Policy Making Essays (Examples)

Policy and Science

Fiddler on the oof

Science has traditionally been presented as the a priori fact-finding, theory-establishing stage one of policy making. Stage two of this conventional approach has policy makers utilizing the "empirical truths" that science offers in support of policies to be enacted to solve a policy problem. Yet both policymaking and empirical research are -- by their very nature -- ongoing human endeavors. Policymakers want the best that science has to offer -- when they need it -- for decision-making, policymaking, and policy implementation. Science marches to its own tune, with agendas set by dynamics such as funding for research or public and private priorities and pressures (Kingdon, 1984). And, increasingly, in a funding environment that is cooling off, the ability to do research is often determined by its application -- public service adding a positive valence -- and the ability to enact policy is dependent…

References

Haller, S.F. And Gerrie, J. (2007). The role of science in pubic policy: Higher reason, or reason for hire. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 20,(2).

Kingdon, J.W. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers.

Pressman, J.L. And Wildavsky, A. (1984). Implementation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Wildavsky, A. (1979). Speaking truth to power: The art and craft of policy analysis. Boston, MA: Little, Brown Publishers.

Policy Problem & Proposal

Policy Problem

The United States faces a $1.4 trillion national deficit, and partisan debate about how to address it is threatening economic stability on top of the shaky "recovery" from the 2009 financial crisis. Yet American corporations continue to enjoy tax loopholes that reduce their taxes to unprecedented low levels. epublicans argue that corporations must retain their preferred tax status in order to maintain and create jobs. This tax policy has been known by a number of names: supply-side economics, trickle-down theory, and horse and sparrow theory. It has not been without its critics, yet, irrationally, the practice of permitting tax loopholes continues to prevail from time-to-time.

"As for the growth enhancing effects of lower tax rates, just look to the 2000s for the latest persuasive evidence to the contrary. After the Bush tax cuts on the progressive rates paid by the wealthy, GDP between 2001…

References

Advance Pricing Agreement Quarterly Reports, Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved  http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-apa/ 

Announcement and report concerning advance pricing agreements. (2011, March 29). § 521(b) of Pub. L. 106-170, Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999. Retrieved  http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/2010statutoryreport.pdf 

Brehm, J., and Gates, S. (1997). Working, Shirking, and Sabotage: Bureaucratic

Response to a Democratic Public. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan

Policy Studies

The study of public policy gained significant importance in the late fifties and sixties. However, policy science did not come into existence all of a sudden. It started to emerge when social scientists started researches on a wide range of sociopolitical problems. After the World War II, significant developments were made in the areas of operations research, economics and social psychology. These developments proved to be helpful in formulating new ways for more systematic and empirical investigations of policy making. Although, a considerable level of research was done in the areas of sociopolitical studies but the clear concept of a policy science was first introduced in 1951 by Harold Lasswell. "Lasswell's seminal work identified six basic characteristics of an emerging field of study, concerned with explaining policy making and policy executing process. (McCool)

The study of public policy gained momentum in the late 1960s. With the introduction of…

References

Daniel Mc Cool: The Theoretical Foundation of Policy Studies: Prentice Hall Press

Macrae Duncan: Policy Analysis for public decisions: Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group Inc., 1985

Clarke E. Cochran: American Public Policy: An Introduction: Wadsworth Pub Co: August 1998

Van Horne, Carle E: Politics and Public Policy: CQ Press.

etrieved September 28, 2009, doi:10.1080/014428700114008

McClain, P. (1990, Winter 1990). Agenda Setting, Public Policy and Minority Group Influences: An Introduction. Policy Studies eview, 9(2), 263-272. etrieved September 28, 2009, from Academic Source Complete database.

Nakamura, . (1987, August). The Textbook Policy Process and Implementation esearch. Policy Studies eview, 7(1), 142-154. etrieved September 28, 2009, from Academic Source Complete database.

Weimer, D. (2008, November). Theories of and in the Policy Process. Policy Studies Journal, 36(4), 489-495. etrieved September 28, 2009, doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00280.x

David Dery. (2000, March). Agenda Setting and Problem Definition. Policy Studies, 21(1), 46. etrieved September 28, 2009, doi:10.1080/014428700114008

obert Nakamura. (1987, August). The Textbook Policy Process and Implementation esearch. Policy Studies eview, 7(1), 146. etrieved September 28, 2009, from Academic Source Complete database.

As cited in Nakamura, the Textbook Policy Process and Implementation esearch, 146.

As cited in David L. Weimer (2008, November). Theories of and in the Policy Process.…

References

Birkland, T. (2004, March). "The World Changed Today": Agenda-Setting and Policy Change in the Wake of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks. Review of Policy Research, 21(2), 179-200. Retrieved September 28, 2009, doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00068.x

Carroll, B., & Carroll, T. (1999, January). Civic Networks, Legitimacy and the Policy

Process. Governance, 12(1), 1. Retrieved September 28, 2009, from Academic Source Complete database.

Dery, D. (2000, March). Agenda Setting and Problem Definition. Policy Studies, 21(1), 37-47. Retrieved September 28, 2009, doi:10.1080/014428700114008

Policy Direction & Politics

Stone captures for me the crux of policy paradox with this statement: "…each type of policy instrument [e.g., inducements, rules rights, for example] is a kind of sports arena, each with its peculiar ground rules, within which political conflicts are continued" (2001, p. 13). Extending the metaphor, arena sports are based on a rational rule-bound game structure that -- as soon as the whistle blows -- is overwhelmed by messy, conflicting and reciprocal interplay. And so it is with policymaking. The calculated, rational market approach to policymaking that was developed to counter the "profound disgust for the ambiguities and paradoxes of politics" does not match what happens in the real world, where political tensions force the hand of those who would create better governance (Stone, 2001, p. xi). We have only to look at the context surrounding the Obama administration to know that this is so…

References

Frederickson, H.G. (2010). Social equity and public administration: Origins, developments, and applications. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Kingdon, J.W. (1995). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Longman.

Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Russell Sage Foundation.

Stone, D. (2001). Policy paradox: The art of political decision-making.(rev.ed). New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co.

Policy and Politics

Policy and decision-making are complex issues. Even for what might appear to be a simple decision, there many underlying factors that influence the final outcome. Some of these factors are obvious, but some can be elusive and hidden from all of the parties. Policies are not instituted in a flash and the process of policymaking should not be taken lightly. This makes the process of policy making a slow one at best. The many facets of the issue must be discussed and debated for often long periods of time. Policymaking is wrought with many problems for which there is no obvious right or wrong answer. Deborah Stone addresses these paradoxes in The Art of Political Decision-making.

Stone's work stands apart from many authors that focus on the application of their model in only a few specific applications. One example is einhart and einhart (2011) who recently discussed…

References

Reinhart, C. & Reinhart, V. (2011). Limits of Monetary Policy in Theory and Practice. Cato Journal. 31 (3): 427-441.

Stone, D. (2001). Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, W.W. Norton, third edition.

Thorson, K.(Producer) (2002-2008). The highlights of 100 [Television series episode]. HBO.

Retrieved from  http://www.hbo.com/the-wire

In other, more charter-friendly states, there are multiple authorizers -- universities, state boards, even specially created bodies with expertise in charter school creation. The new bill before the state House and Senate will give the Board of Education an advising role on charter school applications prior to going before the local school board.

Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts opened Aug. 11, 2010 making it the 10th charter school to open in the state of Virginia since charter schools were allowed to open in 1998. However, if history repeats itself, Patrick Henry will have a bumpy road ahead. Including Patrick Henry only three charter schools are operating currently in the state of Virginia and Patrick Henry is the only one operating in the city of ichmond. At one time there were nine charter schools in Virginia, but most of them closed due to financial reasons. (citation)

According to the…

REFERENCES

Lawrence F. Garrison, & Mitchell Holifield. (2005). ARE CHARTER SCHOOLS EFFECTIVE? Planning and Changing, 36(1/2), 90-103. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID: 877541691).

CHARTER SCHOOLS: LESSONS in SCHOOL REFORM [review of the Charter Schools: Lessons in School Reform. (2005). Harvard Educational Review, 75(3), 341-343. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID: 920579091).

Victoria Benning. (1998, October 15). Fairfax Studies Charter School Plan; Measure's Guidelines Allow Only Special-Need Applications: [FINAL Edition]. The Washington Post, p. B05. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from ProQuest National Newspapers Premier. (Document ID: 35117762).

Kraft, M. & Furlong, S. (2007). Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives.

Policy, Politics and Global Trends in Health Sector

Why the Public Policy Issue Was Chosen?

According to the report released by National Priorities and Goals -- aligning efforts meant to transform America's Health care (NQF, 2009; Partnership, 2008). NPP (National Priorities Partnership) came up with 6 priorities. If the priorities are addressed, it could improve the quality of health care delivered to the U.S. citizens. NPP consists of 48 major U.S. health care organizations, which work with NQF (National Quality Forum). It identifies and advances priorities geared at improving health care in the future (NQF, 2009). NPP has identified palliative care as one of the six priorities that can help improve patient-based utilization outcome. This article provides the background to help identify steps to assist match the medical treatment of the patient and family objectives. It concerns itself with access to quality hospice services and palliative care (Meier, 2011). This…

References

AHRQ. (2002). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP): Hospitalization in the United States. Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality:  http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/factbk6/factbk6c.htm 

American Hospital Association. (2009). AHA Hospital Statistics. Chicago: American Hospital Association.

ANA. (2008). Organizational Affiliate Criteria. Silver Spring: American Nurses Association.

ANA. (2015, December 10). Palliative and Hospice Nursing Panel. Retrieved from American Nurses Association:  http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/Professional-Issues-Panels/Palliative-and-Hospice-Nursing-Panel

Policy Analysis Critique

ationale for the chosen policy

Avian influenza is a virus causing lethal infection in human beings (Sims et al., 2003). It can be transmitted from patients to other human beings. It is a deadly virus with track record of 6 deaths in Hong Kong in 1997. That incident was just the start of this health issue. The virus spread enormously and caused H5N1 infection numerous times in Hong Kong. The dawn of 21st century witnessed multiple instances of H5N1 virus (Ellis et al., 2004).

It was expected that the virus could be found in the poultry animals and was infectious. In order to prove it, there were certain laboratory tests conducted on chickens. These tests helped prove the presence and effects of H5N1 virus (Shortridge et al. 1998). Subsequently, it was proved that the chickens were highly pathogenic (Shortridge et al., 1998). It was also proved that…

References

Ellis TM, Bousfield RB, Bissett LA, Dyrting KC, Luk GS, Tsim ST, Sturm-Ramirez K, Webster RG, Guan Y, Malik Peiris JS. Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002. Avian Pathol, 2004 Oct; 33(5): 492 -- 505.

Ferguson NM, Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Anderson RM. Public health risk from the avian H5N1 influenza epidemic. Science 2004; 304:968-9.

Ferguson NM, Galvani AP, Bush RM. Ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution. Nature 2003; 422:428-33.

Fielding R, Leung GM, Lam TH, Lam WWT. The use of live animal markets and perception of risk among the Hong Kong population. Department of Community Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, 2004.

Policy Networks a Prevalent Feature Democratic Governanc

The issue I have selected related to policy networks pertains to utilizing marijuana for medicinal purposes in the state of Florida. At present, the usage of marijuana within this state is illegal -- regardless of the purpose. There are staunch advocates against legalizing marijuana or any other illegal substance which may be used as a recreational drug within this state. The most eminent form of opposition more than likely comes from current Florida governor ick Scott, which not surprising considering that networks frequently involve "local and national governments" (Thatcher, 1998, p. 389). However, the issue of medical marijuana has recently come to the attention of state legislators and government officials due to a form of marijuana known as "Charlotte's web," which is exceedingly low in THC (the active ingredient in the substance that produces euphoric "highs") yet high in cannibidiol, which is known…

References

Jordan, G. (1990). Sub-governments, policy communities, and networks: refilling the old bottles? Journal of Theoretical Politics. 2(3), 319-338.

Klas, M.E. (2014). Florida house to propose bill to legalize strain of marijuana for seizures. www.miamiherald.com. Retrieved from http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/01/09/3861541/state-house-to-propose-bill-to.html

Thatcher, M. (1998). The development of policy network analyses. Journal of Theoretical Politics. 10(4), 389-416.

Improving consumer protection is a less vital factor in the reform package. It focuses on ancillary issues such as predatory lending and credit card interest. Improving protections may help to reduce the incidence of consumer bankruptcy, but has two negative consequences. The first is that the illusion of protection can encourage increased risk-taking behavior among consumers. The second is that increasing consumer protection fails to address the underlying issue, which is the atrocious level of financial literacy among the general population. These reforms, therefore, may not be effective.

The fourth set of reforms addresses the ability of government to respond to the crisis. The Federal Reserve's involvement in stabilizing the financial industry may have been needed at the time, but is inappropriate in the context of the Fed's tradition role. Furthermore, the FDIC has been forced into desperate action as its reserves have run low in the face of 100+…

Policy Issues in Education Settings AB

Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLU). (2010). "A-P-L-U-Sloan National Commission on Online Learning"

Retrieved from: http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=311

"The A-P-L-U-Sloan National Commission on Online Learning was formed in May 2007 to engage the A-P-L-U Presidents and Chancellors in a discussion about the utility of online education as a means to achieve broader institutional priorities, such as diversity, retention, internationalization and accountability." This resource specifically examines the policy and infrastructural issues dealt with by four-year colleges and universities experimenting with online learning and/or hybrid courses. The longitudinal study is meant to offer comprehensive data about the specific challenges of integrating online learning into traditional college experiences.

C.J. Bonk, The Perfect E-Storm: Emerging Technologies, Enhanced Pedagogy, Enormous Learner Demand, and Erased Budgets (London: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2004)

This is a comprehensive publication reviewing the infrastructural challenges, including policy concerns, effecting colleges who integrate e-learning…

Policy Issues in Education

Over the past few years state legislatures and some agencies dealing with education issues have tried to reform public education by taking a close look at tests (especially standardized tests), at teacher tenure, and at the whole idea of evaluating schools through performance measures. An article in The New York Times points out that a group called StudentsFirst has been pushing for the changes mentioned earlier in this Introduction, and their efforts -- and accomplishments -- will be reviewed in this paper.

Eleven States Get Failing Grades on Public School Policies

Led by former schools chancellor in ashington State, Michelle A. Rhee, StudentsFirst has issued a report earlier in 2013 that ranks states according to how well they have applied important reforms to their educational policies. In addition to teacher tenure, standardized tests and the need for charter schools, StudentsFirst has also graded states on how…

Works Cited

Rich, M. (2013). 11 States Get Failing Grades on Public School Policies From Advocacy Group.

The New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2013, from  http://www.nytimes.com .

com. 2007. February 26, 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/open-door-policy-1

Stueck, illiam hitney. The Road to Confrontation: American Policy toward China and Korea, 1947-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

Tsou, Tang. America's Failure in China, 1941-50. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.

The facility of most-favored-nation was later extended by the Chinese to other foreign powers as well.

Although most countries did not formally agree with the "Open Door Policy," John Hay went on to unilaterally declare that they had endorsed the policy.

This consisted of an oil embargo and freezing of Japanese assets in the months preceding the Pearl Harbor attacks

The Americans had also misjudged the ideological commitment of the Chinese communists and over-estimated the pro-American among the Chinese masses, believing that any Chinese government (even a Communist one) would remain friendly with the Americans. Such misplaced optimism continues to be the Achilles heel of the U.S. foreign office:…

Works Cited

Open Door Policy." Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Answers.com. 2007. February 26, 2007.  http://www.answers.com/topic/open-door-policy-1 

Stueck, William Whitney. The Road to Confrontation: American Policy toward China and Korea, 1947-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

Tsou, Tang. America's Failure in China, 1941-50. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.

The facility of most-favored-nation was later extended by the Chinese to other foreign powers as well.

Policy tudy

eattle has been a leader in the United tates in trying to eradicate the homeless problems that arise in every city. ince the 1970's, the citizens of the city have agreed to tax increases (more than four times (Farestart, 2009) to address this issue. The following case analysis looks at the city's policy regarding finding shelter for all homeless families and single women.

Major Policy Concepts

Most analysts agree that the primary reason that there is a great degree of homelessness in eattle is the lack of affordable housing in the city (Kerns, 2011). The policy in the case suggests that the homeless be given greater access to affordable housing and shelters. However, there is a problem stated with this part of the policy also. Housing in eattle is not just expensive for the citizens of the city, it is expensive to build for the city government (Tong,…

Shay, S. (2011). Homeless 'One Night Count' numbers decrease. West Seattle Herald.  http://www.westseattleherald.com/2011/01/30/news/homeless-one-night-count - numbers-decrease

SKCCH. (2012). Everyone counts. Retrieved from  http://homelessinfo.org/one_night_count/ 

Tong, C. (2011). Seattle homelessness a long-standing problem with no easy solution in sight. The International Examiner.  http://seattlepostglobe.org/2011/02/03/seattle - homelessness-a-long-standing-problem-with-no-easy-solution-in-sight/

Policies and Procedures

eliance Healthcare Computer Policies and Procedures

The installation of a new computer system requires many considerations from a managerial standpoint. Computer usage, particularly access to the Internet is controversial, as there is significant room for abuse by staff. The new system will help to streamline processes in the organization, but it will also provide opportunities for non-productive time. The forthcoming policies and procedures are designed to allow employees access to the technology that will make their lives better, but also limit liability and loss due to unauthorized Internet use.

Security is of utmost importance in the new system. The computer system will need to have the highest level of security possible, as it contains personal information about patients. It contains private healthcare information that is protected by the Federal Government. It also contains sensitive company information. The nature of the information makes it necessary to have the…

Reference: CPP 001 2009

Definition: Computer access means use of the computer system as the job description dictates

Procedure:

1. Reliance Healthcare personnel will refrain from utilizing computer systems for personal purposes both during and after working hours. They will refrain from utilizing social networking and other non-work related websites using company computers. Prohibited websites include, but are not limited to, Ebay, Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and other social networking websites that are not work related.

Any infractions of this policy will be reported to their supervisor immediately.

The negative aspect of the matter however, is the limited breakthroughs made at the practical level, as most discussions end in declarative aims, yet no timeline for an actual implementation of them. On the one hand, the European Union did not present itself as very willing to offer economic incentives and aid to the ailing Russian Federation, and on the other hand, Russian opposition forces who argue against a westernization of the country encourage a limited enthusiasm towards an increased cooperation partnership. In this way, both parties, although are engaged in a partnership, act in such a manner as to discourage any advancements of talks.

The stalemate that has continuously characterized the Partnership was obvious in many instances. One moment that was of great importance for the European Union and to which the Russian Federation more or less opposed was the 2004 enlargement process. In that context, "Russia has transmitted…

Bibliography

Baranovsky, Vladimir. "Russia: A Part of Europe or Apart from Europe?" International Affairs Vol. 76, No. 3, Europe: Where Does it Begin and End?. (Jul., 2000), pp. 443-458.

BBC. "EU-Russia relations 'at low ebb'." BBC News. 20 April 2007.  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6574615.stm  (accessed 13 December 2007)

Emerson, Michael, and Irina Kobrinskaya. "Russia and the West." Working Paper 2004. European Security Forum. Center for European Policy Studies. International Institute for Strategic Studies.

European Commission. "EU-Russia: Preparations for the Summit on 26 October." European Parliament. Strasbourg, 24 October, 2007.  http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/653&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en  (accessed 13 December 2007)

Policy Strategy Innovation

A Policy Strategy of Innovation

Organizational survival and success are predicated on the establishment of a strategic orientation and a set of clear, realistic and relevant policies intended to drive this strategy. From these features, an organization will ultimately derive goals, procedural norms, role designation, organizational culture, leadership orientation and a host of other defining features. It is thus that the Policy Strategy driving a company will ultimately come to define the company itself, with the resultant productivity, reputation and industry position helping to project a certain identity, image or set of consumer expectations. As the discussion hereafter will show, many times the selected policy strategy of an organization can be the long-term difference between success and failure. As a subsequent section of this discussion will show, there is a direct connection between a meaningful policy strategy and the opportunity for long-term viability and success.

This is…

Works Cited:

Apple. (2007). Steve Jobs: CEO Apple. Apple Press Info.

Boyd, D. (2009). Corporate Innovation Strategy Template. Innovation in Practice.

Crum, R. (2006). As iPod sales slow, Apple looks to next big thing. Bradenton Herald.

Goodell, J. (2003). Steve Jobs: The Rolling Stone Interview. Rolling Stone.

Policies

Human esources Management is basically something that encompasses various activities in an office environment, some of them being: what sort of employees does a company need, what are the best methods to recruit as well as train these personnel, making sure that the performance levels of these people is at its optimum best, and also making sure that the rules regarding management issues are followed to the letter by the employees. Some other issues are those of employee compensation, employee benefits, and so on.

The first step in a human resources management policy is that of 'ecruitment' of the company's employees.

In order to prepare an Advertisement for the purpose of recruitment, certain guidelines must be followed. These are: there must be included, in the advertisement, a complete job description. This must state the 'job title' or 'rank' or 'position'. This means that the person who is interested will…

References

Corrective Action: Professional and Support Staff. March 1, 2002. Retrieved From

 http://atyourservice.ucop.edu/employees/policies/staff_policies/spp62.html  Accessed on 5 November, 2004

Employee Conduct, Disciplinary Discharge Guidelines. Retrieved From

 http://www.rpi.edu/dept/hr/policy/empconductguide.html  Accessed on 5 November, 2004

Instead they are being left in family homes, alone while family members work to pay the bills.

One of the problems with government regulations and business is that often times the regulation applies across the board with little regard to the size of the business or the size of the population that the business serves.

To implement a regulation to businesses across an entire geographic area can harm the business in the small town. Why should the same regulation apply to a business in a town of 330 as a business in a town of 1.5 million residents? To comply with certain government regulations businesses in small towns are often left with no choice but to close the doors.

Existing regulations already put a huge burden on the U.S. economy, more than $600 billion per year, according to detailed studies by economist Thomas Hopkins of the ochester Institute of Technology.…

References

Bass, Gary (1995) Government Regulations are an Essential Part of Life

Philadelphia Tribune,

Blockbuster anti-trust case thrown out. (Law & Regulation).(Brief Article)

Screen Digest

Programs and Services

§ Briefly describe the major programs and services, and the population intended to be served.

Before choosing the programs it is pointed out that about three decades ago, the term 'organizational culture', came in vogue. It resulted in a study of the different styles of organizing. Today the organizational change can be achieved easily and the methods of conducting programs themselves can be a part of a project that involves multiple organizations. Non-profits also came into the scrutiny of these concepts. (Wright, 1994)

The theory now is to see that maximum benefits and opportunities are extended to the subjects by the organization in this case the disadvantaged groups, particularly women and children. The programs seem to be created and managed on the general principles that all organizations follow. There does not seem to be any specific study that was done to incorporate the persons who belong to…

References

Alternativestodv. (2013a) "Administrative Staff" Retrieved 22 April, 2013 from  http://www.alternativestodv.org/aboutus/staff.html 

Alternativestodv. (2013d) "History of the organization" Retrieved 22 April, 2013 from  http://www.alternativestodv.org/aboutus/advhistory.html 

Alternativestodv. (2013c) "Financial Information" Retrieved 22 April, 2013 from  http://www.alternativestodv.org/aboutus/financials.html 

Alternativestodv. (2013b) "ADV Federal 990 form" Retrieved 22 April, 2013 from  http://www.alternativestodv.org/images/ADV_Federal_990_Form.pdf

Policies and Emergency Management

ABSTACT/INTODUCTION: As a representative democracy, the United States tries to include as many people and interests into its decision-making processes as possible. Seldom has this practice been more challenged than since the country's intensive focus on emergency planning and preparations because of the rash of high-profile incidents that have brought about death, destruction, fear and critical assessments of our national capabilities, including the 9/11 terror attacks (Perry and Lindell, 2003). For the most part, the main sources of action in this regard have come from the federal government, which has been adopting various mandates and incentives to invite more effective systems of readiness. But state and local agencies and private and public organizations have also found their places in these steadily improving processes even though they continue to struggle with the many complexities they face of being ready for all types of conditions. Large and small…

REFERENCES

CAN HealthPro (2007). Emergency Management Planning, Health Care. Viewable at  http://www.cna.com/vcm_content/CNA/internet/Static%20File%20for%20Download/Risk%20Control/Medical%20Services/EmergencyMgmtPlanning-PrepMakesforSmootherRecovery.pdf .

ERCMExpress (2006). Creating Emergency Management Plans. U.S. Department of Education. Vol. 2, No. 8. Viewable at  http://rems.ed.gov/docs/CreatingPlans.pdf .

ESRI (2005). Improving Emergency Planning and Response with Geographic Information Systems. White Paper. Viewable at  http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/emergency-planning-response.pdf .

FEMA (2012). Communications and Information Management. Viewable at  http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/CommunicationsInfoManagement.shtm .

Policies and procedures that are used by any hospital are vital to the care of its patients and can help decrease the length of the patients' stay by days or even weeks in some cases, depending on how these procedures and policies are implemented and enforced by the doctors, nurses, and other staff members at the facility. The policy of having wristbands of different colors for Allergies, DN Orders, and Fall isks helps to avoid errors with medications, procedures, and treatments that could otherwise take place due to misreading of charts or miscoding of a patient's condition (Polices, 2007). Those errors can cause significant and sometimes irreparable harm to a patient, and can lead to a much longer stay that could result in significantly more cost to the patient and insurance company, as well as stress, pain, and suffering that could have otherwise been avoided by taking a few simple…

References

Policies and Procedures (2007). California Hospital Association (CHA). Derived, with permission, from original works copyrighted by the Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association (AzHHA).

Policy Process: Evaluation, Analysis and evision

The National Nursing Shortage eform and Patient Advocacy Act was designed to address the public health workforce shortage that is seen, especially where nurses are concerned. It is no secret that nurses are leaving the profession in record numbers, and as they do that it is becoming more and more difficult to replace them with others who want to do the same type of work (Buerhaus & etchin, 2013; Iglehart, 2013). Because of all the nurses retiring, and so many of them experiencing burnout, the gap between the number of needed nurses and those who are available continues to widen (Negron & Cohen, 2013). The issue here is how that Act becomes a policy, so it can provide more help to a public health workforce that is struggling. In order for the Act to become a policy, it must first be evaluated. The Act…

References

Buerhaus, P.I., & Retchin, S.M. (2013). The dormant National Health Care Workforce Commission needs congressional funding to fulfill its promise. Health Affairs, 32(11), 2021-2024.

Iglehart, J.K. (2013). Expanding the role of advanced nurse practitioners - risks and rewards. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(20), 1935-1941.

Negron, B., & Cohen, E. (2013). Back to the future: A standardized approach to delivering effective nursing care. Nurse Leader, 11(2), 52-56.

S.739 (2014). Congress.gov. Retrieved from  https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/739

This balkanization is partially driven by the lack of integration between various segments of itself, and this is primarily a technological limitation. Yet the far broader and more difficult challenge in this regard is the segregating of knowledge not just for profit, but for lasting competitive advantage between nations. On the one hand there is the need for competitive differentiation in company's offerings, yet in others including the sharing of primary research in medicine and biomedical fields and stem cell research there is the ethical responsibility to share these insights gained to foster solutions to the world's most pressing medical problems. M. Van Alstyne and E. Brynjolfsson, researchers on the growth patterns and threat of Internet balkanization from MIT, remark in their conference paper from a 1996 conference that the balkanization of science is a significant threat. The two MIT researchers cite the studies they have completed showing how despite…

References

ESRI (2006). Environmental Systems Research Institute. Retrieved from the Internet on July 14, 2006. (www.esri.com)

Gates Technology Foundation (2005). Interviews and on-site visits with GIS planners and network technicians while donating servers, laptops, and desktop computers for a major PC manufacturer. Onsite interviews in Seattle, Washington. April, 2005.

HHS (2006). Federal Register Data on Poverty Line Statistics by size of household. January 24, 2006. See table 1 of this document.

Pew Center for Internet Research (2006). Key statistics downloaded from the Internet on February 14, 2006.  http://people-press.org/

4. Exit interview

As the decision to terminate the employment relationship has been made and even set in motion, the employee is asked to participate in an exit interview. This interview is generally held throughout the last days the employee spends in the organization and it focuses on retrieving feedback related to the reasons as to which the employee has chosen to leave; his feelings and opinions regarding the time he spent in the company; the team, the managerial team, the company policy and so on. "Ultimately, the goal of using EIS is to determine the reasons for company turnover, help to identify training and development needs, create strategic planning goals, and identify those areas in which changes need to be made" (Knouse, Beard, Pollard and Giacalone, 1996).

5. eturn of company property

Aside from the exit interview, there are two more aspects to consider -- the return of company…

References:

Dell'Omo, G.G., 1997, Managerial use of dismissal: organizational-level determinants, Personal Psychology, Vol. 50, No. 4

Glant, T., 2002, Against all odds: Vira B. Whitehouse and Rosika Schwimmer in Switzerland, American Studies International, Vol. 40, No. 1

Knouse, S.B., Beard, J.W., Pollard, H.G., Giacalone, R.A., 1996, Willingness to discuss exit interview topics: the impact of attitudes toward supervisor and authority, Journal of Psychology, Vol. 130, No. 3

McGough, L.S., 2003, Starting over: the heuristic of family relocation decision making, St. John's Law Review, Vol. 77, No. 2

7). To bring this program into action, JetBlue has implemented an interesting employee structure. JetBlue has a home-based reservation system, where agents are allowed to work from their home via a remote connection with the central base. These employees are also committed to the company because of the particularly pleasant circumstances of their work. This type of empowerment allows for employee loyalty to the company, as well as keeping labor costs lower. Labor costs are also kept lower by lower than average salaries for the industry. Nonetheless, because of the corporate culture, many more applications are received by JetBlue than other airlines (p. 10). The company makes up for this by high job security, overtime pay, and a high probability for promotion. In this way, the company gains loyalty from both…

Policy Brief eview

The author of this report is to find and summarize a policy brief as it appears on the obert Wood Johnson Foundation website. As part of the review process, there will be a summary of several of its main points and objectives. These will include the policies and subjects covered, who the foundation is trying to influence, whether the brief is evidence-based, whether there are gaps in the knowledge base, what the expected outcomes might be, who those outcomes would affect, what the burdens would be, who those burdens would affect, what the benefits would be and who precisely would gain the most. While price transparency may not be seen as a major issue, the Foundation website assert that there is roughly $105 billion in annual waste due to price variations and an overall lack of price transparency.

Analysis

As explained by the policy brief, the problem…

References

RWJF. (2015). Home. RWJF. Retrieved 27 July 2015, from  http://www.rwjf.org/ 

RWJF. (2015). PBGH Policy Brief: Price Transparency. RWJF. Retrieved 27 July 2015,

from

Policy Extension

General Context

The company was established in 1886 and since its inception the technology developed by Daimler has revolutionized the automotive industry (Daimler AG, 2014). Daimler's initial product line started with a motor carriage and a three wheeled vehicle. The quality, safety and comfort of Daimler's vehicles have impressed their customers, establishing the standards of the industry.

With automotives being a physical product, it is very easy to measure them. Standards of the industry are established and brought to public notice, allowing all customers to understand them and rapport to them. In this industry products are physical received by customers and they enter customers' possession once all contractual and financial aspects have been attained. Product reception takes place under the terms established by the seller and agreed by the buyer.

There are several ways customers can address in order to find out information about the price and characteristics…

Reference list:

1. Tradition (2014). Daimler AG. Retrieved November 20, 2014 from  http://www.daimler.com/company/tradition .

2. Product Responsibility (2014). Daimler AG. Retrieved November 20, 2014 from  http://www.daimler.com/sustainability/product-responsibility .

3. Lis, B. et al. (2012). Oil and Cars: The Impact of Crude Oil Prices on the Stock Returns of Automotive Companies. International Journal of Economic and Financial Issues. Retrieved November 20, 2014.

4. The Automotive Industry (2014). Business and Economics Research Advisor. Retrieved November 20, 2014 from  http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/BERA/issue2/industry.html .

Policy Initiative/No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

This paper will examine the NCLB (No Child Left Behind) policy initiative.

The Policy

On 8th May, 2002, George W. Bush signed the NCLB Act into law. The Act represents the 1965 ESEA's (Elementary and Secondary Education Act's) most extensive reform ever. The federal government's role in kindergarten to secondary school education has been redefined through the Act, which is expected to help forge the achievement divide between minority and disadvantaged pupils and their fellow pupils. A nationwide Act such as the NCLB guides state standard development (Case Assignment Module ). These represent a form of course benchmarks, having a significant influence on course planning and development. This title's aim is ensuring every child has an equal, significant, and fair chance at obtaining superior quality education as well as (at least) reaching proficiency on difficult state-level academic tests and achievement benchmarks (Title I -…

References

(2010). Advancement Project. Test, Punish and Push Out: How Zero Tolerance and High-Stakes Testing Funnel Youth into The School. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from  http://b.3cdn.net/advancement/d05cb2181a4545db07_r2im6caqe.pdf 

Case Assignment Module

Fuller, B., Wright, J., Gesicki, K., & Kang, E. (2007). Gauging Growth: How to Judge No Child Left Behind? Educational Researcher, 36(5), 268-278. Retrieved, from  http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ782545 

(n.d.). Home -- U.S. Department of Education. Title I - Improving The Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from  http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg1.html#sec1001

Policy of choice: Patient Safety
The provision of healthcare services is a complex responsibility that the professionals in healthcare risk management must never take lightly. Hospital regulations and accreditation standards make the safety requires complex and inevitable (PSQH, 2014). With formal procedures and policies, it is possible to promote and encourage compliance with regulation and high safety standards in the workplace. These policies also make quality healthcare and patient safety easier to deliver. Well articulate policies will alleviate variability in nursing practice that is likely to lead to compromises in care and eventual harm to the patient. The financial situations that require more attention for patient care may make it difficult to continuously review procedures and policies. Failure to update and develop policy can cause negative consequences for the patients (PSQH, 2014).
Patient safety policy is significant for the fulfillment of several professional requirements including:
· Adherence with the set…

U.K. Government: Social Policy Theory & Practice

The objective of this study is to answer all four questions stated as follows: (1) What is the social administrative tradition? (2) What is meant by liberal welfarism? (3) Explain the parliamentary policy- making process? In addition (4) Detail the New Right critique of the welfare state?

Social Administrative Tradition

Grover Starling, administration scholar is reported to have described six characteristics of government's public administrative responsibility: (1) responsiveness; (2) flexibility; (3) competence; (4) due process; (5) accountability; and (6) honestly. (Shiguang, nd) Traditional government responsibility is noted to be that of maintaining public order. (Shiguang, nd) The World Bank identifies four primary administrative traditions as being those of: (1) Anglo Saxon (minimal state); (2) Continental European: Germanic (organicist); (3) Continental European: French (Napoleonic); and (4) Scandanavian: (mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic). The most fundamental difference is reported to be "between the Anglo-Saxon and…

Abortion

Policy Description

Statement of the Policy

The policy of the United States on abortion was one set forty years ago in a landmark decision, in the 1973 case oe v. Wade, which legalized abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Brief History of the Policy

In the case of oe v. Wade, a single woman by the name of oe brought class action that challenged the constitutionality of the criminal abortion laws in the state of Texas. In this case a licensed physician by the name of Hallford, who had state prosecutions against him pending was allowed to intervene. A childless couple, known as the Does, attacked the laws and based the alleged injury on the future possibilities of contraceptive failure, stating that were not prepared for becoming parents and the health of the wife. The court ordered the abortion statutes void "as vague and overbroadly infringing the plaintiff's…

References

Roe v. Wade (1973) SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 410 U.S. 113. APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS. No. 70-18 Argued: December 13, 1971 - Decided: January 22, 1973. Retrieved from:

Catholic Perspectives on Culture, Society and Politics (2007) Vox Nova. Retrieved from:  http://vox-nova.com/2007/05/22/abortion-and-economics/ 

Dionisio, L. et al. (2006) A Political, Public & Moral Look at Abortion. Retrieved from: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jackson/social.issues/papers/AbortGrI.htmlhttp://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.html

Norrander, B. And Wilcox, C. (1999) Public Opinion and Policymaking in the States: The Case of Post-Roe Abortion Policy. Policy Studies Journal, Vo. 27, No. 4, 1999. Retrieved from: http://academic.udayton.edu/grantneeley/Morality%20Policy/norranderandwilcox-psj.pdf

" (Allen 2008) This means that nursing educators are also a key stakeholder.

Other stakeholders include healthcare facility administrators, corporate trustees and public office holders, who will often have entangled or competing interests relating to the profitability of operations and the political expediency of policy orientation. This will also be true of the various professional advocacy groups, nursing associations and lobby groups that will vie for influence in the discussion on any legislation relating to the nursing shortage.

Policy Objective:

A primary policy objective is to endorse any legislation that would aggressively enforce better recruitment of nursing students, better training of existing nurses, improvements in working conditions for nurses and mandated nurse-to-patient ratios. These objectives are underscored by evidence of the opportunities to save lives facilitated by mandated ratios. According to the text by Health Services Research (HSR) (2010), "key findings of the study reportedly include that 10-13% 'fewer surgical…

Works Cited:

Allan, L. (2008). The nursing shortage continues as faculty shortage grows. Nursing Economics, 26(1), 35-40.

Berkowitz, B. (2012). The Policy Process. .

Cullen, E.; Ranji, U. & Salganicoff, A. (2010). Addressing the Nursing Shortage. Kaiseredu.org.

GovTrack. (2010). S. 1031: National Nursing Shortage Reform and Patient Advocacy Act. govTrack.us.

Emissions

Policy Making and Power Plant Emissions

There are many considerations that a government official in charge of developing policy concerning gas and particulate emissions must take into account in order to protect the environment and citizens while allowing business and the basic functions of society and its infrastructure to progress. The balance that must be struck here is one of the major reasons that environmental policy is so complex, and why it is such a hot-button issue for many officials and constituents alike. The potential effectiveness of each policy detail that might be implemented, the cost of each proposed implementation, the benefits and detriments to the various parties, and all other related minutiae must be taken into account in order for the best possible policies to be developed and implemented. The following paragraphs will consider two different alternative policies for protecting the environment and the human population surrounding a…

64). Again, this has been recently evidenced by the recent battles in Congress over the federal budget. Although the budget deficit did not directly involve health care policy, the result was a compromise on the budget that required a corresponding change in the health care policy as to Medicare. This is not an unusual situation in the area of health care policy. Often, budgetary concerns must be addressed which in long-term have an impact on the formation of health care policy.

The formation of health care policy does not occur in a vacuum and there is a constant struggle between interests. Too often the concerns of the majority are afforded too much consideration and the interests of smaller and seemingly less important segments of society are overlooked. This is a serious problem for policy makers and one that reoccurs frequently but a problem that is inherent to the process that…

The 1980s (the period when onald eagan was the U.S. President) witnessed a series of government measures targeting environmental regulations. This resulted in public outrage against the anti-environmental policies of the government leading to a renewed interest in nature clubs and groups and the formation of radical groups who led strong movements to protect the environment. (vii) the post- eagan resurgence (1990s onwards) - President Bush and President Clinton did not take the radical stance of their predecessor. However, President George W. Bush has taken many measures which have weakened the environmental movement instead of strengthening it. This includes opposing curbs on greenhouse emissions via the Kyoto Protocol, supporting oil drilling in the ANW or Arctic National Wildlife ange, weakening clean air standards and lifting the ban on logging in forests.

3) How does economics determine the public's opinion regarding environmental issues? Discuss the values of the dominant social paradigm…

References

Bocking, Stephen. Nature's Experts: Science, Politics, and the Environment. Rutgers University Press. 2004.

Palmer, Mike. Pathways of Nutrients in the Ecosystem - Pathways of elements in ecosystem.  http://www.okstate.edu/artsci/botany/bisc3034/lnotes/nutrient.htm 

Redclift, M. R; Woodgate, Graham. The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2000.

Schmidtz, David; Willott, Elizabeth. Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, what Really Works. Oxford University Press U.S., 2002.

Social Policy

Human Services

Making Sense of Social Policy: Why Social Policy Affects Everyone

Social policy is a rather vague term because the word 'social' can have different meanings for different people (Human Services 311, p. 1). Social policies, in and of themselves, affect individuals at different stages in their lives. They also cover quite a broad range of issues -- ranging from children's issues, family and work issues -- such as retirement/pension policies and unemployment (i.e., social benefits), as well as policies regarding the physically disabled. Perhaps this is the reason that many seem so baffled about the term 'social policy' and what it specifically refers to. There really isn't anything confusing, however, about the term. Social policy can really be thought of simply as a study that has to do with the people's welfare. But to clarify, social policy isn't merely about making people happy, but it is…

References:

Canadian Council of Chief Executives. (2011). Issues. Accessed on 7 December 2011

 http://www.ceocouncil.ca/issues 

Human Services 311. (2011). Unit 4. Values and Policy-Making: The What and Who of Social

Policy and Its Definition. Human services 311.

The research, methods will seek to establish a common basement of the U.S. President Foreign Policy Decision Making Process. Equitable regard will be accorded to the state of affairs that exist between the U.S.A. And Iran

Questionnaires

Questionnaires are samples of structured questions that will seek directive responses from the respondents in the field of study. In order to arrive at making decisions, there are several considerations that the president of the U.S.A. needs to know from the public and the secretary of state. Such questions will be included in the questionnaires. The questionnaires will be supplied to various respondents. These respondents are thought to have consistent information as regards the U.S. President Foreign Policy Decision Making Process matters in the world. Questionnaires are relevant when it comes to exhausting on the exiting trends of management in the country.

Interviews

Interviews refer to face-to-face approaches of seeking to elicit information…

Reference list

Alterman, Eric. 1998. Who speaks for America?: why democracy matters in foreign policy.

Ithaca [u.a.]: Cornell Univ. Press.

Beisner, Robert L. 2003. American foreign relations since 1600 a guide to the literature.

Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.  http://ebooks.abc-clio.com/?isbn=9781576075302 .

" (Devine, 2007)

Summary and Conclusion

Policy evaluation enables educators to make determines as to the accountability of the system and the conditions needed to expand the capacity of the educational institution to provide high quality curriculum and instruction as well as in the formulation of assessment and toward the increase of learning of students. This brief study has demonstrated how the competing and opposing forces locally, statewide and federal serve to formulate policies and ultimately to test the soundness and effectiveness of those policies. Policy evaluation is critical for educational institutions and use of the four dimensions of policy making offers a framework that enables the comprehension of policymaking toward the enhancement of education and improvement of the educational institution.

ibliography

Cooper, .S, Fusarelli, L.D., & Randall, E.V. (2004). etter policies, better schools: Theories and applications. Pearson Education, Inc.

Cooper, ruce S., Fusarelli, Lance D, & Randall, E. Vance…

Bibliography

Cooper, B.S, Fusarelli, L.D., & Randall, E.V. (2004). Better policies, better schools: Theories and applications. Pearson Education, Inc.

Cooper, Bruce S., Fusarelli, Lance D, & Randall, E. Vance (2003). Better policies, better schools: Theories and applications. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Devine, Jack (2007) Four Dimensions of Educational Policy Theory: Normative, Structural, Constituentive and Technical. Associated Content 31 Dec 2007. Online available at: http://216.241.164.182/article/500765/four_dimensions_of_educational_policy.htmlLuxemburg, Fred C. And Irby, Beverly J. (2006) the Principalship: Vision to Action. Political and Policy Context. Thomson -- Wadsworth. U.S. Online available at: https://classshares.student.usp.ac.fj/ED453/R12%20Political%20and%20Policy%20Context.pdf

Fullan (2001) in Luxemburg, Fred C. And Irby, Beverly J. (2006) the Principalship: Vision to Action. Political and Policy Context. Thomson -- Wadsworth. U.S. Online available at: https://classshares.student.usp.ac.fj/ED453/R12%20Political%20and%20Policy%20Context.pdf

Germany has established itself as a successful country with a growing and stable economy. In terms of its economic policies, since 2014 its score has fallen by .2 placing it into rank 5 within the international top ranks. Of its many efforts to stabilize the country, the most notable is increased regulation, meaning pension-system expansions and a minimum wage (). Along with economic policies favoring regulation, Germany has remained strong in terms of employment growth and export performance, allowing for low unemployment rates and rising wages. While Germany has improved and stabilized, the rising influx of refugees has put a damper on the country's ability to create new policies for the labor-market.

Regardless, there are many positives in Germany's economic policies that has boosted tax revenue. The boost also comes in terms of reduction of debt-to-GDP ratio even with rising debt. Germany has done an amazing job of successfully addressing…

Any program termination will have a domino effect, thus affecting many people. Oftentimes, programs/policies are reformed, rather than terminated in which the decision may be contingent upon which political party is in office. Hence, the epublican Party has a tendency to seek reformation/termination of public welfare program, whereas the Democratic has a tendency to extend program benefits to assist the public. The inefficient use of federal funding has spawned much debate and controversy. Consequently, this has and continues to create dissension between the government parties and among the American people. Although evaluation is a key component of the policy cycle, the process of conceiving, developing, implementing and modifying public policies requires time and money. This policy development process is often organic and irregular, due to the inherent complexity of public policy problems and the need to address competing interests. As such, evaluating public policy is time-consuming and labor intensive --…

References

Dodaro, G.L. (2009). GAO: Promoting accountability and transparency in government. GAO Reports, 1.

Hastak, M., Mazis, M.B., & Morris, L.A. (2001). The role of consumer surveys in public policy decision making. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 20(2), 170-185.

Kilpatrick, Ph.D., D.G. (2000). Definitions of Public Policy and the Law. Retrie ved from  http://www.musc.edu/vawprevention/policy/definition.shtml 

U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). (n.d.). About GAO. Retrieved from  http://www.gao.gov/about/index.html

President Clinton's And Obama's Health Care Policies:

Since the 1960's, universal health care has continued to be a major aspect of social reform to an extent that the right to health care for all Americans has been a central issue in political debates. The debate regarding universal health care was particularly fueled by the enactment of the Social Security Act in 1965 that guaranteed care services for the poor and elderly through Medicare and Medicaid. Despite of these attempts to provide health care to the poor and elderly, universal health care has remained a lurking legislative fiasco for more than four decades. During the 1990's, the then presidential candidate, Bill Clinton, propelled this issue to the vanguard of his campaigns as the focus shifted to health care reform. However, his administration failed to enact a health care bill because of a stubborn Democratic Congress. Universal health care was also a…

References:

Klein, J. (2012, December 17). Obamacare vs. Medicare. Time, 180(25).

Levin, Y. & Ponnuru, R. (2012, February 6). Romney vs. Obamacare: What the Presumptive

Nominee Should Say, National Review, 34-35.

Santana, A. (2012). Obama vs. Clinton on Health Care. Slope Media Group.

For this purpose it has set-up National Anti-acism Partnership and Strategy (Stone, 2008). This strategy will be making alliance with various departments like Department of Immigration and Citizenship, the Australian human rights commission and the ace Discrimination Commissioner, Australian multicultural advisory council etc.

Multicultural Arts and Festivals Grants: In response to multicultural Australian society, Australian government to take care of all its citizens have decided to execute Diversity and social Cohesion Programs from multicultural arts and festivals small grants. This provides a platform for all Australians to learn about each other's cultures and traditions.

Multicultural Youth Sports Partnership Program: For the purpose of creating network and connection between the youth from diverse cultural backgrounds, Australian government has taken a step in establishing Multicultural Youth Sports Partnership Programs. Australian Sports Commission (ASC) will be managing this program (Howard, 2005).

Conclusion

Australia with its cultural mix has adopted Multicultural Policy with the…

References

Howard, Cosmo (2005). The Policy Cycle: a Model of Post-Machiavellian Policy Making? the

Australian Journal of Public Administration.

Kellow, Aynsley (Summer 1988). Promoting Elegance in Policy Theory: Simplifying Lowi's

Arenas of Power. Policy Studies Journal 16: 713 -- 724. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00680.x.

28). The directions that this new "great and powerful" friend takes in the next 20 years will have a pronounced effects on what type of foreign policy is needed to maintain the middle road aspired to by Australian foreign policymakers. In the Australia's Defence Department's White Paper, "Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific century: Force 2030," published in 2009, a number of eventualities are examined in terms of the appropriateness of an independent, dependent, interdependent or coindependent foreign policy in the future, depending on how the world changes. In the chapter, "Australia's Defence Policy," the White Paper makes the following points:

1. A nation's 'strategic posture' is the expression of how it seeks to secure its strategic interests, including by reducing the risk of conflict in the first place, and how it would potentially use force in relation to its strategic interests. In terms of strategic posture, an Australian government…

References

Berger, M.T. & Borer, D.A. (1999). The rise of East Asia: Critical visions of the Pacific century. London: Routledge.

Copper, D.A. (2002). Competing Western strategies against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: Comparing the United States to a close ally. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific century: Force 2030. (2009). Australian Government:

Department of Defence -- Australian Policy Online. Retrieved from  http://www.apo.org .

If given the opportunity to amend the policy, what action would you take and why?

The national proposal to increase sin taxes on alcoholic beverages is long overdue and should be supported not only by all sectors of the government but the American public most especially. The fact is well-known that alcohol consumption is not only dangerous for the consumer but also has various economic and social harms for the society as well as users' immediate environment. It means that alcohol can affect not only the drinker but other people in the form of violence or road accidents. Taxing alcohol at higher rates will provide a mechanism that will taper buying due to high prices. But I believe that taxing alone should not be the only thrust of this policy. Rather, continuous education and awareness campaigns by both the public and private sector will go further to ensure that people…

Identify and analyze the role/s of various key stakeholders in policy development, implementation and evaluation. The roles of key stakeholders in policy development, implementation and evaluation all revolve around their own objectives. The "actors" in policymaking can be divided into five distinct categories: elected officials, appointed officials, interest groups, research organizations, and the mass media (Finders University, 2010; 35).

Non-government organizations (NGO) play a big role in the propagation of interest in food policy (Finders University, 2010; 36). NGOs can being many different types of people together for a cause (such as the case in Lang's (1997) article). The coming together of middle-income individuals, politicians, scientists, activists -- among other groups -- "helped to set the scene for public vigilance regarding the actions of government and food industry" (2010; 36).

When it comes to problems in policies, the media is a major factor. The media is incredibly adept at sensationalizing…

Bibliography

Flinders University. (2010). Graduate Studies in Public Health. "Food Policy for Public

Health Practice." Guide To Learning.

Klijn, E. (1996). Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks: A

Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and Its Problems.

Even under ordinary circumstances, the NCLB motivates teachers to spend more time teaching standardized test-taking and less time on substantive teaching.

The other principal set of interrelated problems currently plaguing American education is that teachers are underpaid, there is little if any correlation between performance and compensation, and tenure policies make it virtually impossible to remove bad teachers once they have achieved tenure. As a result, the teaching profession cannot attract top talent, simply because the highest performing graduates have no incentive to take on high-stress, low-paying jobs where they cannot earn more based on their superior performance. In light of the tremendous importance of improving the American education system for the well-being of the country, public education must make only very limited use of standardized testing. Public funds should be directed into programs to increase the compensation of all entry-level teachers instead of being wasted on standardized test preparation…

Sources Consulted

Caillier J. (2007). "No Child Left Behind Act: Are States on Target to Make Their

Goals?" Journal of Negro Education. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from:

 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3626/is_200710/ai_n25139930/pg_10 

Darling-Hammond L. "NCLB Implementation Challenges: The Local Superintendent's

Health Policy and Law Formation:

The process of legislation is characterized with some similarities and differences depending on the specific lawmaking body and the manner through which policymakers are elected and their respective functions and work. Generally, this legislative process includes drafting the bill, introduction of the bill to the respective house, discussions regarding it, any amendments, voting, and enactment into law or vetoed. In addition to undergoing this process, the formation of a public policy or law experiences various challenges depending on the specific state and municipality where the policy is formed.

In relation to public health policy, such laws originate from various sources before proceeding to policy development, which follows several stages. Some of these major stages in policy development include problem identification, setting of agenda, formation of the policy, implementation of the policy, policy evaluation, and policy termination or change. On an issue of health promotion or…

References:

Evans, C.H. & Degutis, L.C. (2003, December). What it Takes for Congress to Act. American

Journal of Health Promotion, 18(2), 177-181.

Megerian, C. & Renshaw, J. (2011, June 24). N.J. Assembly Passes Landmark Employee Benefits

Overhaul. Retrieved June 19, 2014, from  http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/06/assembly_passes_landmark_emplo.html

The participation of the citizens to the political life of the country is limited to the election of their representatives. Here some might wonder according to which criteria these representatives take their decisions.

The actions were believed to be dictated either by the final results or by the ethic code which they might respect. Regardless of the approach, the fact stands that if the citizens wish to have a better control upon the manner in which resources are used and society is managed, they must get involved at a deeper level. The latest tendencies demonstrate that more and more people are drawn by the possibility they have to impact the political decisions. This happens through the organization of the civil society (in the lack of organization there could be no actual decision making).

It has also been argued that in order to be able to speak about real democracy, the…

The conditions during the Cold War period were exceptional and they asked for rather exceptional measures. The foreign policy of the U.S., as a hegemonic power of the world was under a tremendous amount of pressure. On one hand there were the fear of the worst possible enemies of democracy: communism and the fear of the atomic war that could have destroyed the world in minutes and on the other hand there were the economic factors that influenced a great deal of the U.S. policy making on the international arena and its role as the impartial judge in conflicts around the globe. The dream of helping building a democratic world where peace and justice, especially, social justice were at home were left in the utopian societies described in the books. The realities of the twentieth and the approaching twenty first Century were much more practical and lacked the romantic spirit…

References

Meernik, J. United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy. Nov. 1996. Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No. 4. Pp. 391-402.

Robinson, W.I. 1996. Globalization, the World System, and "Democracy Promotion" in U.S. Foreign Policy. Theory and Society, Vol. 25, No. 5. Pp. 615-665

Ralph, J. Review. 2001. American Democracy and Democracy Promotion. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 77, No. 1. Pp 129-140

Blanton, S.L. 2000.Promoting Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing World: U.S. Rhetoric vs. U.S. Arms Exports. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, No. 1.Pp. 123-131