procedures (Bass, 1985). Transactional leaders, on the other hand, can deter organizational success and leadership effectiveness (Bass, 1985).

Leadership style has received a great deal of attention from human resource development researchers (HRD) in the past years (Woodwall, 2000). Some studies will be focused on building a HRD knowledge base in countries where this is low or inexistent (Kuchinke, 1999), whereas others try to identify the compatibility between different leadership styles and the national cultural characteristics. Ardichvili and Kuchinke (2002) used Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the extensive theory developed by Bass and Avolio to determine the leadership styles that are more likely to be correlated to different cultural characteristics in former USSR countries, Germany and the United States.

The results suggested that leadership development based on national dimensions as described by Hofstede should be considered with caution because countries with similar cultural features and geographical proximity may display different leadership styles. Further

Restructuring of First ank

Family enterprise, First ank, has, for three decades, been the town's only bank. Mr. First, the founder, originally instituted it as a little loaning shop; the small business grew larger, turning into the town's sole financial services organization. It provided small loans and over-the-counter cash facilities to clients. The town's growth, however, has led to a tremendous increase in the bank's client base, challenging the current operational structure of the organization. The problem faced is threat to the organization's existence, owing to the fact that the bank, at present, is not up to the task of meeting the town's growing demands. ank management, comprising chiefly of family members, is unwilling to alter the existing operational structure as well as improving quality and increasing the number of personnel employed. This has been a major factor in the bank's inefficient, stagnated, and outdated structure. Apart from hiring fresh…

Bibliography

Adler, P. S., & Shenbar, A. (1990). Adapting your technological base: the organizational challenge. Sloan Management Review. Fall 1990. p. 25-37.

Argyle, M. (1989). The Social Psychology of Work. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Balogun, J., & Hope, H. V. (2008). Exploring Strategic Change. London: Prentice Hall.

Belbin, R. M. (1993) Team Roles at Work. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Organizational eframing Program

Four Frames of Organizational eframing

Structural:-

Human esource: -

Political:-

Symbolic:-

Structural Contingency Theory

Structural Contingency Theory in Human esource Management:-

Social Network Analysis

Impact of reframing plan and ethical issue's

Impact on the department being reframed:-

Impact of reframing on other departments:-

Ethical Aspects:-

The study shows an organizational plan of a department. The aim of the study is to emphasize on how the theory of organizational life is applicable with the help of utilization of the action research process.

eframing means to redirect or change the way of thinking and look at things with a complete different mindset. In simple terms reframing is change of plans or basic details of an idea. Looking at events from a complete different mindset helps you to avoid individual biases. It also emphasizes the importance of adjustments and flexibility in the organization. The process of reframing suggests finding out…

References

Hatch, M.J. (2006), "Organization Theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives." 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press

Kanigel, R. (1997). The One Best Way, Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency. London: Brown and Co

Robbins, Stephen P. (2004) Organizational Behavior - Concepts, Controversies, Applications. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall

Fredric M. Jablin, Linda Putnam (2000). The new handbook of organizational communication: advances in theory. p.146

Organizational Environment Starbucks

In-depth Analysis of Organizational Environment - Starbucks

Starbucks Organizational Culture and Environment

Global Perspectives of Starbucks

Social esponsibility embraced by Starbucks

Starbucks Planning Process

Decision Making Process of Starbucks

Starbucks Corporate Strategy

Organizational Structure of Starbucks

Starbucks uses a mechanistic structure as a contemporary design

Starbucks Organizational Culture and Environment

Starbucks Corporation is considered as one of the leading coffee house chains that offer best quality coffee to its customers. This retail corporation is based in the United States, initiated in the early years of the decade of 1970. Due to its popularity, the company rapidly expanded to various locations around the globe. The vision, goals and strategies designed clearly indicated the fact that the owners did not believe in having growth that can abate the corporate culture, therefore, the corporate culture was considered to be one of the integral aspects for the company. The mission statement…

References

Anthony, W.P., Gales, L.M., & Hodge, B.J. (2003). Organization Theory: A Strategic Approach. 6th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

BCG. (2012). Howard Schultz on Global Reach and Local Relevance at Starbucks - An Interview with the CEO. bcg.perspectives. Retrieved from:  https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/videos/leadership_management_two_speed_economy_howard_schultz_global_reach_and_local_relevance/ 

Behar, H. (2007). It's Not About the Coffee: Leadership Principles from a Life at Starbucks. USA: Portfolio.

SeaZone. (2012). Successful Application of Organizational Behavior: Starbucks - Achieving Success the Starbucks Way. Yahoo Voices. Retrieved from:  http://voices.yahoo.com/successful-application-organizational-behavior-2435551.html?cat=3

Organizational Change in the Public Sector

This research proposal explores the feasibility of management in the public Sector as an organizational paradigm and new model in organizational development. The literature review reviews numerous journal articles that explore on the key concepts of change management strategies from a public sector project management perspective. The authors suggest that employee's participation, effective feedback across the board, and empowerment of subordinate staffs is a major step in transforming public organizations. This proposal further hypothesis that establishment of long-term and productivity advantages are crucial throughout the organization.

SCOPE AND PURPOSE

Research Questions

Hypotheses:

LITERATURE REVIEW

Factor 1: Need for change

Factor 2: implement a Plan for change

Factor 3: create political internal environment for Change

Factor 4: Support and Commitment from managers

Factor 5: enhancing External Support

Factor 6: Provide Resources for change

Factor 7: establish Change

Factor 8: ascertain comprehensive Change

Determinants of implementing…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abramson, Mark A., and Paul R .Lawrence .2001. The Challenge of Transforming

Administration and its influence on organizational change. Management Decision,

50(10), 1843-1860, Review 62: 555-67.

Armenakis, Achilles A ., and Arthur G .Bedeian .1999 .Organizational Change: A Review of Associates.

Organization Behavior

Strategic Management of Human esources

Human resource is considered as the most precious asset for business organizations. The financial performance and growth in the industry heavily depends upon the way an organization's employees perform at the workplace (Edwards 2003). A dedicated and committed workforce contributes towards a high level of operational excellence and market competitiveness. Therefore, it should be among the top priorities for an organization to manage its human resource in an effective and efficient way (ose 2004).

Strategic Human esource Management deals with formulating policies and procedures for getting the best work from employees, implementing different techniques to motivate them, and assessing the future human resource requirements at the workplace (Saxena 2009). This paper explains the strategic human resource management policies of one of the World's Top software companies -- Adobe Systems Incorporated. These policies are required to meet the current human resource requirements of the…

REFERENCES

Ashamalla, M., H., 1998, International Human Resource Management Practices: the Challenge of Expatriation. CR, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 54-63

Adobe, 2012, Adobe Fast Facts 2011, Available from

Adobe, 2012, Commitment to Employees, Available from

Adobe, 2012, Professional Development, Available from [Accessed January 24th, 2012]

Organization Management

The Walt Disney

The Walt Disney Company

The Walt Disney Company

An organization is any social entity that has a well-designed structure to coordinate its functions, and the organization has to have a specific goal. Most organizations hardly work internally alone, but rather involve the external environments. Some organizations are profit oriented, like the business organizations, while others are non-profit making (Daft et al. 2010). In this context, a contemporary focus is overlooked towards the Walt Disney Company, a profound firm dealing with mass media and affiliated industrial operations.

Brief Company Profile

Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923, and has always kept the reputation in providing quality and extremely creative products, which consumers have loved ever since. The organization specializes in providing quality entertainment, services of media communication, broadcasting, television programs and live performances. The company, which is located in California (United States), exemplifies exponential characteristics that…

References

Barry, L. (2009) Think Like an Iconoclast: The Principles Of Walt Disney's Success: Rotman Magazine, Pg 108-110.

Daft, R.L., Murphy, J. & Willmott, H. (2010) organization Theory and Design: New York, Cengage Learning EMEA.

Forester, M. (2002) Table-Talk Perspective: Chain Store Age, 10870601, Vol.78, Issue 11.

Gershon, R.A. (1996) The Transnational Media Corporation: Global Messages and Free market Competition: New York, Routledge.

Organization Behavior

"Performance Management" and "People Performance"

Performance Management and People

"Performance Management" and "People Performance"

Management SUMMAY

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and critically evaluate the Performance Management model by Michael Armstrong and People Performance model by John Purcell. The paper starts with an ample introduction and significance of the employee performance management practices and proceeds by discussing the various concepts and strategies which are incorporated by business organizations all over the world. The major focus of the paper is to discuss the implications of these models for the success and prosperity of an organization. The main body of the paper discusses these models from a critical perspective and explains their major components in detail.

The most important strategies which are recommended by Performance Management model include performance appraisal and reviews, training and skills development, Management by Objectives (MBO), the techniques to manage the low performers,…

REFERENCES

Armstrong. M, 2012, Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 12th edition. U.S.: Kogan Page

Becker, B. & Gerhart, B. 1996, "The impact of human resource management on organisational performance: Progress and prospects," Academy of Management Journal, 39 (4): 779-801.

Becker, B. & Huselid, M. 2006, "Strategic Human Resources Management: Where do we go from here?," Journal of Management, 32 (6): 898-925.

Boselie, P., Dietz, G., & Boon, C. 2005, "Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance research," Human Resource Management Journal, 15 (3): 67-94.

Organizational Behavior Case Study

OGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOU

esidential care facility's staff plays an important role in the daily lives of residents; unfortunately these facilities are usually faced with organizational obstacles and lack of information that prevents them from taking proper care of residents (Smith, 1998). This organizational behavioral case study is about a residential care facility which is part of a parent company that runs six different residential care facilities. The management of the company observed, this residential care facility facing serious problems. Turnover rate was high, performance was poor and economic losses were high.

In order to diagnose and solve the problem; parent company conducted a culture survey in all of its residential care facilities in which each member was bound to participate. The results were satisfactory for all residential care facilities except this care facility which showed totally negative results.

Looking at this serious situation; management hired a new…

References

Atchison, J. (1998). Perceived job satisfaction factors of nursing assistants employed in Midwest Nursing

Homes. Geriatric Nursing.

Cunningham, J.B. & Eberle, T. (1990). A Guide to Job Enrichment and Redesign. Personnel, Feb 1990,

p.57 in Newstrom, J. & Davis, K. (1993). Organization Behavior: Human Behavior at Work.

Organizational Theory #2

What core competences give an organization competitive advantage? What are examples of an organization's functional-level strategies?

Core competencies are those capabilities that are critical to a business achieving a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Typically, core competencies can be identified by certain common characteristics -- offering a benefit to the customer, difficult to imitate, uniquely identify the organization and easily leveraged to create many products or operate in many markets (Kern, 2010). The organization that is best able to use its resources to create value is in an ideal position to outperform the competition, thus creating advantage (Jones, 2010). Core competencies tend to change in response to changes in the environment. They are flexible, evolve over time and enable the company to enter apparently different markets with a clear and distinctive brand proposition. Examples of core competencies include manufacturing, research and development, new technology or organizational design…

References

Jones, G. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Terry, L.D., & Hoefer, R.A. (1995). Making politics and power respectable. Public Administration Review, 55(3), 298.

Organizational Theory #1

Create a code of ethics for an organization of your choice. For each point in the code of ethics, describe an ethical dilemma that would be resolved using the code of ethics.

All employees will conduct business honestly and ethically. We will constantly improve the quality of our services, products and operations and create a reputation for honesty, fairness, respect, responsibility, integrity, trust and sound business judgment. (Provides a clearly stated, over-arching business philosophy for honesty and fair dealings that every employee can follow).

No illegal or unethical conduct on the part of company employees or affiliates is in the company's best interest. All are expected to adhere to high standards of personal integrity -- not allowing their personal interests to conflict with the interests of the company, its clients or affiliates. We will not compromise our principles for short-term advantage. (Encourages all employees to seek the…

References

Beauchamp, L., & O'Connor, A. (2012). America's most admired companies: A descriptive analysis of CEO corporate social responsibility statements. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 494-497. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.03.006

Jones, G. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Organization Models

Within the correctional system there are three different organization models which apply and are used in administrative and management purposes. These models include the authoritarian model, bureaucratic model and participative model. The paper will give a description of each of these three models as they apply to the correctional environments. It will also discuss the intended goals of the correctional administrations that utilize these models and the specific time period the models were developed as well as finding out if these models were effective during the period which they were developed. The information the paper will give the foundation of the correctional systems as well as the models that are found within in and if these models are still in effect now. The operations of a correctional facility are under these models in order to provide the in mates with a particular type of security and care. With…

References

Baunach, PJ.(1981). Participatory Management - Restructuring the Prison Environment. Retrieved February 18, 2014 from  https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=76572 

Lancefield, K, Lennings, C, J. & Thomson, D. (1997).Management style and its effect on prison officers' stress. Retrieved February 18,2014 from  http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02765325 

Carlson P.M,, Garret S, J. & Christopher.(2010). Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory.pg 272.Retrieved February 18,2014 from  http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=hW0rAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&dq=Participative+model+in+correctional+environments&source=bl&ots=BhslBxRktE&sig=-B5MbbBXyE1YRWJnSYf3T2IPuPk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fkwDU_zuKc-p0AWd64GADw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Participative%20model%20in%20correctional%20environments&f=false 

The sanctuary model.(2010).Authoritarianism. Retrieved February 18,2014 from  http://www.sanctuaryweb.com/authoritarianism.php

Organization Project

Intermountain was started as a small healthcare nonprofit organization, situated in Salt Lake City. With its well-crafted mission, a clearly stated vision, patient's oriented philosophy and a strategy to manage the organization effectively; it was soon able to manage over 32,000 employees. Helping the acute healthcare needs of Southeastern Idaho and Utah's residents, Intermountain's well-managed system of about 23 hospitals, clinics, physicians and health strategies; deliver clinically exceptional medical care and at an affordable rate.

FORMAL MISSION:

Intermountain health care has a properly drafted and well-communicated mission. Intermountain understands that a mission lays the basis of an organization and is a pre-requisite for its ultimate success. It explains the reason of an organization and identifies the type of business that it intends to engage in. Understanding these basic requirements, Intermountain has setup a mission which promises:

"Excellence in the provision of healthcare services to communities in the Intermountain…

Bibliography

Business, E. o. (2012). MISSION AND VISION STATEMENTS. Retrieved from  http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Mission-and-Vision-Statements.html#b 

Datamonitor. (2006). Health care industry. Retrieved from http://h20247.www2.hp.com/PublicSector/downloads/HP%20blade%20sols%20in%20hc%20-%20final%201%20case.pdf

Healthcare, I. (2012). Strategic Partnerships. Retrieved from  http://intermountainhealthcare.org/about/overview/Pages/partnerships.aspx 

Healthcare, I. (2012). Vision and Mission. Retrieved from  http://intermountainhealthcare.org/about/overview/pages/mission.aspx

This means training that is focused on increasing the knowledge economy of the transforming firm rather than in simply standardizing processes. According to the text by Chapman (2009), this may even call for a change in the linguistic approach to this process. Chapman advises that "training implies putting skills into people, when actually we should be developing people from the inside out, beyond skills, ie., facilitating learning. So focus on facilitating learning, not imposing training." (Chapman, p. 1) It is conceivable that an appeal to this approach might have spared much of the uncertainty that permeated Cutting Edge Paper during and after the changeover in ownership.

Another recommendation is for the opening of dialogue during the process of transformation so that leadership can become more attuned to the needs of personnel. It is conceivable that during this transformation and Cutting Edge Paper, some ambiguity might have been reduced if leadership…

Works Cited:

Chapman, A. (2009). Organizational Change, Training and Learning. BusinessBalls.com.

Corley, K.G. & Gioia, D.A. (2004). Identity Ambiguity and Change in the Wake of a Corporate Spin-off. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(2).

Eisenberg, E.M. (1984). Ambiguity as Strategy in Organizational Communication. Communication Monographs, 51, 227-242.

Eustis, J. & McMillan, G. (1997). Technology Initiatives and Organizational Changge: Higher Education in a Networked World. CAUSE '97.

Organizational Case Analysis

Organization Overview

Apple Inc. is a multinational companies specializing in the designing, manufacturing and marketing of mobile communication devices such as personal computers and digital music players. The company also sells varieties of mobile telecommunication devices such as iPhone, iPod, iPad, and Mac. Additionally, Apple Inc. sells some professional software application such as Mac OS, iOS, iCloud and other varieties of communication accessories. Apple Inc. sells its products through retail stores, online stores, value-added resellers, direct sales, wholesalers, and through third party cellular network carriers. (Apple Annual eport, 2011). Apple Inc. was Incorporated in 1977 in California, and presently Apple Inc. has become one of the most successful companies in the United States and globally. Apple Inc. is committed to bring best computer experience to its customers, and the company business strategy is to develop high quality products to reach more customers. Major customers of Apple Inc.…

References

Apple Annual Report (2011). Apple Annual Report 2011. Apple Inc.2011.

Caixing, L. & David, Y. (2011).An Analysis of the Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Earnings Management. Advances in Management.4(6): 25-31.

Elmer-DeWitt, P. (2011). Rethinking Apple's Org Chart. A Time Warner Company.

Griffin, R.W. & Moorhead., G. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. Cengage Learning.USA.

Organization Behavior

A eport on Advertising Industry

This paper presents a detailed report on the environmental factors, competitive environment, and current trends in the advertising sector. The purpose of this report is to highlight and discuss the major challenges which companies in the advertising sector are facing in the present business landscape. It starts with a brief overview of the advertising industry; its introduction, functions, and purposes, and proceeds by discussing the major environmental forces that impact the companies in this industry. These are political, economic, social and technological forces. The later section explains the competitive environment in detail. That is, how advertising companies are managing to compete in the presence of a stiff competition from existing competitors, new entrants, and substitute services. The report also discusses the introduction and role of the five key players of the advertising industry. Moreover, the trends, opportunities for graduates, Gap analysis and action…

REFERENCES

Clark, C.R., Doraszelski, U., & Draganska, M. 2009, The Effect of Advertising on Brand Awareness and Perceived Quality: An Empirical Investigation Using Panel Data, Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 7 (2): 207-236

Doole, I., & Lowe, R. 2008, International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation. 5th Edition. London: Cengage Learning

John, G., & Reve, T. 2010, Transaction Cost Analysis in Marketing: Looking Back, Moving Forward, The Journal of Retailing, 86 (3): 248 -- 256

O'Guinn, T.C., Allen, C.T., & Semenik, R.J. 2012, Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion. 6th Edition. Mason: Cengage Learning

Organizational Diagnosis and ecommendations

Imagine studying an organization in more depth in order to determine what needs changed. This is not an easy task because it could take days or months to achieve success. Businesses also have to stay up with current technology, and this means staying present with various leadership theories in order to make the business better. Systems thinking is used as a means in which to fully understand what needs monitored. Through using transactional leadership theory, one is able to grasp what one can do as a means of making recommendation for improvement.

One needs to perform a preliminary review to ensure that he or she obtains information related to organizational leadership, culture, effectiveness and productivity. "Synergy Technical Solutions Corp. (Syntechs) is a leading national technical service solutions provider with over 1,500 highly skilled professionals" (Syntechs, 2011). Many of these individuals work on "desktop and notebook computers…

References

Aronson, D. (2011). Targetted innovation: Using systems thinking to increase the benefits of innovation efforts. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from Thinking: http://www.thinking.net/Systems_Thinking/st_innovation_990401.pdf.

Changing-Minds. (2011). Transactional leadership. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from Changing-Minds:  http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/transactional_leadership.htm .

Management Study Guide. (2011). Transactional leadership. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from Management Study Guide:  http://www.managementstudyguide.com/transactional-leadership.htm .

Mattke, J. (2011, May 20). Syntechs Employee. (E. Mattke, Interviewer)

Organizational Behavior

Since long the necessity for quality health care for veterans is considered to be a critical issue with widespread implications in respect of health care system of the nation. Irrespective of the incessant pressure on converting the Veteran Administration into a business model it has been alleged vehemently on the ground that the approach is not conducive to the satisfaction of most veterans, the legislators and even the providers of the health care. The problem of extending acceptable quality health care for the veterans of the nation is to be resolved by constituting public consensus on the issue. Irrespective of its increasing challenges it is believed that the provision of quality health care for the veterans of the nation is considered to be an appropriate objective for this country to maintain. Acknowledging the sacrifices of the veterans, the death of millions of Americans in service, 1.5 million returning…

References

Alqarni, Abdul Rahman. "The Managerial Decision Styles" A dissertation submitted to the School of Information Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of Information Studies: The Florida State University. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11242003-215328/unrestricted/Alqarni.Dissertation.pdf Accessed on 25 February, 2005

'Leadership Challenges in Non-Governmental Organisations" (2004) Organisational

Behavior Project.

governmental_organisatio_13017/"

The change that outsourcing and SAs bring into organizations is, or should be, planned. It is the result of specific efforts by a change agent (individuals and groups who take responsibility for changing the existing behavior patterns), in this case managers. Planned change processes are a direct response to someone's perception of a discrepancy between the desired and actual state of affairs (performance gap). Performance gaps are at the same time problems to be resolved or opportunities to be explored through outsourcing and SAs.

Conclusion

All in all, outsourcing and strategic alliances are both concepts that will be found on the corporate strategic agenda for the years to come. The market dynamics and increasing pressures toward efficiency impose the need for organizational change. The benefits of the two strategic directions discussed are real, and through careful planning and implementation, organizations can gain a competitive advantage.

eferences

Berrio A.A. 2003, An…

References

Berrio A.A. 2003, An Organizational Culture Assessment Using the Competing Values Framework: A Profile of Ohio State University Extension, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), Retrieved from URL  http://www.joe.org/joe/2003april/a3.shtml 

Gottfredson M., Puryear R., Phillips S., Strategic Sourcing: From Periphery to the Core, Harvard Business Review, February 2005 Issue

Gupta, S. 2002, Demystifying offshore outsourcing: despite the risks, the benefits can be great, CMA Management, Retrieved Online from URL:  http://www.allbusiness.com/periodicals/article/357507-2.html 

Schermerhorn J., Hunt J., and Osborn R. 2005, Organizational Behavior. 9th ed. New York, Wiley

Therefore, there is a room for future research (Swaminathan & Jawahar, 2013). The results of this study indicated a possibility of other factors that influence job satisfaction. From this fact, it is important to recommend further research for the purpose of revealing the factors and improving job performance through the use of the results (Mohamed & Anisa, 2012). esearchers should perform the investigation by using many and few participants and compare the results in order to devise the best samples. This is because this research relied on a sample of 65 participants. if, a bigger number than the one stated on this research is used, there is a possibility of a considerable difference being evident (Mohamed & Anisa, 2012).

eferences

Swaminathan, S., & Jawahar, P. (2013). job satisfaction as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior: an empirical study. Global Journal of Business esearch (GJB),

7(1), 71-80.

Mohamed, M., & Anisa,…

References

Swaminathan, S., & Jawahar, P. (2013). job satisfaction as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior: an empirical study. Global Journal of Business Research (GJBR),

7(1), 71-80.

Mohamed, M., & Anisa, H.H. (2012). Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(3), 7-

22.

Organization Culture: An Analysis of Two Articles

Organizational Culture: An Analysis of Two articles

A collective organization approach is one that seeks to empower individual capacity to handle organizational issues at an individual level. In this case, the spirit of independence is vital since it responds to organizational challenges, and thus, maintaining spillovers cooperatively. Based on this approach, it is appropriate to assess the scholarly approach designated to empower organizational culture. Scholarly, such a culture ideally seeks to minimize derivative concerns that are resulted by an improperly dispensed leadership ideology. This analysis will seek to examine the validity of two articles and their interrelationship in terms of concepts. The analysis will prove that an appropriate organization culture is one that fosters a spirit of collectivism.

Summary of the two articles

Stohr et al. (2012) approach towards organizational culture is structurally developed towards affiliating all members in a given organization setting.…

References

Finkelstein, M.A. (2011). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and organizational citizenship behavior: A functional approach to organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 2(1), 19-34.

Stohr, Mary K., Hemmens, Craig, Collins, Peter A., Inannacchinone, Brian, Hudson, Marianne, Johnson, Haily. (2012). Assessing the Organizational Culture in a Jail Setting. The Prison Journal, Vol. 92: pp. 358-387

Org Diagnosis

Organizational Diagnostic Models

Falletta (2005) outlines several different organizational diagnostic models. The first such model is the Force Field model, developed by Kurt Lewin in 1951. In this model, an organization remains in as state of equilibrium until it is shifted out of that state by a driving force that overcomes the restraining forces. The current state then becomes a problem (Falletta, 2005). This model can be used to explain what situation an organization is in, and even how that situation came about. The downside is that it provides little in terms of information about how the company can move to its new equilibrium point. But Lewin's model explains how companies enter into an equilibrium state. The company's current equilibrium has still allowed for steady gains in revenue and profit based on growth, but stability in profit margin (MSN Moneycentral, 2014).

Leavitt's model is a somewhat different representation…

References

Falletta, S.V. (2005) Organizational Diagnostic Models: A Review and Synthesis. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from  http://www.iei.liu.se/fek/frist/723g16/files/1.120328/Orgmodels.pdf 

McMillan, T. (2014). Can Whole Foods change the way poor people eat? Slate.com. Retrieved November 28, 2014 from  http://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2014/11/whole_foods_detroit_can_a_grocery_store_really_fight_elitism_racism_and.html 

MSN Moneycentral. (2014). Whole Foods Market. Retrieved November 28, 2014 from  http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/stockdetails/fi-126.1.WFM.NAS?symbol=WFM&form=PRFIEQ 

National Defense University, Systems Thinking and Learning Organizations, Retrieved November 7, 2012 from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt1ch4.html

The advantage on the other hand is of the retrieval of relevant and solid findings based on which the adequate strategies can be implemented.

4. The congruence model

According to the Mind Tools website, the "congruence model is based on the principle that an organization's performance is derived from four elements: tasks, people, structure, and culture. The higher the congruence, or compatibility, amongst these elements, the greater the performance" (Mind Tools, 2010). The advantage of the model is that of simplifying the issues promoted by the previous models and revealing an analysis structure constructed onto four elements alone. This implies lower task complexities and leads to more efficiently retrieved results. However, it could also lead to sometimes irrelevant findings as it does not take into consideration elements outside the organization, such as the socio-economic climate. In other words, this model is highly applicable when conducting an internal audit, but its…

References:

Burton, R.M., Obel, B., 2004, Strategic organizational diagnosis and design: the dynamics of fit, 3rd edition, Springer, ISBN 1402076843

Patel, N., 2010, HP and Palm: what happens next, Engadget,  http://www.engadget.com/2010/04/29/hp-and-palm-what-happens-next  / last accessed on July 29, 2010

A causal model of organizational performance and change (Burke & Litwin model), Reflect and Learn,  http://www.reflectlearn.org/discover/a-causal-model-of-organizational-performance-change-burkes-litwin-model  last accessed on July 29, 2010

Organizational diagnosis, The College of St. Scholastica,  http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.css.edu%2Fdswenson%2Fweb%2FPowerpoints%2FOrganizationalDiagnosis.ppt&ei=uYdRTKSkMYqUOMy-4cME&usg=AFQjCNGTL9ElrN8D8QlJeGZvTwHnunMKeA  last accessed on July 29, 2010

In terms of the organizational development style to be used throughout the change process, this should best be the pathfinder style. Despite the complexity of this approach, fact remains that it combines the benefits of other styles, while reducing their limitations. The pathfinder style virtually focuses on both high levels of organizational effectiveness, as well as high levels of member satisfaction (Harvey and Brown, 2001). This means that the approach will focus on improving senior-junior communications, for the satisfaction of the employees, as well as the increase in the performances of the overall entity.

Given that the process of change cannot be structured onto a strict plan, but that the plan has to be tailored to the unique features of the Mobile Mine Assembly Group, the levels of formalization at this stage are reduced. Nevertheless, throughout the actual implementation, or the time in which the change strategy comes into direct…

REFERENCES

Ewing, P., 2009, U.S. Navy Readiness Flaws Exposed, Defense News,  http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4058309  last accessed on December 2, 2009

Harvey, D.F., Brown, D.R., 2009, An Experiential Approach to Organization Development, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall

Kieschnick, F., 2008, Mine Warfare "Shifts Colors" to Southern California, Pentagon Brief,  http://pentagonbrief.wordpress.com/2008/12  / last accessed on December 3, 2009

McNamara, P., 2008, Organizational Performance Management,  http://managementhelp.org/org_perf/org_perf.htm  last accessed on December 3, 2009

A reduction in farm subsidies is stated to be necessary in order to improve access to market along with Common Agricultural Policy reforms, which should be "de-linked from production." Finally, stated as a requirement is that of a commitment for a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which may be achieved "through market mechanisms..." (OECD, 2007) the OECD additionally states that structural reforms are required in addressing the challenges that the EU faces and while there is an improvement in terms of the economic prospects of the EU, "there is no room for complacency." (OECD, 2007) the OECD survey relates that the EU has the potential to play a critical role in the provision of solid conditional framework and the ongoing enhancement of the internal market in the EU.

The provision of the single market includes the wider range of goods access for consumers as well as a wider range…

Bibliography

Economic Survey of the European Union (2007) OECD Policy Brief. Sep 2007. Online available at www.oecd.org.

The European Union (2008) Environmental Aspects of Regional Trade Agreements. (2000) United Nations Environment Programme. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Online available at  http://www.iisd.org/trade/handbook/7_2.htm 

Cini, Michelle (2007) European Union Politics. 2007. Oxford University Press. Online Google Scholar Books at  http://books.google.com/books?id=ZZf1839nw0gC&dq=European+Union:+Organizational+impact+on+market+and+trade&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 

Organizational Review of European Union

For the most part, I would probably not want to work at Cisco. The convoluted structure devalues individual responsibility, which to my mind removes incentive for individual excellence. A manager's output is dependent on others, but there does not appear to be a mechanism to hold underperforming managers responsible. hen the team is entirely comprised of internally motivated individuals, Cisco's system will work brilliantly. However, the system encourages managers to be passengers, allowing the best managers to carry the teams to everybody's benefit. The result of this is that over time managers will be encouraged to be passengers and elite managers will leave for organizations where their compensation is more directly tied to their own abilities.

hile the textbook description of Cisco's culture does not explicitly outline a problem to be solved, Cisco has to consider the long-term impacts of its current organizational culture and structure. The collaborative approach has…

Works Cited:

Organizational Behavior, 9th Edition, Chapter 3. In possession of the author.

Cisco. (2010). Corporate overview. Retrieved June 18, 2011 from  http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ekits/Public_Corporate_Overview_FY11Q2_NewBackground.pdf 

Cisco.com (2011). Corporate overview. Retrieved June 18, 2011 from  http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/corpinfo/corporate_overview.html

Instead, they must be focused on different strategies that they can use to: help the company increase their bottom line and address the growing list of social causes. The only way that this can be accomplished is to: ensure that you understand what kinds of factors could be influencing the individual and making certain that you are communicating ideas that will help to improve motivation. Once this occurs, it will allow the company to maintain its lead, while making sure that no one is becoming complacent.

This solution is better than the individual alternatives, because we are using both to understand and improve motivation. As, we are focused on using the two together to: build the levels of enthusiasm within the organization. The management principal that is being used to achieve these objectives is: McGregor's Theory Y This is when you are helping to motivate and provide individuals deeper meanings…

Bibliography

Fisk, G. (2010). I Want it All and I Want it Now. Human Resource Management Review, 20 (2), 102 -- 114.

Cohen, D. (1993). Creating and Maintaining Ethical Work Climates. Business Ethics Quarterly, 3 (4), 343- 358.

Serkerka, L. (2009). Facing Ethical Challenges in the Workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 89 (4), 565- 579.

Organizational Behavior. (n.d.).

Organizational diagnosis is mandatory before projecting the company's future and establishing the strategy. The diagnosis study must be accompanied by market studies, prognosis studies, and ecologic studies.

The organizational diagnosis is important due to its contents. The global or general diagnosis study must emphasize certain basic elements, like: identifying the company's position and role in the macro environment (characteristics, history, specific market), the dynamics of the company's economic and financial situation, the management system and its components (methodological, decisional, informational, and organizational), economic situation analysis, management situation analysis, strong points and their causes, weak points and their causes, strategic and tactic recommendations.

As described above, the organizational diagnosis is of extreme importance for the success of any change process. Therefore, the elaboration of the diagnosis study is very important. The steps in such a process are: preparing the diagnosis, preliminary documentation, economic and managerial situation analysis, emphasizing the strong points…

Reference List

Dutta, Roy (2001). Organizational Diagnosis. Indian Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 4, 2008 at  http://www.isical.ac.in/~ddroy/odiag.html .

Morrison, Mike (2008). Organizational Diagnosis and Development. Retrieved September 4, 2008 at  http://www.rapidbi.com/created/OrganizationalDiagnosisandDevelopment.html .

Organizational diagnostics (2008). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September 4, 2008 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_diagnostics .

Organizational Change

The company that is today FedEx Office was once Kinko's. Kinko's was a successful chain of office services stores. Prior to the takeover by FedEx, Kinko's was known for a casual corporate culture and decentralized organizational structure. By the late 1990s, Kinko's consisted of 128 different joint ventures, small companies and partnerships, but had not franchised its operations. A restructuring during that period streamlined the structure, resulting in a Kinko's that was a singular corporate entity (Quittner, 1998). The company went public and eventually faced another restructuring when it was acquired by FedEx in 2003. At this point, the company was no longer independent, but part of a larger organization. Culture clashes began almost immediately and over the coming years the Kinko's organization would face restructuring and a shift in the organizational culture to integrate it into FedEx.

Before and After the Change

Before the change, Kinko's was…

Works Cited:

Bachrach, A. (2009). 6 management strategies for organizational change success. eZine Retrieved October 11, 2011 from  http://ezinearticles.com/?6-Management-Strategies-For-Organizational-Change-Success&id=2472621 

Deutsch, C. (2007). Paper jam at FedEx Kinko's. New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/05/business/05kinkos.html?_r=1&oref=slogin 

PR Log. (2010). What happened to Kinko's? PR Log. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from  http://www.prlog.org/10835819-what-happened-to-kinkos.html 

Quittner, J. (1998). Why Paul Orfalea didn't franchise Kinko's. Business Week. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from  http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/news/date/9809/e980923.htm