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Adults should be aware of their surroundings. Many rapes and assaults happen on college campuses. Many colleges offer campus escort services or shuttles during evening classes and late library hours. Use them, and avoid walking on campus alone after dark. In bars and at parties, do not drink from a beverage that has been left unattended, and do not drink from someone else's container. Do not attend a party alone, go with a group of friends, and do not allow yourself to be isolated with a stranger. Watch out for your friends on campus and in social situations, as well.
Most locales offer rape and assault counseling. There is also a national directory of counseling centers available at http://tools.rainn.org/counseling-centers/index.html, which offers a directory of rape counseling centers across the country. If you have been assaulted, do not wait to seek help or treatment. Victims can call the National Sexual Assault…
References
Editors. (2000). Sexual abuse prevention. Retrieved from the Medem.com Web site: http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ7PP1YA7C&sub_cat=3557 March 2007.
Editors. (2006). Statistics. Retrieved from the Rape, abuse & incest national network Web site: http://www.rainn.org/statistics/index.html?PHPSESSID=3729dbd5d53a43fdaec815eb81f0bd4c 7 March 2007.
Hughes, Donna Rice. (2001). Signs of sexual abuse. Retrieved from the Protectkids.com Web site: http://www.protectkids.com/abuse/abusesigns.htm7 March 2007.
Sexual Abuse-Does it exist in every culture?
Sexual abuse along with violence is an issue of serious concern that go beyond factors such as social, economical, racial and regional lines. The common victims of sexual abuse are females and youth, and the reason behind them being victim is that they are either lacking social or economical status to defend against or steer clear of it (Adams, 1998).
Females and youths, particularly, undergo sexual abuses in various forms, such as, sexual assault or rape, domestic violence, exploited sexually, and genital mutilation of women. Due to the less amount of research carried out, finding out the exact amount of sexual abuse prevalence in third world countries is hard (Crowder, 1995). Moreover there is also difficulty in assessing the reporting of sexual abuse due the cultural background. Throughout many years, sexual abuse has turn out to be a social issue which is "mediatized."…
Bibliography
Adams, K. (1998). The Way of the Journal. Lutherville, MD: The Sidran Press.
Andrews, P. (2004) Survivor: The Long Journey Back from Abuse. Peterborough, UK: Inspire.
Birke, S. And Mayer, K. (2004). Together We Heal. Second Edition. West Conshohocken, PA: Infinity Publishing.
Crowder, A. (1995). Opening the Door: A Treatment Model for Therapy with Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
2003). In addition
Fergusson, Horwood, and Lynsky (1997) also examined the extent to which exposure to CSA was associated with increased rates of sexual risk-taking behaviors among 520 young women (aged 18) in New Zealand. etrospective reports of CSA indicated that females who experienced sexual abuse (intercourse) were 4.4 times more likely to engage in sexual activity and be pregnant, 9.3 times more likely to have had five or more sexual partners, and 6.6 times more likely to have had sexual intercourse before age 16. The association remained significant even after controlling for other adverse childhood experiences. Further, Brown, Lourie, Zlotnick, and Cohn (2000) conducted a study of 208 adolescent patients who attended psychiatric day schools and residential programs, and found that more than half reported a history of sexual abuse (Addy et al. 2003)."
Prior research has also found that students that were sexually abused as children were times…
References
Addy, R.C., Buzi, R.S., Tortolero, S.R., Roberts, R.E., Ross, M.W., & Markham, C.M. (2003). The Impact of a History of Sexual Abuse on High-Risk Sexual Behaviors among Females Attending Alternative Schools. Adolescence, 38(152), 595+.
Freeman, R.C., Collier, K., & Parillo, K.M. (2002). Early Life Sexual Abuse as a Risk Factor for Crack Cocaine Use in a Sample of Community-Recruited Women at High Risk for Illicit Drug Use. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(1), 109+.
Itzin, C. (Ed.). (2000). Home Truths about Child Sexual Abuse: A Reader. London: Routledge.
Jones et al. (2004) Intelligence and Achievement of Children Referred following sexual abuse. Pediatric and Child Health. Vol. 40
Child Sexual Abuse and Religious Settings
Abstract
The sexual abuse of children is a sad reality in today’s world. It can happen in many different contexts, cultures, environments, and places. However, one area where child sexual abuse was least expected to be found was in religious settings. The recent abuse scandals that rocked the Catholic Church showed that child sexual abuse is a problem that needs to be addressed with respect to the very specific context of church environments, precisely because this is a setting that fundamentally requires trust from parents yet, because of the nature of the recent abuses, requires that parents also be on guard. How to navigate this issue is addressed in this present study.
Keywords: child sexual abuse, church abuse, child sex church
Child sexual abuse is a reality in today’s world that has to be addressed by responsible authorities (Murray, Nguyen & Cohen, 2014). What…
References
Abel, T. (2017). Preventing child sexual abuses in your churches. Retrieved from https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/2017/05/Preventing-child-sexual-abuse-in-our-churches
Harper, C. A., & Perkins, C. (2018). Reporting child sexual abuse within religious settings: challenges and future directions. Child Abuse Review, 27(1), 30-41.
Keenan, M. (2013). Child sexual abuse and the Catholic Church. UK: Oxford University Press.
Murray, L. K., Nguyen, A., & Cohen, J. A. (2014). Child sexual abuse. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 23(2), 321-337.
Plante, T. & McChesney, K. (2011). Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Zamzow, P. (2018). Should churches handle sexual abuse allegations internally? Retrieved from https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2018/february-web-only/should-churches-handle-sexual-abuse-investigations-internal.html
Sexual Abuse Case Study
It is always difficult to effect a form of treatment to help individuals such as Max, who are suffering from inflicting sexual abuse crimes. Still, the best means of going about doing so would likely involve some form of psychotherapy or psychological counseling. Ideally Max should be able to seek such help while in a secluded environment in which he has minimal (if any) interaction with children and individuals who are minors in general. This form of therapy and counseling could ideally help Max to realize that such behavior is not acceptable and is in itself some form of perversion that, with willingness on his part, good psychiatric help, and the aid of prescription medication to help him regulate his moods and sexual proclivities, he can overcome.
I would supervise and manage Max within the community as one would any sort of typical sex offender --…
Sexual abuse [...] long- and short-term effect of child sexual abuse, future self-esteem issues, future drug abuse, effects on future relationships, and future repetitive behavior. The problem of child sexual abuse does not end when the abuse ends. The affects of sexual abuse on children are wide-ranging and often last a lifetime. This is only one reason that child sexual abuse must be curtailed. Children may be abused only once, but the effects of that abuse can color their outlook forever.
Child abuse may be much more prevalent than many people believe. One expert estimates as many as one-quarter of all children in America are sexually abused (Miltenberger and oberts 84). More sexual abuse has been reported in the last two decades, which accounts somewhat for this high figure, and there are many forms of abuse that are now considered sexual, including: touching or grabbing a child inappropriately, showing body…
References
Mullen, Paul E. And Jillian Fleming. "Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse." National Child Protection Clearinghouse. 1998. 23 Aug. 2004. http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/issues9.html
Roberts, Jennifer A., and Raymond G. Miltenberger. "Emerging Issues in the Research on Child Sexual Abuse Prevention." Education & Treatment of Children 22.1 (1999): 84.
Child Sexual Abuse
According to the oxford advanced learners dictionary, child sexual abuse is the cruel treatment of a minor especially sexually. The case of an offender of child sexual abuse can be categorized into three clusters which comprise of sexual assault which occurs when an adult touches a minor in a manner so as to fulfill his or her sexual desires; the second cluster is sexual exploitation whereby the minor is victimized by the adult for profit, sexual fulfillment or advancement and lastly the third cluster is called sexual grooming which is a social conduct by the offender in which he or she tries to make the minor accept to the advances made.
This paper seeks to primarily analyze child sexual abuse specifically for children under the age of fourteen years. First it will define the problem statement then the effects of child sexual abuse which is followed by…
Work cited
Cynthia Crosson-Tower (2008). Understanding child abuse and neglect, Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
Durkin, K.F., and Clifton D.B., (1999), "Propagandizing pederasty: A thematic analysis of the online exculpatory accounts of unrepentant pedophiles" Deviant Behavior
Lascaratos, J, Ascaratos J. And Poulakou-Rebelakou, E (2000), "Child Sexual abuse: Historical cases in the Byzantine Empire (324 -- 1453 A.D.)" Child Abuse & Neglect
Lew, Mike (2004). Victims No Longer: The Classic Guide for Men Recovering from Sexual Child Abuse. Perennial Currents
Child sexual abuse is a topic that has attracted must attention in the current years. Studies estimate that up to 33% of women and at least 20% of men are victims of child sexual abuse (Misurell & Springer, 2013). Sexual abuses excluding touch are often not reported. This suggests that the number of individuals who could be sexually abused in their childhood may even be greater. As a high percentage of individuals may have experienced child sexual abuse, there are high chances that most people pursuing therapy could record histories with sexual abuse. Evidently, counselors must be familiar and aware of the long-term effects and symptoms associated with child sexual abuse. This will help them in attaining a deeper understanding of the prerequisites of counseling. This study defines child sexual abuse, reviews the impact of child sexual abuse, and explores the long-term effects whilst identifying the appropriate treatments.
Childhood Sexual…
References
Brandon, L. & Kerryann, W. (2011). Their Children's First Educators: Parents' Views about Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Education. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(1), 734-746. Retrieved September 16, 2013 from Ebscohost database.
Emmelin, M., Hogan, N., & Nystrom, Lennarth. (2011). Child Sexual Abuse: Community Concerns in Urban Tanzania. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p. 196-217. Retrieved September 16, 2013 from Ebscohost database.
Misurell, J. & Springer, C. (2013). Developing Culturally Responsive Evidence-Based Practice: A Game-Based Group Therapy Program for Child Sexual Abuse (CSA). Journal of Child & Family Studies, 22(1), 137-149. Retrieved September 15, 2013 from Ebscohost database.
Misurell, J., Springer, C., & Tryon, W. (2011). Game-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (GB-CBT) Group Program for Children Who Have Experienced Sexual Abuse: A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Child Abuse, 20(1), 14-36. Retrieved September 16, 2013 from Ebscohost database.
Mary grew up defiant and rebellious. Her teachers called her difficult, stupid, and bad-tempered. Her schoolmates ridiculed her and she withdrew into herself. Taking therapy many years later, she would describe herself as being lonely, confused, angry, scared, and depressed.
Today, Mary shares her experiences publicly with many of the children from her community telling them to speak out when anyone -- even if it be a member of their family touches them in their private parts. Silence, she says, is supposed to be golden. t isn't always, she urges. Nor is abuse. When abuse happens, you should speak out. And she goes on to describe her experiences.
found Mary's story particularly disturbing. Most of the other stories that have heard about or read -- well, they have occurred to others and seem to happen in some safe place 'somewhere else'. Mary, however, is a respected trusted person in my…
I found Mary's story particularly disturbing. Most of the other stories that I have heard about or read -- well, they have occurred to others and seem to happen in some safe place 'somewhere else'. Mary, however, is a respected trusted person in my community, and I know her well. I know members of her family and find it hard to believe that they would ever victimize vulnerable and innocent four-year-olds. but, then again, many of us are unwilling to accept the evils of the world. Mary's mother refused to believe her. And Mary felt betrayed as a result.
My own daughter is almost four years old. I would never want her to go through any one of the horrors that Mary endured. Watching or reading related media shows on the subject; I have often discussed them with others since I have a human interest stance in the subject. The media, at times, covers the subject well; at other times it fails -- depending, of course, on the reporter. The better the reporter, the more vivid and urgent the issue. And there can never be enough coverage of the subject.
One thing I have learned from the media is to use Megan's Law website ( http://www.meganslaw.ca.gov/ ). This lists designated registered sex offenders in California. It has ethical questions of its own and certainly was I a repentant sex offender; I would no way want my name on there. But then I want my daughter protected. At all costs. I would never want her to become another Mary.
child sexual abuse and the psychologists view on how to achieve the truth from new methods rather than seeking results from tainted evidence. The article used was from the article "Getting to the truth in Child Abuse Cases: New Methods."
"Getting to the Truth in Child Abuse Cases: New Methods."
On What points do psychologists agree concerning children's reports on sexual abuse? On what points are there still debate?
Psychologists look at several views when a child reports sexual abuse to the authorities, how the report was made and arose, was this report taken through prior questioning or suggestions such as leading questions to the child and his or her family.
Moreover it has been seen that man researchers through over five hundred studies that have been conducted on a children's system of accepting statements and the extremis of how those suggestions go by form of mental implantation by interviewers…
rational (the importance of the study) and research question 2) method -participants (ethnic race, gender, age), measures (tests used and evaluation), procedures 3) references. 15 sources are used. APA.
Child sexual abuse, CSA, is said to occur when children experience sexual contact with an adult or an older child through coercion or deceptive manipulation at an age and stage of development at which the child does not posses sufficient maturity to understand the nature of the acts and therefore is not able to provide informed consent. Physical force is often not necessary due to the fact that the perpetrator is likely someone with whom the child has a trusting relationship and who is in a position of authority over the child (Arcus 1998). "The type of sexual contact may involve intercourse, touching or fondling the genitals or secondary sex organs with hands, mouth, or objects, or being forced to perform…
Widom, Cathy Spatz. "Alcohol abuse as risk factor for and consequence of child abuse."
Alcohol Health & Research World. January 01, 2001; pp 52. http://ask.elibrary.com/getdoc.asp?pubname=Alcohol_Health_~A~_Research_World&puburl=http~C~~S~~S~www.access.gpo.gov~S~su_docs~S~&querydocid=:bigchalk:U.S.;Lib&dtype=0~0&dinst=0&author=Widom%2C+Cathy+Spatz&title=Alcohol+abuse+as+risk+factor+for+and+consequence+of+child+abuse++&date=01%2D01%2D2001&query=sexual+AND+abuse&maxdoc=30&idx=2.(accessed08-12-2002).
Witwer, M. Early. "Sexual Activity, but Not Childhood Sexual Abuse, Increases the Odds of Teenage Pregnancy." Vol. 29. Family Planning Perspectives. July 01, 1997; pp 195-6. http://ask.elibrary.com/getdoc.asp?pubname=Family_Planning_Perspectives&puburl=0&querydocid=:bigchalk:U.S.;Lib&dtype=0~0&dinst=0&author=Witwer%2C+M&title=Early+Sexual+Activity%2C+but+Not+Childhood+Sexual+Abuse%2C+Increases+the+Odds+of+Teenage+Pregnancy++&date=07%2D01%2D1997&query=sexual+AND+abuse&maxdoc=30&idx=14.(accessed08-12-2002).
Introduction
Sexual abuse and assault is a fundamental public health and social issue in the United States and across the globe. The longstanding adverse consequences more often than not linked with sexual abuse mandate that effective treatment and prevention programs be developed (Morrison et al., 2004). Imperatively, sexual abuse acts are in violation of the trust, safety and development that ought to be a natural part of the life of a child or adolescent. Its regularity and extensively harmful effect make it one of the most severe psychosocial issues with potentially pervasive longstanding costs and problems to persons, families and communities as a whole (Lesmana, Suryani, and Tiliopoulos, 2015). Childhood and adolescence sexual abuse can have long-term and overwhelming effects on individual and relational growth and development. Sexually abused children have a tendency to portray greater rates of poor school performance, belligerent behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, or depressive symptoms, in…
References
Briere, J., & Scott, C. (2013). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment. Sage Publications.
Dayal, R., Kalokhe, A. S., Choudhry, V., Pillai, D., Beier, K., & Patel, V. (2018). Ethical and definitional considerations in research on child sexual violence in India. BMC public health, 18(1), 1144.
Deblinger, E., McLEER, S. V., & Henry, D. (1990). Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress: Preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 747-752.
Fontes, L. A., & Plummer, C. (2010). Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. Journal of child sexual abuse, 19(5), 491-518.
Ho, T. P., & Kwok, W. M. (1991). Child sexual abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal, 15(4), 597-600.
Lawson, D. M. (2017). Treating Adults With Complex Trauma: An Evidence-Based Case Study. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(3), 288–298.
Lesmana, C. B. J., Suryani, L. K., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2015). Cultural considerations in the treatment of mental illness among sexually abused children and adolescents: the case of Bali, Indonesia. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2015(147), 109-116.
Morrison, S., Hardison, J., Mathew, A., & O’Neil, J. (2004). An evidence-based review of sexual assault preventive intervention programs. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
In conclusion, both juvenile sex offenders and victims of sexual abuse need to undergo treatment and counselling. The importance of treating victims of sex abuse is to ensure that the "cycle of abuse" ceases and that they can recover from their ordeal and lead normal lives. The treatment of juvenile sex offenders is to ensure their rehabilitation, depending on the problem and also separate them from the rest of society.
eferences
California Dept. Of Justic, (n.d). Megan's Law - Facts about Sex Offenders -- California
Department of Justice. etrieved April 13, 2010, from http://www.meganslaw.ca.gov/facts.htm
Harrison, L. (2009). The Ambiguity of Juvenile Sexual Offenders. Internet Journal of Criminology, 7, 1-29. etrieved April 14, 2010, from http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Harrison_Juvenile_Sexual_Offenders_J
uly_09.pdf
Herrmann B, Navratil F. (2004). Sexual Abuse in Pre-pubertal Children and Adolescents.
Sultan C (Editor) Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology: Evidence-Based Clinical
Practice. Pakistan: Endocr Dev, Basel, Karger
Hunter, J.A. (2000). Understanding Juvenile Sex Offenders:…
References
California Dept. Of Justic, (n.d). Megan's Law - Facts about Sex Offenders -- California
Department of Justice. Retrieved April 13, 2010, from http://www.meganslaw.ca.gov/ facts.htm' target='_blank' REL='NOFOLLOW'>
First and foremost, response in the event of sexual abuse allegations should truly be within the first 24 hours so as to intervene immediately where these allegations may be substantiated. This means conducting an immediate interview with the child, followed by an interview with a spouse of the accused where such may exist, followed by an interview with the accused.
Of crucial importance and distinction in cases where sexual abuse within the family has been alleged is the understanding that the state will not seek reconciliation but will seek the immediate and long-term removal of the child from the household. Inter-familial sexual abuse is rarely viewed from the perspective of Child Protective Services as being treatable insofar as mitigating the threat to the child.
orks Cited:
Child elfare Information Gateway (CIG). (2009). Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse. eNotAlone. Online at http://www.enotalone.com/article/9940.html
Works Cited:
Child Welfare Information Gateway (CWIG). (2009). Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse. eNotAlone. Online at http://www.enotalone.com/article/9940.html
Once this occurs, is when the author is discussing how there are differences in public perceptions and polices. As, most people will immediately assume that there are laws designed to protect society. Yet, in reality the underlying amounts of abuse continue to remain high with over 200 million cases reported each year. This is important; because it is showing how the author is highlighting the way abuse related cases are continuing to remain a lingering problem on a regular basis. (Lampinen, 2010)
The best practices are when Lampinen is carefully examining specific strategies that can be used to prevent violence targeted against children. For example, there is a discussion of how the receiver operating characteristics model can focus on key attributes. That will help to identify certain attributes, which could make the child a target of abuse. This is important, because these ideas are assisting everyone in understanding how they…
Bibliography
Bradely, R. (2002). Social Economic Status and Child Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371 -- 399.
Lampinen, J. (2010). Protecting Children from Violence. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Sexual History Interview: Critique and Reactions
This paper concerns an interview that I conducted with a 27-year-old ex-escort. This individual was a college educated female who will be given the name Samantha, as an alias for the purposes of this paper. I was able to make initial contact with Samantha through a range of referrals from friends of some of my colleagues. Samantha was willing to talk to me, though only if I was able to provide her with the utmost privacy and confidentiality. Conducting the interview was fascinating, as I had never met a member of the sex industry. I was worried that perhaps I might say something that she considered naive or that she would be able to see clearly that I was new at the task of interviewing someone about their sexual history. Samantha came from a two-parent middle-class home, and was not raised under any particular…
For instance, according to Begley, "Men who were promiscuous back then were more evolutionarily fit since men who spread their seed widely left more descendants. By similar logic, evolutionary psychologists argued, women who were monogamous were fitter; by being choosy about their mates and picking only those with good genes, they could have healthier children" (2009, p. 52). Although modern men and women may not look like Cro-Magnums, they all want to act like them deep down inside because of these primordial drives. In sum, Begley concludes that, "We all carry genes that led to reproductive success in the Stone Age, and that as a result men are genetically driven to be promiscuous and women to be coy, that men have a biological disposition to rape and to kill mates who cheat on them, and that every human behavior is 'adaptive' -- that is, helpful to reproduction" (emphasis added) (p.…
References
Begley, S. (2009, June 29). Why do we rape, kill and sleep around? Newsweek, 153(26), 52.
Black's law dictionary. (1991). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.
Druzin, B.H. & Li, J.C. (2011, Spring). The criminalization of lying: Under what circumstances, if any, should lies be made criminal? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 101(2), 529-540.
Duke, S. (2009, April 27). Kinsey: Deviancy is the new normal. The New American, 25(9), 33-35.
Abused and Exploited Children
Child abuse is one of the most unfortunate realities of our society. In a world marked by progress, it is sad that there are still many households where young children are being subjected to violence both physical and otherwise. Child abuse is defined as any non-accidental harm or injury to a child caused by an adult. Despite the presence of numerous child protection services and agencies, children are still regularly facing violence at home which may often lead to fatal injuries. Even though child abuse is commonly known and understood as physical abuse, this is not entirely true. Abuse can occur in other forms as well and we shall now discuss some of the more common forms in which child abuse mars our society.
Define the 4 types of abuse and give 4-5 examples of the most common signs/symptoms of that type of abuse.
TYPES OF…
References
Pecora, Peter J, Jensen, Peter S, Romanelli, (2009) Mental Health Services for Children Placed in Foster Care: An Overview of Current Challenges. Child Welfare. Child welfare and well-being. Policy & Practice, Feb, 2009
Shanalingigwa, Abel, O. (2009) Understanding Social and Cultural differences in perceiving child Maltreatment. Accessed online 20th Feb, 2011.
In such circumstances the first people they look to for support are their parents. Hence parents should encourage their children to frankly discuss such issues with them lest they should be inclined to gather information from other less reliable sources. Teachers can also play a vital role in educating these children to be more receptive of the changes they are going through. At this stage their guidance can help decide the way a child may react to the sexual issues arising later in life. Primary sex education needs to be included in the syllabus of various schools so that children might learn to develop a healthy sexual drive and realize the dangers of indulging in sexual activities before the correct time.
Adults may have a totally different set of problems to address in their sex lives. Some drugs and anti-depressants can reduce the desire for sex in men and women…
References
MikeMcCabe - Report of the working group on sex education in scottish schools. Published on: 16/06/2000.Page Number: 9
Margaret r. h. Nusbaum, Carol Hamilton, Patricia Lenahan-Chronic Illness and Sexual Functioning. Posted on:15/01/2003.Available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030115/347.html [Accessed on:13/11/05]
Among other sources include books, journal articles as well newspaper and magazine articles; together, these sources would contribute to a web of facts and studies that would help me construct logical answers to the research questions I am attempting to answer.
Works Cited (to above proposal)
Lofing, Niesha. "New exhibit on K. Street aims to prevent child abuse." he Sacramento Bee. 31 March 2011. 1 April 2011. < http://blogs.sacbee.com/ticket/archives/2011/03/new-exhibit-on.html>
Annotated Bibliography
Goldman, J., M.K. Salus, and K.Y. Kennedy. United States. Child Welfare Information. Washington DC, 2003. Web. 1 Apr 2011. .
his government publication provides a great deal of background information on child abuse in the United States currently. It provides basic information on types of maltreatment/abuse and the characteristics of victims as well are more complex information that has been quantified like regarding trends of reported victimization from 1990-2000. his information that this government document has provided will be…
This article evaluates and explores the reported problem behaviors, emotions and abuse and the impact of the abuse on the emotional and behavioral level. The sample is about 4000 student, from grades 7 through 12, in a rural Midwestern community where about 20% of the students reported some type of physical and/or sexual stated. The researchers assess the impact of the abuse on this 20% by using different tools. They find that higher emotional and behavioral risk scores were found on the students that had experienced abuse. The article overall would help me explore my research questions because it concentrates on different behavior impacts of students in a statistical way which could help me draw conclusions about the significance of the impact.
Landsford, Jennifer, Kenneth Dodge, Gregory Pettit, John Bates, and Joseph Crozier. "A 12-Year Prospective Study of the Long-term Effects of Early Child Physical Maltreatment on Psychological, Behavioral, and Academic Problems in Adolescence ." Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 156.8 (2002): 824-830. Web. 1 Apr 2011. .
This journal article explores children with physical abuse over a 12-year span, annually. The study attempts to evaluate the children in terms of school grades, suspensions, absences, aggression, drug use, pregnancy, among other factors. This would be important to understand how and why child abuse contributed to these different outcomes, if they did at all.
Table of Contents
I. Opening
II. Titles
III. Related Topics
IV. Outline
V. Introduction
VI. Essay Hook
VII. Thesis Statement
VIII. Body
A. Background
B. Harvey Weinstein
C. Other Accusations
IX. Conclusion
X. Works Cited
XI. Closing
Opening
In this essay about Sexual Misconduct and the Fall of Hollywood, we examine how the allegations of sexual impropriety by some of Hollywood’s power players has led to a major shake-up in the entertainment industry. This essay will contain a list of some of the Hollywood players accused of sexual harassment or sexual assault, the allegations against them, and at least partial lists of their known accusers. The essay will also delve into an examination of the casting couch phenomenon. Although these sexual misconduct allegations may have come as a surprise to much of middle America, there is substantial evidence that many of Hollywood’s rich and powerful were well aware of the sexual…
Sexual Child Abuse
Child sexual abuse involves a broad range of sexual behaviors that take place between a child and an older person. These sexual behaviors are planned to erotically stir the older person, commonly without concern for the consequences, choices, or outcome of the behavior upon the child. efinite conducts that are sexually offensive frequently involve bodily contact, such as in the state of sexual kissing, touching, fondling of genitals, and oral, anal, or vaginal contact. Nevertheless, behaviors might be sexually abusive even if they do not entail contact, such as in the case of genital exposure, verbal force for sex, and sexual abuse for purposes of prostitution or pornography.
For efinitions propose four main types of child abuse (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child neglect), but seldom if ever does one form of abuse happen alone. The suggestion in itself is illogical. Physical abuse and sexual…
Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Mental Health Effects of Family Violence. American Medical Association Web Site.
McClendon, Patricia D. November (1991). MSSW candidate. Incest/sexual abuse of children. Internet. p.23. Available: http://www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html
National Association of Social Worker News. (1997, February). States eye domestic abuse welfare option. NASW News, Volume 42, #7, pp11.
Sexual Assault Treatment Center
Describe the social problem for the community
Sexual assault is a criminal sexual act, either physical or otherwise, committed by a perpetrator against a victim (usually a child) using physical, intimidation/force, or emotional manipulation. Sexual assault subjects the victim to the perpetrator's demands through use of coercion, force, manipulation or explicit/implicit threats. Sexual assault is considered criminal because the act is committed against a victim without seeking his or her consent. Sexual assaults are also considered wrong and criminal regardless of the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim or the religion, culture, sex, sexual orientation or age of the victim. In case the victim is a child, sexual assault is termed as sexual abuse. In sexual abuse an adult uses his or her position of power to satisfy their desires. As mentioned earlier, sexual assault can be with or without physical contact and it may…
References
Alexander, P. (1992). Application of attachment theory to the study of sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(2), 185-95.
Amnesty International. (2005). Amnesty International Report. London: Times.
Appalachian State University. (2016). Sexual Assault Facts. Retrieved Febuary 6, 2016, from Appalachian State University: http://sexualassault.appstate.edu/sexual-assault-rape/sexual-assault-facts
Berliner, L., & Saunders, B. (n.d.). Treating fear and anxiety in sexually abused children. Research grantees report to NCCAN. Seattle, WA: Sexual Assault Center, Harborview Medical Center.
Sexual Predators Prosecution
TOO HARSH AND DISADVANTAGEOUS
Sexual Predators' Prosecution
Sexual predators are persons who sexually victimize other persons (ILGA, 2009). They may be rapists, molesters, peeping toms or sexual deviants. A sexual deviant is convicted for rape, attempted rape, child molestation or abuse, incest, sodomy or indecent sexual assault or exposure. A judge may, however, convict a sexual predator for a crime unrelated to the sexual act. If the offender takes a child from home without parental consent, he may be convicted for kidnapping. As of 2009, 17 States have laws that penalize sexual predators, specifically a sub-class of sexually violent predators or SVP. Of these 17, Illinois adopted and enforces the broadest definition of SVP as sex offenders who victimize persons below 18 years old, regardless of past convictions. The other 16 define SVPs as those who victimize others below 12 years old and who have prior sex…
Sexual Liberation
In addition to sexual intercourse and its variations, sexual liberation refers to the universe of human issues affecting all genders. America was propelled from the sexual enslavement of the 1950's to considerably increased sexual liberation of the 1980's and beyond. Two significant events of the 1960's that contributed to sexual liberation were the FDA approval of The Pill and the birth of the omen's Liberation Movement.
Sexual Suppression of the 1950's
An examination of liberation should begin with the sexual slavery of the 1950's. By current standards, sexual suppression was a numbing fact of 1950's America, particularly for women. For example, the legendary "Good ife's Guide" (Housekeeping Monthly, 1955) spouts standards that are otherworldly by today's norms. Perhaps its most oppressive statement is "A good wife always knows her place" (Housekeeping Monthly, 1955), though the guide serves up plenty of other now-hilarious goodies. "Assisting" housebound married women in…
Works Cited
Dekkers, O. (1971, December 12). National Women's political caucus. Retrieved on June 15, 2012 from proquest.umi.com Web site: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=23&did=659219891&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1339792329&clientId=14844
Henry, A. (1978, February 28). Reproductive thinking. Retrieved on June 15, 2012 from proquest.umi.com Web site: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=2&did=659235281&SrchMode=2&sid=6&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1339792863&clientId=14844
Housekeeping Monthly. (1955, May 13). The Good Wife's Guide. Retrieved on June 15, 2012 from www.democraticunderground.com Web site: http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=105x1067598
Jansen, L. (1979, September 30). National women's political caucus convention. Retrieved on June 15, 2012 from proquest.umi.com Web site: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4&did=659256351&SrchMode=2&sid=4&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1339792068&clientId=14844
Sexual Harassment
The term sexual harassment refers to unreasonable intrusion into a person's personal space in relation to comments or actions of a sexual nature. There are laws dating back to the 1960s under the Civil ights Act that target this issue in the workplace. This law was enacted to prohibit this type of behavior at work in addition to providing a framework or guidelines for employers to resolve the issue. There are several types of harassment considered unlawful and the focus here is to understand and determine how employees can respond to sexual actions in the workplace that create a hostile work environment (Employment Law 2011).
There are several circumstances in the workplace where sexual advances or comments are considered inappropriate, unreasonable, even hostile according to Employment and the Law (2011). Comments that repeat innuendo of a sexual nature such as dirty jokes, lewdness or slurs against the opposite…
References
EEOC. com. (2011). Policy guidance on current issues of sexual harassment. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from http://www. eeoc. gov/facts/fs-sex. html
Employment Law. (2011). Sexual harassment. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from http://employment-law. freeadvice. com/sexual_harassment/types_harassment. htm
Klein, K. (2007). Unwelcome attention disorder. Business Week. Retrieved December 2,
2011 from http://www. businessweek. com/smallbiz/content/apr2007/sb20070404_174075. htm
Sexual Disorders
According to Croucher (2003), there are five layers in the erotic life of human beings. The first of these is sexual identity. This is the physical differentiation between male and female, which is fixed by the end of the first trimester in the development of the foetus. Transsexuals feel that they have the "wrong sex" and therefore the wrong core identity. The second layer is sexual orientation, which refers to hetero- or homosexuality. This is also almost impossible to change, since a genetic component plays a role here. The third layer, which is sexual preferences, refers to the elements of sexual stimulation. For men, for example, this would generally be female body parts, while women are aroused by factors such as intimacy, character, and other more subtle factors. The fourth layer is sex roles, where roles are assigned accordign to gender. This demarcation is strongest in young children.…
References
Berman, J.R. (2005). Physiology of female sexual function and dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, Vol. 17. Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v17/n1s/full/3901428a.html
Croucher, R. (2003, Jan 4). What you Can Change and What you Can't. John Mark Ministeries. Retrieved from: http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/2136.htm
Hucker, S.J. (2005). Paraphilias. Forensic Psychiatry.ca. Retrieved from: http://www.forensicpsychiatry.ca/paraphilia/overview.htm
Magnus Hirschfield Archive for Sexology. (2011). The Role of Hormones. Retrieved from: http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/the_role_of_hormones.html
Every aspect of sociology is somehow affected by sexual politics and this can be seen in every postmodern representation of sexuality. Media is particularly dependant on sexual politics as a thematic representation and as a guiding force for human emotion. This is particularly true with regard to dramatic representations in film. The two films discussed above can be seen as examples of this thesis and illuminate both postmodernism and sexual politics in the modern world.
orks Cited
Cohen, Eric S. "To onder Again." First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life May 2000: 23.
Films That Go Thud; Some Actors Can Survive Bomb or Two." The ashington Times 5 Aug. 2003: B05.
Green, J. Ronald. "Always Already: Affinities between Art and Film." Afterimage 25.5 (1998): 8.
Hausladen, Gary J., and Paul F. Starrs. "L.A. Noir." Journal of Cultural Geography 23.1 (2005): 43.
Kipnis, Laura. Bound and Gagged: Pornography…
Works Cited
Cohen, Eric S. "To Wonder Again." First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life May 2000: 23.
Films That Go Thud; Some Actors Can Survive Bomb or Two." The Washington Times 5 Aug. 2003: B05.
Green, J. Ronald. "Always Already: Affinities between Art and Film." Afterimage 25.5 (1998): 8.
Hausladen, Gary J., and Paul F. Starrs. "L.A. Noir." Journal of Cultural Geography 23.1 (2005): 43.
470).
The Age Group for Which Curriculum is Being Developed
Other parents' organizations and experts urge parents and schools to talk to children at least by the age of 10 about sex, even though they squirm. Young children today have a great need for sex education. The influence of the internet and television creates false rumors and sex gossip among children this age. Sexual predators look for ignorance when they are looking for a child to abuse, so knowledge and a vocabulary to match are important. Experts claim "this is the most crucial time to talk" (Hickley, p. 34).
It is important for children to learn about sex from teachers at school, as most parents are not well educated in this area and are usually hesitant to discuss such things with their children. Courses for preadolescents should be taught by teachers familiar with the subject who are able to couch…
Given the context and the fact that being a convicted criminal and a sex offender could conceivably make the risk of any type of abuse (whether or not of a sexual nature) foreseeable, that defense is unlikely to succeed. However, generally, the knowledge of one Board member who does not disclose that knowledge to the Board will not be imputed to the rest of the Board. In any case, that issue is unlikely to matter because of the school's liability in negligence even without knowledge.
Question # 3
As previously discussed, the school is likely to be found liable to Anna for Title VII discrimination by virtue of her age because it allowed Forester to create a hostile work environment by failing to discipline either Forester or DuFrane, the other male teacher who made the hostile statement. The school will argue that even under those facts, the severity and extent…
The former has proved to be overly adverse in effect to the extent that it invalidated any positive effect. Other drug types such as neuroleptics have also only had limited effects in treating sex offenders.
Grossman, Martis and Fichtner (1999, p. 351) refer to the advent of antiandrogen medications as "among the most important" of biological interventions for sex offenders. These medications reduce the serum level of testosterone, with the effect that devious sexual fantasies and behavior are also reduced. In addition, the authors cite studies indicating that such medications also reduce other sexual functions such as libido, erections, ejaculations, and sprematogenesis. In terms of somatic treatments, the authors indicate that antiandrogen medications have so far proven to be the most effective.
On the other end of the spectrum is psychological and behavioral treatment, as it specifically manifests in cognitive-behavioral interventions (Grossman, Martis and Fichtner, 1999, p. 354). Until this…
Sources
Gordon, Harvey & Grubin, Don. (2004). Psychiatric aspects of the assessment and treatment of sex offenders. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment vol. 10, 73-80. http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/10/1/73
Grossman, Linda S., Martis, Brian & Fichtner, Christopher G. (1999, March). Are sex offenders treatable? A research overview. Psychiatric Services, Vol 50, No 3. http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/50/3/349.pdf
Hallett, Allison. (2006, Dec). Sex offender management programming in Massachusetts. Corrections Today. Database: FindArticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6399/is_7_68/ai_n29318728/
Kersting, Karen (2003, Jul/Aug). New hope for sex offender treatment. Monitor on Psychology. Vol. 34, No. 7. http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug03/newhope.html
It is also interesting to note that the correlation between depression and childhood sexual abuse was found to be higher among females in many studies.
However, the issue of the relationship between depression and sexual abuse may not be as clear-cut as the above studies suggest. Recent research has begun to question this correlation and has produced findings that suggest that there are many other parameters and variables that should be considered. This is especially the case with regard to the view that childhood sexual abuse necessarily leads to depression in adulthood. As one report claims, "...there is accumulating evidence to contradict these claims" (Roosa,
Reinholtz, (Angelini, 1999). However the majority of studies indicate that there is a strong possibility that children who are sexually abused experience symptoms of depression that can extend into adulthood.
PTSD
3.1. What is PTSD?
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is a disorder that has shown…
Bibliography
Abused Children Face Depression Risk as Adults. Retrieved March 3, 2009 at http://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/abuse-and-depression/abused-children-face-depression-risk-as-adults/menu-id-52/
Association between Childhood Sexual Abuse History and Adverse
Psychosocial Outcomes in controlled studies. Retrieved March 6, 2009, at http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/csa.html
Barker J. Adult Sequelae of Child Sexual Abuse. Retrieved March 6, 2009, at http://www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/psychiatry/SexualAbuse.html
Concealing to Confronting Sex Abuse
It is one thing to consider child sexual abuse from the perspective of the criminal offender. Sexual abuse almost certainly qualifies as an anti-social behavior that is transmitted from generation to generation. Although this issue was not discussed in any of the articles, there is simply far too much evidence that child sexual abusers are very likely to have, themselves, been abused as children to ignore the idea that this behavior is transmitted from generation to generation, abuser to victim. In fact, child sexual offenders seem to have a modified version of the subculture of violence, but the subculture is actually one of sexual violence towards children. In this isolated culture, the sexual victimization of children is normalized. That explains the prevalence of child pornography and groups like NAMBLA. In fact, the offender may minimize the damage that he experienced at the hands of his…
References
Condon, P. (2010, December 7). "Top Catholic educator concealed abuse knowledge."
Associated Press.
Phillips, N. (2010, July 14). "Whatever happened at Father Cooper's Cabin in 1971, the archdiocese isn't responsible." Riverfront Times.
Rodgers, A. (2010, August 2). "Episcopal leaders take steps to deal with abusive clergy."
Accordingly, the Garrison Commander would like to honor the SARC and VA of the Fort Belvoir community for their outstanding service and their compassion in helping those who are affected by sexual assault and sexual victimization. heir work is essential for victims and their loved ones to recover from their experiences and overcome them. Please join Commander ____ and the rest of the Fort Belvoir community in acknowledging and thanking our dedicated SARC and VA personnel for their crucial work in this area and for helping victims recover and overcome their experiences as victims of sexual assault, victimization, and violence.
ake Back the Night
Date: April 19
ime: 1700
Location: he Woodlawn Village
One of the most important layers of the prevention of sexual assault by strangers is increasing the safety of our community environment. Please join our ake Back the Night event where three guest speakers will address the…
The Sad but Encouraging History of Denim Day
In 1997, a teenage girl was forcibly raped by her driving instructor in Italy; it was her very first driving lesson. The rapist was sentenced to serve a prison sentence but that sentence was later reversed by an appeals court on the basis of the assumption that the girl's jeans were so tight that she would have had to help her rapist remove them, thereby making the interaction consensual rather than forced rape. In protest, female members of the Italian Parliament wore jeans to work and that practice has since spread internationally.
The idea behind "Denim Day" is that rape and sexual assault are never the fault of the victim, regardless of how victims choose to dress. To support and promote that concept, we are asking that all soldiers, civilians, community member, elected officials, businesses proprietors, and students take this opportunity on April 26th to make a social statement with their choice of attire. By wearing denim jeans, you will be participating in a visible protest and fighting against the myths that surround sexual assault and its victims.
Child Abuse and Sexuality
There has been increasing awareness about stopping sexual child abuse, which has now become an important public health concern (Hammond, 2003; hitaker, Lutzker, & Shelley, 2005). In 2005 more than 83000 cases related to child sexual abuse have been listen in the state-based reports, that have been accumulated by the office of Child Abuse and Neglect (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [U.S. DHHS], 2007). Majority of these cases related to sexual abuse never get registered or reported. Finkelhor, Ormrod, Turner, and Hamby's (2005) conducted a survey a while back in which the sample constituted of parents along with children. The results of the survey were that, in the year before the survey, out of every 1000 children 82 have been a victim of sexual abuse (hitaker, 2008).
The abused child undergoes various problems socially, behaviorally, psychologically and physically. Depression, PTSD, somatization, and personality disorder…
Whitaker, D.J. et al. (2008). Risk factors for the perpetration of child sexual abuse: A review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect 32, 529 -- 548.
Yoshihama, M. And Horrocks, J. (2010). Risk of intimate partner violence: Role of childhood sexual abuse and sexual initiation in women in Japan. Children and Youth Services Review 32: 28 -- 37
Ziersch, A., Gaffney, J., & Tomlinson, D.R. (2000). STI prevention and the male sex industry in London: Evaluating a pilot peer education program. Sexually Transmit ted Infections, 76, 447-453.
However, it is implied that Stampler is a sociopath; research has concluded that crimes typically committed by those that have been diagnosed with sociopathy, or psychopathy, include serial murder, mass or spree murder, and/or serial rape.
Stampler's actions were motivated by countless instances of abuse at the hands of his father and documented sexual abuse by the archbishop, which the audience is led to be believe was a trusted member of Stampler's social circle. At the end of the film, it is not Stampler's innocence that is revealed, rather Vail's. Vail's belief system is shaken to the core as he realizes that there are people in the world that are inherently evil; Vail realizes that there are instances in which crimes are committed by bad people, such as Stampler's father, the archbishop, and lastly, by Stampler. Though he must continue to operate under the concept that people are innocent until…
Works Cited
Arrigo, Bruce. Criminal Behavior: A Systems Approach. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson Education, 2006. Print.
Hoblit, Gregory, dir. Primal Fear. Paramount Pictures, 2006. Motion Picture.
Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse
A psychoactive substance refers to any chemical which both impacts the central nervous system and the way the brain functions. Psychoactive substances refer to stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine), sedatives and analgesics (alcohol, heroin), hallucinogens (PCP, psychoactive mushrooms). As stated in the DSM-III "psychoactive substance abuse is given the definition of being "a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is caused by the use [or by] recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous" (Nordegren, 2002, p.11).
Social Effects
The social impact of psychoactive substance use and abuse on widespread scale is enormously detrimental to society. "In a 2005 report issued by the Department of Health and Human Services indicated that alcohol was associated with 100,000 preventable deaths each year and that it cost taxpayers nearly $185…
References
Aspen. (2011). The Impact of Trauma On Teenage Addiction. Retrieved from Crchealth.com: http://aspeneducation.crchealth.com/articles/article-trauma/
Becvar, D. (2013). Handbook of Family Resilience. New York: Springer Science Publishing.
Dennison, S. (2011). Handbook of the Dually Diagnosed Patient: Psychiatric and Substance Use. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Dick, D., & Agrawai, A. (2008). The Genetics of Alcohol and Other Drug Dependence. Alcohol Research and Health, 111-118.
In the end this may require a campaign to recruit more female corrections officers and eliminate or reduce greatly the presence of male officers from female facilities. Because of past abuses, the presence of male officers may cause many psychological obstacles for female inmates even if the officers are not sexually abusing inmates.
Summary
The increase in the female inmate population coupled with the increase in the violent nature of crimes being committed by women has caused corrections organizations to hire male guards. On the one hand, the male guards have the physical strength to subdue a violent or aggressive inmate. On the other hand male guards can also serve as very intimidating figures in a population where the majority of the women have been sexually or physically abused before coming to prison. Prior abuses cause these women to be more vulnerable and more likely to be preyed upon by…
Works Cited
Sexual Abuse of Women in U.S. State Prisons: A National Pattern of Misconduct and Impunity (New York, December 7, 1996). Human Rights Watch. http://hrw.org/english/docs/1996/12/07/usdom4164.htm
Coolman, Alex. 2003. Sexual Misconduct in Women's Facilities: The Current Climate. Corrections Today, October, 118+. Database online. Available from Questia, http://www.questia.com/.Internet. Accessed 31 July 2005.
Laderberg A. 1998. The 'Dirty Little Secret': Why Class Actions Have Emerged as the Only Viable Option for Women Inmates Attempting to Satisfy the Subjective Prong of the Eighth Amendment in Suits for Custodial Sexual Abuse. William and Mary Law Review. Volume: 40. (1) Page Number: 323-363.
Sex Abuse 'A Significant Problem' in Prisons. 2005. The Washington Times, 4 May, A06. Database online. Available from Questia, http://www.questia.com/.Internet. Accessed 31 July 2005.
The case
In this particular case study, the client is a 15-year-old minor. She has suffered neglect and abuse and has lived with toxic parents and guardians for a while. As of today, she has had residence in 8 separate communities. Her problems started when she was ten in 2010. At that young age she was sexually abused by somebody who was a friend of her family. The man who abused her is now in jail serving for his crime. When the client was abused at such a young age, she specified that she did not receive any intervention, psychological support or counselling from anyone let alone the Human Services Agency. In 2012, she was arrested and put in detention. Her crime: the murder of an older male schoolmate in her school’s compound. She was detained in the country’s only jail and she specified in her statements that she ended…
We are extremely close.
Amazing - I've found someone I can really trust. I feel really lucky at the moment because all my other relationships have been *****.
Too good. it's really hard to describe. Unreal! I guess I now can't live without him. it's too good. He's grown on me.
I think I need to clarify I'm still married. I feel that in a marriage there ought to be a sexual relationship but in the last four years, I have been unable to give that and nor do I desire resuming it with my husband.
Fairly close but since I broke up with my husband I find it difficult to trust somebody. He tells me I'm a lot closer to him than I realize. I find it difficult to relax and believe it's too good to be true. I'm always looking for something to be wrong.
Excellent. He's very…
Bibliography
Mullen, Paul E. And Fleming, Jillian (1998) Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse. Issues in Child Abuse Prevention. No. 9 Autumn 1998. Online available at http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/issues/issues9/issues9.html
Hughes, Karen et al. (1998) the Health Impacts on Adult Women of Childhood Sexual Violence Before the Age of Twelve Years. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse. A Report on Community Research. Online available at http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/report/report.html
Worrell, Judith (nd) Encyclopedia of Women and Gender - Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender. Academic Press. Google Books online available at http://books.google.com/books?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=women+and+childhood+sexual+abuse:+self-esteem,+intimacy,+friendship+in+adulthood&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0#PPP1,M1
The victim is often put into situations where they are physically deprived of the things they need to make appropriate decisions. For instance they may be deprived of sleep or food so that they can be more easily manipulated. Mental abuse may also involve teasing or name calling. In many cases the perpetrator is very aware of the victim's weaknesses and uses them to humiliate or subjugate the victim.
Sexual Abuse
The sexual abuse of children is increasing throughout the world and has increased drastically in recent years. Sexual abuse can include the molestation and/or rape of a child. In many cases children are sexually abused by someone that they know, rather it be a neighbor, a parent or an acquaintance. Sexual abuse can also have lasting effects on the psyche of an individual. Studies have found that children who experience sexual abuse are more likely to become promiscuous as…
References
Bolen, Rebecca M. 2003. Child Sexual Abuse: Prevention or Promotion?. Social Work 48, no. 2: 174+.
Cochrane, John, Gaynor Melville, and Ian Marsh. 2004. Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice. London: Routledge. Book online.
Child Abuse. National Institutes of Health. Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childabuse.html
Child Abuse Statistics. Available at http://www.childhelp.org/resources/learning-center/statistics.Internet
Help her to realize that having a child may interfere with her future career, but that many mothers have successful home and job lives. There are an infinite number of options, and a determined teenager can find a way to success. Do not skirt around the issues of danger, however, as teenagers are more likely to miscarry or have other complications with their pregnancy such as premature labor and low birth weight of the child. Teenage mothers are more likely to need bedrest during the late stages of pregnancy, and a cesarian section during birthing, and the child is at greater risk for any number of complications.
Of course, while supporting a pregnant teen is vital, the key to solving the problems faced by teenagers dealing with pregnancy is to stop it before it happens.
Provide accurate and unashamed information about sex and pregnancy to children and teenagers, and encourage…
Bibliography
Adolescent Anger and Aggression." Psychiatric Institute of Washington. 2001. http://www.psychinstitute.com/mental_illness/adol_anger.html
Combat Teenage Sexual Abuse." NSPCC. 2001. http://www.nspcc.org.uk/html/home/informationresources/combatteenagesexualabuse.htm
Getting a Sexually Transmitted Disease." Frequently Asked Questions. American Social Health Association. http://www.iwannaknow.org/faqs/getting.html
Lamprecht, Catherine. "Talking to your Child about STDs." KidsHealth. Nemours Foundation. 2001. http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=KidsHealth&lic=1&ps=107&cat_id=171&article_set=23006
Disease Control and Prevention (2016), as many as one out of every four children have experienced some type of abuse: including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Exposure to pornography, whether accidental or not, can be harmful to children's psychological or social development. However, coerced exposure to pornography is a more extensive form of abuse that coincides with other types of abuse including psychological, physical, and sexual abuse. Coerced child pornography may in fact be one of the most harmful types of child abuse because of the multifaceted nature of the crime. The nationwide prevalence of abuse in the United States is over 700,000 children, with prevalence of death at 2.13 deaths per 100,000 children (CDC, 2016). Child abuse is not just an ethical issue; there are proven consequences of child abuse that have been substantiated by empirical evidence in the scientific literature. Only a few of the harmful effects of…
One group will consist of those with childhood abuse experience while the other group will consist of respondents who do not have childhood abuse experience. This grouping is done to achieve the objective of assessing whether respondents with abusive histories really posses a starkly different view of the family. Both groups shall consist of male and female adults, aged 26-55 years old. For the purpose for this research, those belonging to the abused groups will be those have experienced childhood sexual and/or physical abuse.
esearch Protocol
In terms of the research ethics, the respondents will be assured of their anonymity through verbal and written means. Before the start of the interview, the author will present to them a letter assuring them that all the information that they will be disclosing will solely be used for academic purposes. They will also be asked to choose a name or alias that will…
References
Baker, L.L. et al. (2002). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Retrieved from ttp://72.14.235.132/search?q=cache:sWf-p3OsUz4J: www.lfcc.on.ca/ece-us.PDF+domestic+violence&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=16&gl=ph-on Dec. 11, 2008.
Coid, J. et al. (2001). Relation between childhood sexual and physical abuse and risk of revictimisation in women: a cross-sectional survey. The Lancet, 358, 450-454.
Domestic Violence Resource Center. (2008). Domestic Violence Statistics. Retrieved at http://www.dvrc-or.org/domestic/violence/resources/C61/on Dec. 9, 2008.
Family Health International Website. (n.d.) Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector's
Spousal and Child Abuse
Child and spousal abuse is an intentional act that results in physical and/or emotional or psychological injury on a child or spouse (or partner) by a parent or a mate, respectively (Gelles 2004). In a child, abuse more often takes the form of neglect. Child and spousal abuse and violence are major social concerns today.
The extent that children are abused by their parents or adult caretakers is difficult to measure, although it appears to occur most frequently among lower-income communities and certain ethnic and religious minorities. Abuse of children ranges from physical and emotional abuse and sexual abuse to physical and emotional neglect (Gelles). Effects of physical abuse are varied and visible: unexplained bruises, fractures and burn marks. Emotional abuse destroys the child's sense of security and self-esteem. Sexual abuse includes all acts that expose them to the sexual satisfaction of the parent or adult…
Bibliography
Boudreau, Diane. Damage: the Health Effects of Abuse. ASU Research: Arizona:
State University, 2002. http://researchmag.asu.edu/stories/abuse.html childabuse.org. Child Abuse and Child Sexual Abuse. For the Love of Our Children, 2002. http://www.fortheloveofourchildren.org/statistics.html childabuse.com. Why Child Abuse Occurs and the Common Criminal Background of the Abuser. Arctic Originals, 2002. http://www.childabuse.com
Gelles, Richard. Child Abuse. MSN Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. http://encarta.msn.com
Hopper, Jim. UChild AbuseU, 2004. http://www.jimhopper.com/abstats
The genders mentioned here are not entirely rigid, but it is far more common to see mothers exhibiting such behavior in these arenas. The same basic principles apply, however, where the parent uses derogatory or abusive language to drive children past what are perceived as their shortcomings. Pushing children to succeed is not abuse, but when it is done in a way that is unnecessarily cruel, it's psychological abuse.
Not all psychological abuse is situation specific, these two examples are simply easily recognized by most members of society. Many cases of psychological abuse occur across all situations, especially behind closed doors. It is the most common form of child abuse, not only because it occurs with both sexual and physical abuse but because it is often not perceived as harmful behavior simply because it leaves no outer bruises (Cook & Cook 2005, pp. 142).
Although half of all abuse cases…
References
Cook, J.L., & Cook, G. (2005). Child Development: Principles and Perspectives (2nd edition). New York: Allyn & Bacon Publishers.
Kairys, S. & Johnson, C. (2002). "The psychological maltreatment of children -- technical report." Pediatrics 109(4).
Effects of child abuse in adulthood
Introduction
Child neglect and abuse are usually a result of the interactions of several environmental, societal, family and individual factors. Child neglect and abuse are not unavoidable- steady, safe, and nurturing environments and relationships are crucial for prevention. Prevention of child neglect and abuse could also prevent other kinds of violence, given that certain kinds of violence are interconnected and have common protective and risk factors, repercussions, as well as tactic of prevention (CDC, 2019). Child neglect and abuse together with other negative childhood encounters could also have significant influence on an individual’s lifetime health and wider wellbeing if left unattended to. For instance, being exposed to violence in early childhood raises the risks of future perpetration and victimization of violence, injury, delayed development of the brain, sexually transmitted diseases, taking part in sex trafficking, reproductive health issues, restricted employment opportunities, lower academic success,…
ut the result of child abuse, including difficulty in adjusting to society and difficulty in education tend to result in a higher rate of unemployment. In short, child abuse tends to produce the same conditions where child abuse is more likely to occur.
ANALYSIS
The research shows two vital things, the first being that the number of cases of child abuse are exceedingly high, and two, that the number of cases are increasing. With the amount of money being spent on child abuse prevention, the question must be asked as to why rates continue to increase. While some believe that the increase is only due to increased awareness, this does not hold true when you consider both the extreme rise in numbers and the rise in the numbers of severely injured children. If sexual abuse cases had been increasing, this could be attributed not necessarily to more incidents, but to…
Bibliography
Carter, Janet. (2000). Domestic violence, child abuse, and youth violence: strategies for prevention and early intervention. San Francisco: Family Violence Prevention Fund.
CUPA: Canadian Union of Public Employees. (1997). What we owe to families: a brief on child welfare in Manitoba. Winnipeg: Canadian Union of Public Employees.
CWLA: Child Welfare League of America. (1997). Child abuse and neglect: a look at the States. Washington, D.C: Child Welfare League of America.
Drucker, Philip. M. (October, 1997). "The consequences of Poverty and Child Maltreatment on IQ Scores." The Vincentian Chair of Social Justice Papers. Vincentian Center Faculty Colloquium Presentation, New York.
Child Abuse Bibliography
I am researching child abuse, and more specifically asking the question of what motivates abusers. For many people child abuse seems to us quite literally unthinkable: the sexual abuse of children seems impossible to anyone who is not a paedophile, and the physical abuse of a child by an adult seems contrary to human nature. I would like to know if the medical and social sciences have done any research into the motivations of abusers, to help provide an answer to something that so many people find impossible to understand.
Barth, Richard and Blythe, Betty J. "The Contribution of tress to Child Abuse." The ocial ervice Review 57.3 (1983): 477-489. Print.
The authors note that it is almost universal to agree that stress contributes in some way to child abuse, no-one has done sufficient research into the precise connection. They do basic research on issues relating to…
Surveying parents at risk of child abuse, the authors discover that factors which increase the propensity to abuse (which they describe in terms of loss of control over their ability not to do so) are isolation and also lack of feedback about the quality of their parenting. However, the authors find that personality traits of at-risk parents are more useful in predicting abuse than situational factors. Authors warn that potential child abusers are "an immensely heterogeneous population" and "as a group they cannot all be characterized in terms of psychiatric disorder or personality type."
6. Milner, Joel S. And Murphy, William D. "Assessment of Child Physical and Sexual Abuse Offenders." Family Relations 44.4 (1995): 478- 488. Print.
Authors look at different methods currently in place for evaluation of child physical and sexual abuse offenders within the justice system. They offer a critique of current methods, and otherwise assess the use of "interviews, observations, general personality measure, and offender-specific measures" which are required for various purposes including "screening, report confirmation, treatment planning, treatment evaluation, and recidivism prediction." They note that there is a scarcity of data, though, on the effectiveness of these various methods, or the appropriateness of specific methods for specific circumstances.
Child abuse is one of the most dangerous and serious problems confronting society, perhaps because of the helplessness and innocence of the victims. What is particularly bothersome about child abuse is that it occurs in all income, racial, religious, and ethnic groups and in urban and rural communities. Likewise, there is no uniform definition of what constitutes child abuse, making it difficult to ascertain what prevention and treatment methods are most effective. For example, in Sweden, the law prohibits any physical punishment of children, including spanking. By contrast, in some countries of Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, parents are expected to punish their children by hitting them.
This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to child abuse. Part II defines child abuse. In Part III, a history of child abuse is offered. Part IV evaluates why child abuse exists according to control theory and anomy theory. In…
Internet predators seem to have a penchant for engaging adolescents in areas that are able to be monitored for content. The law enforcement via federal grants can track and collect information on a particular IP address to determine precisely what the intent is on that individual and use that as a means to limit his internet activity. A special program can be installed onto the computer of the solicitor to prevent the individual from attempting to contact minors online for sexual engagement. The means to prevent the act is perhaps the best method. Often, these individuals are not dangerous per se' as in a hardened prison criminal. However, by taking precaution, these individuals can be stopped from hurting others, ruining their lives, and subsequently clogging up the laws enforcement throughout the country.
eferences
Attorney general gonzales highlights department efforts to combat sexual abuse and exploitation of children in Massachusetts; unveils…
References
Attorney general gonzales highlights department efforts to combat sexual abuse and exploitation of children in Massachusetts; unveils new series of PSAs to educate teenage girls about online dangers (2007). . United States, New York: PR Newswire Association LLC. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/453822940?accountid=13044
Bremer, J., & Bersein, E.V. (2000). Computers in psychiatry today. Academic Psychiatry, 24(3), 168-168. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/196517498?accountid=13044
Case law developments. (2010). Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter, 34(6), 827-827-984. Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/840369002?accountid=13044
FBI licenses image search solutions from ADF solutions to combat child pornography (2006). . United States, New York: Business Wire. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/445173785?accountid=13044
Domestic Violence, Child Abuse and Neglect
Child abuse is normally characterized in physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Physical abuse is the non-accidental injury of a child. Sexual abuse entails any act of sex upon or with a child for the perpetrator's sexual gratification (Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, 2011). Emotional abuse entails engaging in chronic acts that interfere with a child's psycho-social health.
A classroom teacher can easily identify a child who has been abused or neglected because signs of abuse are observable in a classroom setting. Teachers also easily identify these children because of the significant time they spend with them (Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, 2011). The teachers can be sensitive to the chronic occurrence of the signals or sudden changes in a child's behavior which would point to a shift in this child's family environment. The frequency of repetition of these…
References
Besharov, D. (1990). Recognizing Child Abuse. New York: The Free Press.
Ohio Department of Job and Family Services (2011). Child Abuse and Neglect: Reference for Educators. Retrieved November 7, 2013 from http://www.odjfs.state.oh.us/forms/file.asp?id=398&type=application/pdf
Another study conducted by Deblinger, et al. (2001) also investigated the efficacy of CBT based interventions and reported that compared to the participation-based model, repeated MANOVAs indicated that those mothers attending CBT sessions showed better results in context of improvements in intrusive thoughts and negative parenting. This should be however mentioned that sample size of virtually all the intervention programs was limited ranging from 10-80 that makes it difficult to opine whether or not such studies can be implemented successfully at a larger scale.
Conclusion
The empirical knowledge in context of interventions in treating abused adolescents and children is still limited and needs much more research. There is a lack of follow-up programs for each intervention program being presented as both Ahmed, et al. (2007) and others compared the pre-test and post-test results within short span of implementing the program. This indicates that there is an increased need to assess…
References
Ahmad, A., Larsson, B., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). EMDR treatment for children with PTSD: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 61(5), 349-354.
Chaffin, M., & Friedrich, B. (2004). Evidence-based treatments in child abuse and neglect. Children and youth services review, 26(11), 1097-1113.
Cohen J.A., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A.P. & Steer, R.A. (2004), A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402.
Cohen, J.A., & Mannarino, A.P. (1996). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: Initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(1), 42-50.
As some journalists have brought up, this scandal is evocative of the scandal with the Catholic Church and demonstrates how a marked upheaval in the way universities and institutions are conducted (Hamilton, 2012).
The media, while impartial, can often be a moral compass for the rest of the world. Few people can forget the horrors of the reactions of Penn State's college students when the scandal just broke, upon the firing of Joe Paterno: the media captured how the students rioted the streets, acting out, even turning over a news van. The rest of the world watched in revulsion: these college students, by sympathizing with Paterno, someone who had essentially protected and sheltered a pedophile, these young college students were sympathizing with Sandusky, the pedophile in question. "It's difficult to look at the images of the Penn State University students performing pep rally chants and turning over a media van…
References
Engel, J. (2012, July 16). Penn State should get death penalty. Retrieved from Foxsports.com: http://msn.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/penn-state-should-lose-football-privileges-dealth-penalty-in-wake-of-freeh-report-child-sex-abuse-071212/
Hamilton, M. (May, 27 2012). Penn State and Catholic Church Child Sex-Abuse Trials Divide Penn. Public. Retrieved from Dailybeast.com: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/05/27/penn-state-and-catholic-church-child-sex-abuse-trials-divide-penn-public.html
Kane, C. (July, 23 2012). Penn State penalties: $60 million fine, 4-year bowl ban. Retrieved from Chicagotribune.com: http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/college/ct-spt-0724-penn-state -- 20120724,0,6965116.story
Muskal, M. (2012, June 22). Jerry Sandusky convicted of 45 child sexual abuse charges. Retrieved from LA Times: Jerry Sandusky convicted of 45 child sexual abuse charges
Child Abuse?
The issues of child abuse in the larger society are often unnoticed until it is too late. Unfortunately, public perceptions of the precursors to abuse are limited, and the unfortunate reality of 'out of sight, out of mind' is prevalent in a society which moves as quickly as ours, and in which individuals are completely engaged in their own lives, expressing little ability to watch out for, or concern for the well being of others. The following studies look into the well-being of children, the impact of foster care on the well being of children, and the community's overall involvement in the problem of child abuse.
In order to construct a viable policy regarding what to do about the problem of child abuse, researchers must first accurately perceive the problems which exist in the larger society, and make sure that they have accurately measured the important factors. Since…
Resources
Calvert JF and Munsie-Benson M. Public opinion and knowledge about childhood sexual abuse in a rural community. Child Abuse Negl 1999; 23:671-682.
Clewell, B.C., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Benasich, A.A. (1989). Evaluating childrelated outcomes of teenage parenting programs. Family Relations, 38, 201-209.
Cooper, R, and Sutton, K. (1999)
The Effects of Child Abuse on Preschool Children's Play Australian Journal of Early Childhood, Vol. 24.
Being a parent isn't easy, offer a helping hand so parents can rest or spend time together. 3) Help yourself. When things pile up take time out so you don't get to the point of feeling overwhelmed or out of control. 4) Don't get frustrated if your baby cries. 5) Get involved, assist in community efforts to develop services to meet the needs of healthy children and families. 6) Promote programs at school to teach children, parents, and teacher's strategies to be safe. 7) Help develop parenting recourses at your local library. 8) Monitor your child's television and video viewing, watching violent behavior can harm children. 9) Volunteer at a local child abuse prevention program. 10) eport suspected abuse or neglect. Education, community involvement and cooperation are significant factors in the effort to prevent children from suffering maltreatment.
eferences
Levi, B.H. & Portwood, S.G. (2011, Spring). easonable suspicion of child…
References
Levi, B.H. & Portwood, S.G. (2011, Spring). Reasonable suspicion of child abuse: Finding a common language. Journal of law, medicine & ethics. Vol. 39, Issue 1, 62-69. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=cf7e5f19-4670-42ea-b115-83ef3ac5d27b%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=112
Patton, W.W. (2011). Child protective services -- Histirical overview. State University.com. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1828/Child-Protective-Services.html
Ten Ways to Help Prevent Child Abuse. (NDI). Prevent child abuse America. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from http://www.preventchildabuse.org/publications/parents/downloads/ten_ways_to_prevent.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). Child maltreatment 2009. U.S. department of health and human services. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm09/cm09.pdf
In some cases, these issues or problems stem from different cultural views and beliefs. While at other times, these issues will affect someone who lives in an environment with: parental drug/alcohol related problems, disruptions to the family, social deprivations, the lack of economic opportunities, physical/sexual abuse, peer pressure and stress. The question I will try to determine is whether or not ethnicity and economic factors play a major influence in determining who will be the most likely to abuse drugs and alcohol?
This will highlight the primary reasons as to why someone will begin using these stimulants on a regular basis. Once this is determined, one can provide specific insights that will illustrate the root causes of the problem and their lasting effect on society.
Describe the data collection method (Research Method)
The basic approach that will be used for collecting and analyzing the data is evaluation research. This is…
Professionals should treat African-American females with PTSD with utmost support and therapy that is beneficial to the victim. Further, the issue of substance abuse must be addressed in a manner that is acceptable to the victim.
Treatment of problems associated with substance abuse and PTSD must be designed in a consistent way that provides a solution to both substance abuse and PTSD altogether. Although the professionals are required to focus more on treating PTSD, they must incorporate treatment of alcohol and substance abuse.
Prevention for relapses is of utter importance because they prepare the victim to enter state of soberness and cope with symptoms of PTSD. These symptoms have been reported to become worse as African-American females attempt to abstain from substance abuse.
For many African-American females with PTSD and substance abuse disorder, it is recommended that they consult the membership directories. This is an international society for PTSD that…
References
Adams, R. & Boscarino, J. (2005). Differences in mental health outcomes among Whites and African-Americans. Washington, DC: Human Kinetics.
Adams, R. & Boscarino, J. (2006). Predictors of PTSD and delayed PTSD after disaster.
Virginia: Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall.
Alcantara, C. & Gone J. (2007). Reviewing suicide in Native American communities. California:
Child Abuse: The Cold, Hard Facts
The United States has the highest recorded number of cases of child abuse of any industrialized nation
million reports of child abuse occur annually, involving 6 million children
children die every day due to abuse-related causes (National child abuse statistics, 2013, Child Help).
Abuse can take many forms: of all recorded cases of child abuse, 78% contained instances of neglect; more than 17% contained reports of physical abuse; 10% contained instances of sexual abuse; 8% reflected psychological abuse; 2% contained instances of medical neglect; and 10% contained other types of abuse (National statistics on child abuse, 2013, National Children's Alliance).
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Most forms of child abuse are not stranger-related. "80% of reported child fatalities as a result of abuse and neglect were caused by one or more of the child victim's parents" (National statistics on child abuse, 2013, National Children's Alliance).
As brought to…
Reference slide
Child abuse and maltreatment: Fact sheet. (2013). Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Retrieved:
http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/CM-DataSheet-a.pdf
National child abuse statistics. (2013). Child Help. Retrieved:
http://www.childhelp.org/pages/statistics
The National Crime Victimization Survey reports that the rate of violent crime victimization of persons ages 65 or older was about 4 per 1,000 (Bureau of Justice, 2001). The abuse of the elderly fall within five categories: physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial abuse and neglect. As well as the abuse that elderly people are subject to by relatives and/or caretakers in their homes or in healthcare institutions, they often become targets for criminal victimization. As the number of elderly people in the U.S. continues to grow, the abuse and victimization of the aging will develop into a national problem of even greater concern (Administration of Aging, 2000).
eferences
Administration on Aging. (2000). Profile of Older Americans:2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2001). Criminal Victimization 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Gaudiosi, J.A. (2006) Child Maltreatment 2005. Washington, D.C:.Children's Bureau,…
References
Administration on Aging. (2000). Profile of Older Americans:2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2001). Criminal Victimization 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Gaudiosi, J.A. (2006) Child Maltreatment 2005. Washington, D.C:.Children's Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families
United States Department of Justice Domestic Violence. Retrieved January 6, 2008. http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/index.html