Statistical Data Essays (Examples)

After analyzing all the data, researchers found their hypothesis to be true. There was a significantly higher percentage of both depression and anxiety disorder within individuals with afflicted family members, "The team found a 45% increased risk for depressive disorders and a 55% increased risk for anxiety disorders among the Parkinson's relatives," (Bakalar 2007). The newly published study found that an astounding fifty percent increase in both disorders when compared to family members without the disorder. Another surprising fact found through analyzing the data was that individuals had an even higher risk of exhibiting depression and anxiety disorder when their family member had been afflicted by Parkinson's disease earlier in life than when compared to those who were afflicted with the disease later in life. This study had proven the detrimental effects of the disease on all those involved in the situation.

The methodology used to analyze the data was…

Works Cited

Bakalar, Nicholas. (December 2007). "Patterns: Parkinson's Raises Risks of Depression

In Relatives."

Cohort.com. (2007). "ANOVA in CoStat (Including Experimental Designs, Unbalanced

Designs, Missing Values, Multiple Comparisons of Means, Planned Contrasts, and Orthogonal Contrasts).  http://www.cohort.com/costatanova.html

Statistical concepts have literally thousands of applications, but I will focus on those that apply to several major fields: political science, marketing, economics, social services, and insurance. Statistics are so key to the nature of these fields that most of them could not exist without concepts such as the median and sampling.

Political campaigns are designed to appeal to targeted demographics, which form the basis for blocks of voters. Whereas Abraham Lincoln wrote the Gettysburg address on the train to Pennsylvania on the back of an envelope, modern political speeches are designed to specifically appeal to a median group of voters, and to reflect the reasoning skills and personal tastes and values of these voters. A concept like the 'Axis of Evil,' seems adolescent to university professors and political analysts, but speech writers didn't have these people in mind when they created the concept; by definition, the median IQ is…

Data Input

Printed Questionnaires. Manual data input method is appropriate for printed questionnaires. Since questionnaires are printed and therefore can be accessed as a hardcopy, the only way to input data on it is through manual writing. If the data will be transferred into a database, the appropriate method of data input is through data entry.

Data entry on a computer is the appropriate method for this situation. For instance, while a surveyor is communicating with an interview over the phone, a computer in front of him can help him take note of the information from the telephone survey.

Bank Check. Data entry to a database or bar code are the appropriate methods for this situation. Bank Check information can be keyed into a database or through scanning of the bank check's bar code.

etail Tags. Bar code is the most appropriate method of data input from a retail tag.…

References

How Important Are Computer Clock Speed?

Retrieved on November 2, 2005 from Online. Web site:

 http://www.allbusiness.com/articles/StartingBusiness/817-25-1852.html 

How Computer RAM Works.

Another statistical measure that should be implemented is the use of statistical techniques to measure the side effects of certain drugs and medications given to patients.

Possibly one of the most important statistical aspects that should be applied to modern nursing is the creation of clinical pathways in hospitals. The development of clinical pathways are related to "…attempts to reduce hospital utilization" and "cost-containment initiatives" ( Lagoe, 1998) There are many variables that have to be statistically considered in this regard and statistical analysis of data provides insight into the clinical pathway; for example, an analysis of the variables relating to the hospital population.

While data and information collection processes are important, they are dependent on accurate and dependable analysis techniques to be effective and of use in nursing. While nursing is known as a profession that stresses qualitative aspects, there is an increasing emphasis on the accurate quantitative side…

References

Giuliano K. And Polanowicz M. (2008) Interpretation and Use of Statistics in Nursing research: AACN advanced critical care (AACN Adv Crit Care), 19(2).

Lagoe R. ( 1998) Basic statistics for clinical pathway evaluation. Nursing Economics, May-June, 1998. Retrieved April 9, 2009 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FSW/is_n3_v16/ai_n18607850/ 

Maindonald J. THIS PASSIONATE STUDY -- a DIALOGUE WITH

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE. Retrieved April

power of statistical analysis is the power to define, interpret, and understanding numerical data which represents patterns in the real world. Without the ability to measure statistical data, the empirical, hypothetical world of educational models would not be able to be checked by actual performance in the absolute. While statistics has applications in many fields, statistical data is possibly the most powerful when used to identify patterns in personal behavior, and other fields of study which do not exhibit direct patterns across a sampling group. For example, mathematical equations govern how a specific metal will respond to different loads, and different conditions. However, there are no direct mathematical equations which govern the percentage of teenage drivers who will be involved in traffic accidents over a period of time. In order to interpret the influential factors over teen drivers, a statistical measurement of actual experience can be undertaken. Through statistical analysis,…

Regarding a linear regression analysis of this relationship, we find that the slope of the line is close to 0.5, and the relationship is a direct linear relationship between the amount of tar in a cigarette and the amount of nicotine.

Nonlinear trends in statistical data can be the most challenging to work with. When non-linear relationships exist, there may be a mathematical relationship which is based on a logarithm, or other multi-factor influence. However, true non-linear relationship, such as the height and weight of a specific person who shops in a given department store may leave the statistician without any relationship whatsoever. Non-linear data can also be the result of data which is being acted on by an artificial, outside force. In this case, the statistician is able to verify the existence of an outside force, and then approach the process of identifying the force.

An example of this situation is the expected relationship between supply and demand, and company profit based on the sales of a given product in the market place. In the early 1980's, the Coleco company produces a product called "Cabbage Patch dolls." The typical lifecycle of a new toy product is one to two years, but Coleco was able to extend the life of their product for four to five Christmas seasons by artificially affecting the relationship between supply and demand. The company had the production capacity to produce 4-5 times the amount of dolls which it shipped to the market during the first three years of the dolls life cycle. This would have produced a typical bell shaped curve, plotting a rising demand, and increasing profits which gave way to a declining demand and declining profits in a short period. However the company did not produce product equal to their capacity, nor equal to the demand. As a result, the company was able to continue a high level of demand, and an inflated retail based on the high demand for an extended period. The result was that the doll stayed popular for almost a decade, and the company was able to reap ongoing higher levels of profits. The longer bell curve, identified by an irregular and nonlinear relation between time and supply and demand was created by the unique marketing strategy for the company.

Statistical Process Control

Activities in Daily outine

Application of Statistical Process Control and Solving the Problem

(a) Statistical Process Control: X-bar Charts

(b) Weekly Morning Time Utilization Chart

Observations from the chart

Effect of Seasonal Factors

Seasonal Factors

Usefulness of Confidence Intervals

This paper is on process control of activities that happen on daily basis. Statistical Process Control (SPC) involves application of statistical methods and procedures (such as control charts) to analyze the inherent variability of a process or its outputs to achieve and maintain a state of statistical control, and to improve the capability, also called statistical quality control . (Business Dictionary, 2010). The total time taken from waking up till reaching the office after going through various chores is 85 minutes. The person wants to cut it down to 60 minutes. He thinks of foregoing his leisurely sipping of coffee and watching news for 20 minutes and substitute…

References

[1.] Business Dictionary (2010). Retrieved August 30, 2012 from www.businessdictionary.com [2.]"Statistical Process Control: Process and Quality Views"(2008) Retrieved August 30, 2012 from  http://www.cheresources.com/spczz.shtml  [3.]"Statistical Tutorial: Confidence Intervals"(2010) Retrieved August 30, 2012 from  http://stattrek.com/AP-Statistics-4/Confidence-Interval.aspx?Tutorial=Stat 

[4.] Umarporn Charusombat & Andy Sabalowsky (1997) "Confidence intervals, Tolerance Intervals and Prediction intervals" Retrieved August 30, 2012 from  http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/smprimer/intervals/interval.html#appc  [5.] Chase, R.B., Jacobs, F.R., & Aquilano, N.J. (2006). Operations management for competitive advantage (11th ed). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin

[6.]Cook, Sarah (1996). Process Improvement: A Handbook for managers. Retrieved from  http://books.google.com  / [7.] Bob Raczynski and Bill Curtis (2008) Software Data Violate SPC's Underlying Assumptions, IEEE Software, May/June 2008, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 49-51

[8.] Paul H. Selden (1997). Sales Process Engineering: A Personal Workshop. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press.

c. Statement of the Problem

i. AS9103 requirements

Section 4.9.1 is a part of the AS9100 and AS9103 requirements that states that suppliers shall identify and plan installation, production as well as servicing process that affect the quality production .Under the requirements, suppliers are to achieve these objectives through specified process. Moreover, the AS9103 requirements provide a standard method to enhance a quality performance in the production and maintenance process with the goals of minimizing variations.

In a manufacturing process, variation control is a critical tool that enhances the quality of products delivered to customer. A problem occurs when the variation exceeds the customer's expectation, which may lead to non-conformance to AS9103 and customer's dissatisfaction. If an organization is unable to enhance quality conformance, the quality of the product will be automatically degraded thereby leading to the increase in the cost of production and decrease in profitability. Variation of products…

References

Crossley, M.L. (2008).The Desk Top reference of Statistical Quality Methods.Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press

Fontanares, R. (1997). Statistical Process Control Implementation in an Aerospace Manufacturing Machine Shop (Master's Thesis).Available from California State University, Dominguez Hill Library.

Gordon, D.K. (2007). Changes Coming in Aerospace Standards. Quality Progress. 40(1):74.75.

International Organization for Standards, (2008).ISO 9001:2008 Quality management system-requirements.Geneva, Switzerland: ISO/IEC.

Statistical Research

A study performed by Sarah Kang and Lorenzo M. Polvani from the Columbia University claims the Earth's ozone layer hole has affected atmospheric circulation in the Southern hemisphere all the way to the equator, leading to increased rainfall in the subtropics (Kang, 2011). Previous work showed the ozone caused a dominant westerly jet stream in the mid-latitudes to move toward the pole with accompanying shifts in precipitation patterns. This study used different computerized climate models in the effort to identify the impact of the ozone depletion compared to other factors. The experiment found moistening in high latitudes, drying in mid-latitudes, and moistening in the subtropics. etween fifteen and thirty five degrees south, the researchers saw about a ten percent increase in precipitation. The depletion of the ozone layer, from 8 to 25 miles up, has caused severe cooling in the stratosphere, expanding to the troposphere, and altering in…

Bibliography

Significant Ozone Hole Remains Over Antarctica. (2011, Oct 21). Retrieved from Science Daily:  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111020145106.htm 

Kang, S. & . (2011, Apr 22). Study Links Ozone Hole to Weather Shifts. Retrieved from The Earth Institute Columbia University:  http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2802 

Karoly, D. (2012, Sep 14). The Antarctic ozone hole and climaste change: an anniversary worth celebrating. Retrieved from The Conversation:  http://theconversation.edu.au/the-antarctic-ozone-hole-and-climate-change-an-anniversary-worth-celebrating-9404 

Ozone Hole Watch. (n.d.). Retrieved from NASA:  http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/meteorology/annual_data.html

The four possible points which could be the optimal solution are labeled from one to four. The solutions to these are then given in Table 1, along with the profits which would result from these combinations. The values of each of these points were calculated by solving the simultaneous equations where the lines crossed. It can be seen from Table 1 that the maximum profit would be reached by producing 20 beef dinners and 40 fish dinners each day.

Figure 1: Feasible region for the linear programming problem

Table 1: esultant profits from each of the critical points

Point

Value of X1

Value of X2

esultant Profit

Now Excel may also be used to solve this problem. The solution which is given is shown in Figure 2. From this it may be confirmed that the optimal solution for the restaurant is to prepare 20 beef meals and 40 fish meals…

References

Banker, R.D. & Morey, R.C. (1986). Efficiency analysis for exogenously fixed inputs and outputs. Operations Research, 34(4), 513-521.

Brusco, M.J. & Johns, T.R. (1998). Staffing a multiskilled workforce with varying levels of productivity: An analysis of cross-training policies. Decision Sciences, 29(2), 499-515.

Chase, R.B. & Apte, U.M. (2007). A history of research in service operations: What's the big idea? Journal of Operations Management, 25(2), 375-386.

Gattoufi, S., Oral, M. & Reisman, a. (2004). A taxonomy for data envelopment analysis. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 38(2-3), 141-158.

In other words, p values correspond to statistical significance, while NNT corresponds to clinical significance. In clinical trials, statistical validity reflects the theoretical basis of the study, with hypotheses being formulated and quantified in terms of likelihood. Clinical significance is concerned with the practical outcome of trials, and with the results of actual treatment and how this relates to the hypotheses that are proven or void.

2.

In nursing practice, both statistical and clinical significance play an important role in research. In practice, however, it is clinical significance that should have the greatest impact upon nursing practice. Clinical significance provides actual data from research conducted to determine such effects. It concerns the outcome of trials, while statistical significance is more concerned with determining new research and the likelihood of success before trials have been conducted.

Indeed, Davidson notes that an advantage of NNT is the format of its results --…

References

Davidson, Richard a. (1994) Does it Work or Not?: Clinical vs. Statistical Significance. Chest, Vol. 106, No. 3. Retrieved from http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/106/3/932.long

Kain, Z.N. (2005, Nov.) the Legend of the P. Value. Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 101, No. 5. Retrieved from  http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/101/5/1454.full

Data Warehousing: A Strategic Weapon of an Organization.

Within Chapter One, an introduction to the study will be provided. Initially, the overall aims of the research proposal will be discussed. This will be followed by a presentation of the overall objectives of the study will be delineated. After this, the significance of the research will be discussed, including a justification and rationale for the investigation.

The aims of the study are to further establish the degree to which data warehousing has been used by organizations in achieving greater competitive advantage within the industries and markets in which they operate. In a recent report in the Harvard Business eview (2003), it was suggested that companies faced with the harsh realities of the current economy want to have a better sense of how they are performing. With growing volumes of data available and increased efforts to transform that data into meaningful knowledge…

References

Agosta, L. (2003). Ask the Expert. Harvard Business Review, 81(6), 1.

Database: Business Source Premier.

Babcock, Charles (1995). Slice, dice & deliver. Computerworld, 29, 46, 129 -132.

Beitler, S.S., & Lean, R. (1997). Sears' EPIC Transformation: Converting from Mainframe Legacy Systems to Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). Journal of Data Warehousing (2:2), 5-16.

Statistical Analyses

click in the excel object to see how the statistical analysis was done

Y = ?0 +?1X1 +?2X2 +?

Price = 35591.507 + (4.001 * Block Size) + (3088.933 * Floor Area) + 177444.648

The dependent variable Price can be predicted from a linear combination of the independent variables:

P

Block Size

Floor Area

Figure 6 represents the cross-tabulation of religious service attendance with x-rated movie viewing. In this analysis, it is interesting to observe that weekly church attendance may "inoculate" respondents against watching an x-rated movie, but that no other level of religious involvement has a particular influence on porn consumption. Of the respondents who have seen an x-rated motive in the past year, their religious service attendance patterns follow the same trend as respondents who claim not to have seen an x-rated movie in the past year, with the glaring exception of those who report weekly attendance. This seems to be another case of regression to the mean, in which a socially normative response (weekly church or temple attendance) overwhelms useful data and obscures a potentially interesting correlation.

Appendix: Figures and Tables

Figure 1. Frequency histogram of religious service attendance.

Table 1. Proportion of missing data in routine and controversial questions.

Question…

Statistical education trains students in the science of collecting, displaying, analyzing and interpreting numerical data. It is often referred to as "the science of doing science."

Students come across statistical ideas in their daily lives. For example, a student may see statistics used in political polls, music charts and unemployment rates. asic statistical education is important in helping students to make sense of the abundance of numerical information that is presented on a daily basis by the media. In particular, students need statistical education to help them recognize attempts to mislead them through statistical information and diagrams.

In schools, statistical education is primarily taught in mathematics, yet students use statistical ideas in other subjects, including science and economics. Therefore, teachers and researchers are constantly working towards improving statistically education, leading to a great deal of research in the field. This paper aims to examine existing research to determine how statistical…

Bibliography

Batanero, C., Garfield, J.B., Ottaviani, M.G., & Truran, J. (2000). Research in statistics education: Some priority questions. SERN Newsletter 1 (2), with discussion in SERN Newsletter 2 (1) and 2(2).

Garfield, Joan. (2000). How Students Learn Statistics. The General College, University of Minnesota. International Statistical Review.

Harrington, Charles. (1999). Facilitating Student Engagement in the Introductory Business Statistics Course. University of Southern Indiana Press.

Hogg, R. (1991), "Statistical Education: Improvements are Badly Needed," The American Statistician, 45, 342-343.

Probability estimate

(a) P (Used a nicorette) = 169/317 ? 0.533

(b) P (Used a nicorette or Mouth/sore throat) =

P (Used a nicorette) + P (Mouth/sore throat) - P (Used nicorette and Mouth/sore throat)

= [(169/317)] + [(169/317) x (49/169) + (148/317) x (30/148)] - [(169/317) x (49/169)]

= [(169/317)] + [(79/317)] - [(49/317)]

0.628

5. Evaluate Expressions

a) 9!/4! = (9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4!) / (4!)

= (9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4!) / (4!)

= 15120

b) (52-47)! = 5!

= 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1

=120

6. Combinations vs. Permutations

Combination

Permutation

Number of ways to select 'r' items/objects from a given number of 'n' items

Number of ways to arrange 'r' items/objects from a given number 'n' items

The order of selecting items is not of interest but repetition…

Reference

1. Triola, M.F. (2011). Elementary Statistics (11th ed.): Addison-Wesley Longman

2. George W.S. And Cochran, W.G. (1989). Statistical Methods (8th ed.): Blackwell Publishing Professional.

3. Graham Upton, & Cook, Ian (1996). Understanding Statistics: Oxford University Press.

tatus of Open Data in Europe

Open Data

Open data refers to the idea of having certain data freely available for people to republish and use as they wish (Open Government Data, n.d). There are no restrictions like patents, mechanism control, or copyright placed on the person using the data. Open data is mainly aimed at allowing governments to share their information with the public. This brings about Open Government Data that refers to any data commissioned or produced by a government that can be freely used, redistributed, and reused by anyone. For data to be considered open, it should be readily available and the person requiring the data should not have to make a request (Bedini et al.). The advancement of the internet and World Wide Web has pushed for open government data. The advancements made on the internet have allowed people from across the world to access data…

Sheridan, J., & Tennison, J. (2010). Linking UK Government Data. Paper presented at the LDOW.

Vienna City Administration. (N.D,). Open Data in Vienna, from  http://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics-administration/open-data.html 

Wonderlich, J. (2010). TEN PRINCIPLES FOR OPENING UP GOVERNMENT INFORMATION, from  https://sunlightfoundation.com/policy/documents/ten-open-data-principles/

Statistic Data From Department of Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, National Institute of Health

ADULTS

Every second person in Armenia, irrespective of sex, is a smoker. Only 15% of the population have never smoked before WOMEN and SMOKING

53,6% smoked some time in the past

39,6% smoke

Chart indicates % of women smoke... cigarettes per day

Chart indicates that in Armenia among the smoking women the percentage of women with higher education is significantly more than those having secondary education.

Qui Hing

Tobacco and Teenagers

In Armenia about half of the smokers start smoking reaching the age of 18, 36,6% of teenagers are smoke

Number of cigarettes per day

Boys and girls

Boys and young men in Armenia start smoking much sooner than girls, more than a half of a yang men start doing it before reaching the age of 18. Absolute majority of girls in Armenia start smoking after the…

Structure and Management Practice

Briefing Memo: Case Study Evaluation

Type of Business: Agriculture

eported Issue: Management personnel structure, functioning, and corrective action.

As the situation being reported upon was designed to gather data through observation, interviews, and questionnaires with respect to the organizational structure of the agricultural organization, and without committing the measurement data to a selected statistical analysis tool, the research is classified as qualitative rather than quantitative. For there to have been a quantitative analysis the measurement data, especially the questionnaire and survey data, would have to generate numerical values that can be subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.

esearch Method

Effectiveness: Qualitative research is primarily reserved to investigate issues that depict industry trends and these trends must be supported by previous investigative research endeavors. The current management report, although depicting a trend of mismanagement, improper hiring practices, and wage discrepancies, did not supply previous research data…

References

Ohlson, E.L. (1996). Best-Fit Statistical Procedures in Business. Chicago: ACTS Testing Lab.

EP Implementation Approach

The study collects data from 5 business units of the company. The data collection method is through both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, and the study collects data to enhance greater understanding of the EP implementation approach carried out by the company. As being discussed previously, the methodology used to collect data is through qualitative and quantitative approach, and the study collects data from the following business units:

Accounting Department

Human esources Department

Purchasing and Supply Department

Manufacturing and Product Development Department

IT (Information Technology) Department.

The study selects these business units because they are the most important business departments that focus on the core business activities of the company. The selected company represents a cross section of the major companies engaging in the EP implementation. Typically, the information collected from the company is treated with high confidentiality, and the company chooses to implement EP system to…

References

Bogdan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. (2003). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Coffey, A. Holbrook, B. And Atkinson, P. (1996) Qualitative Data Analysis: Representations & Technologies, Sociological Research Online, vol. 1, no. 1.

Ettlie, J.(2000).The adoption of enterprise resource planning systems, in Responsive Production and the agile enterprise, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Managing innovative Manufacturing, University of Aston.

Gibbs, GR (2002) Qualitative Data Analysis: Explorations with NVivo. Buckingham: Open University Press.

marketing data collected to analyze the economic performance of the Hideaway Hotel. It consists of annual and monthly economic data, a forecast of next year's performance, and an interpretation of statistical data gathered from the hotel's guests. It also includes a break-even analysis and suggestions to the firm that will help to restore its profitability.

Collect data on the main macro indicators and assess current macroeconomic conditions. Describe briefly the expected impact of these on sales and costs of the business.

he Economist Intelligence Unit expects continued fiscal operating surpluses over the next several years, but also maintains that increases in government spending are not likely as the government focuses on building up the new pension fund. his fund should put more money in the hands of pensioners, who regularly go on seaside vacations. he Economist expects GDP growth to slow from 2.7% in 2003 to 2.5% in 2004, but…

The margins of error were acceptable in analysing the sample: most of the variables consisted of small numbers (between one and five) and the sample size was 200, which is adequate for the determination of data. Population analyses were not used to analyze data for the American guests. The numbers were normally distributed and I was able to interpret customer data with a reasonable amount of certainty.

Statistical data shows that the firm consistantly operates at a loss during the fall and winter months. The modal motel guest is from New Zealand, consists of a couple with a child, and spends two days at the motel. The modal guest is extremely likely to eat at the restaurant and somewhat unlikely to engage in other activities such as sailing. Principal expenses are related to staffing. If the hotel were to close its doors during the winter or limit operation to being open on the weekend, revenues would be slightly better than they are now.

Information that would still be of interest includes that regarding monthly data for 2001; between 2001 and 2002 profitability slumped considerably. This could be the result of several reasons; one is probably the failure of the organization to attract return visitors from New Zealand. A future study would determine the cost of mothballing the Motel during the winter as it is immensely unprofitable during that time. In some months, losses exceed costs not related to labor.

I would also define 'living alone' and carefully assess the living environment and region (economic factors, demographic variables, geographic elements amongst other factors) of the environment (both immediate and mediate, i.e. home and region) that the individual occupies.

7. Caring for a cat pet prolongs life of a person over 65 to 75 living alone in the Northwestern region of USA?.

Variables would involve 'caring' (the type and intensity of caring acts employed); 'cat' the type of pet; 'person' (assessing gender, family history, cultural factors, work situation or retirement; level of education; history of disease and related factors (such as falls, hospitalizations and so forth); economic standard of living; and person's personal history (particularly history of stressors). Further variables include 'living alone'; quality of living environment and region; social factors (immediate / extended family; community; involvement in community activities; involvement in extracurricular activities and the extent and intensity of these…

References

Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2000). Research methods in Psychology. London: SAGE

Dellinger, a.B. & Leech, N.L. (2007). Toward a Unified Validation Framework in Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1, 309-332.

Trochim, W.M.K, (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base. NY: McGraw Hill.

Data Collection Procedure

What do you see as the value of the IB? Why would one be needed for informal research, such as a class assignment?

IB's value to researchers in America's Universities (AU) is enablement of superior ethical standards in conducting research works (including respondent protection), while allowing students, teaching faculty and other staff members to carry out research works in an efficient and timely manner. IB aims at creating an atmosphere of awareness and respect for research subjects' welfare and rights in university campuses, along with expanding on knowledge and enabling research of the best quality (Enfield & Truwit, 2008).

Issues that the IB might be interested in reviewing regarding the research question and design for this research study

especting Involved Individuals. Mandated by a moral obligation to respect other people, the idea of informed consent comprises three components: information, voluntariness, and understanding. esearch subjects are to be…

Reference

Amdur, R.J. & Bankert, E.A. (2011). Institutional review board: member handbook. (3rd ed). Boston: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 12-15.

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (4th ed.) Pearson Education, Inc.

Enfield, K. B. & Truwit, J. D. (2008). The Purpose, Composition, and Function of an Institutional Review Board: Balancing Priorities. Respiratory Care, 53, 1330-1336.

Fowler, F. J. (2009). Survey research methods (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Using a random sampling helps to insure that there will be a randomly equal number of learning disabled students, gifted students, underachievers and overachievers in each group. In addition the random sampling will help insure a statistically close to equal sampling of males and females in each group.

Assumptions will also be made that the students will put forth their best effort in the class work and instruction so that the semester test results will be a true reflection of what they have learned in the American History course that semester.

Conclusion

This methodology section is designed to produce the most pure results with regard to the research question. Care has been taken to explore the different elements of the research topic and produce the best possible method by which to test that question.

eferences

Dobrosielski-Vergona, Kathleen a.; Gallagher, Judith E.; Williams, Theresa M.; Wingard, obin G. More (2005) Web-based…

References

Dobrosielski-Vergona, Kathleen a.; Gallagher, Judith E.; Williams, Theresa M.; Wingard, Robin G. More (2005) Web-based vs. traditional classroom instruction in gerontology: a pilot study. Journal of Dental Hygiene

Beard, Lawrence a.; Harper, Cynthia (2002) Student perceptions of online vs. On campus instruction.(Brief Article)(Statistical Data Included) Education Journal

Piotrowski, C. & Vodanovich, S.J. (2000). Are the reported barriers to Internet-based instruction warranted?: A synthesis of recent research, Education, 121, 48-53.

Rossman, P. (1992). The emerging worldwide electronic university: Information age global higher education. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

In order to gather the necessary measurement data the following questionnaire will be administered to the selected samples.

The sample of 50 for each group was chosen as correlation studies with a sample of 50 correspond to correlations of 0.90 or higher. For multiple regression analysis the 50 sample size is sufficient to deal with multiple predictors.

Questionnaire

Dear Participant: Thank you for agreeing to participate in this study in an attempt to determine whether there is a positive or negative relationship between female high school smokers and female college smokers. Please answer all questions fairly and honestly. Please do not place any personal identification information on the questionnaire.

1. Age:

2. Birth Order: First____ Middle____ Last

3. Length of time you have smoked:

4. Does your father smoke? Yes____ No_

5. Does your mother smoke? Yes____ No_

6. Do you participate in sports' activities? Yes____ No_

7. What is…

Criminological Theory and Statistical Data

Introduction

Criminological theory is not always based on evidence—that is, on statistical evidence. Sometimes it is based on ideas that seem logical at the time. Theorists will notice correlations in the ways in which crime emerges in certain communities and they will base their theories of crime on these observances, though no statistical evidence is actually accumulated to verify the theory. The theory simply makes sense from a logical or rational point of view and in this manner it can be promoted. Its basis of evidence is qualitative (i.e., content-related, conceptual or thematic) rather than statistical and empirical (i.e., data that can be measured, quantified and verified through testing). Broken Windows Theory is one example of criminological theory that was based on qualitative assessments rather than on statistical data (Jean, 2008). While the theory has been embraced over the years since it was first developed,…

Hoteling T^2 Control Charts

Multivariable statistics is an aspect of statistics that involves analysis of more than one variables. In other words, the multivariable analysis is concerned with the statistical analysis of more than one variables how they are related to one another. Some problems involve using the multivariable data using multiple regression or linear regression, and one of the aspects of the multivariable analysis is an area that involves analysis of quality control using the linear regression. Contrary to the univariable analysis that uses two variables, the multivariable analysis uses two or more independent variables or dependent variables. The concept independent variables are the variables manipulated by the researcher to carry out the analysis. With this control, the researcher will be able to correlate the dependent and independent variables. However, the manufacturing companies are increasingly using the multivariable statistics to enhance product quality. In the contemporary manufacturing environment, increasing…

Reference

Bersimis, S. Panaretos, J. &. Psarakis, S. (2005). Multivariate Statistical Process Control Charts and the Problem of Interpretation: A Short Overview and Some Applications in Industry. University of Piraeus, Department of Statistics and Insurance Science, Piraeus, Greece.

Harris, K., Triantafyllopoulos., K. Stillman., E. et al. (2016). A Multivariate Control Chart for Autocorrelated Tool Wear Processes. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 32: 2093 -- 2106.

Hidalgo, B; Goodman, M (2013). "Multivariate or multivariable regression?". Am J. Public Health. 103: 39 -- 40.

Lyu, J.& Chen, M. (2009). Automated Visual Inspection Expert System for Multivariate Statistical Process Control Chart. Expert Systems with Applications 36: 5113 -- 5118.

Suitable P-Value for a Clinical Trial

Statistical testing to determine whether results are significant is extremely useful in all types of research. In most cases, where a significant level, or p-value, is being chosen, a p-value of .05 is deemed to be sufficiently accurate. However, while this may be suitable for many types of research, it may be argued that in clinical trials from drugs, a lower p value may be more appropriate, due to the nature of the research. To understand this, it is necessary to understand what the p-value is, what it signifies.

The p value gives a probability, but is easy to misunderstand, as it indicates the level of support for the null hypothesis, with the probability level used to determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. The p-value provides the probability of gaining an effect at the same level if the null hypothesis is…

References

Berenson, A, (2006, May 31), Merck Admits a Data Error on Vioxx, The New York Times, retrieved 13 November 2015 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/31/business/31drug.html?_r=0 

Cowen, G. (1997). Statistical Data Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pearson r can tell us how strong the relationship is between two variables. The closer to 1, the stronger the relationship is and the closer to 0 the weaker the relationship is. If the Pearson r value is positive, the relationship is direct, and if negative, the relationship is inverse. In our hypothetical case study, the r value is negative and thus the older a worker gets the less engagement they demonstrate with the customers.

The chi-squared measure indicates how likely two variables are to be independent of each other (such as a person's favorite color and their last name) or dependent on each other (such as a person's race and his/her income). In this case, the value of chi-square at less than .05 indicates that the possibility that gender and customer engagement are randomly related is less than 5%.

Important to this analysis are two concepts. A result is…

Thus, the researchers concluded that environmental factors were part of the overall equation, determined by comparing the amount of phthalates in those girls who live close to urban areas with factories that manufacture products containing phthalates. One other finding drawn from this sample group was that the levels of phthalates "were significantly higher than the average levels" determined by the CDC (Lee, 2009, Internet).

With the second group of four hundred, the researchers produced similar findings, even though this group preceded the first by some ten years, an indication that phthalates have been in the environment for at least this length of time. Also, via utilizing the one-way ANOVA model, the researchers discovered a correlation between phthalates and IQ which was lower in those girls with heavy exposure to the chemical. However, the researchers admit that this possible link may be simply "cause and effect or an accidental finding" (Lee,…

REFERENCES

Famoye, Felix and Carl Lee. (2009). "Statistical Procedures." Accessed from  http://calcnet.mth.cmich.edu/org/spss/StaProc.htm .

Lee, Jennifer B. (April 17, 2009). Child obesity is linked to chemicals in plastics. The New

York Times. Internet. May 21, 2009. Accessed from  http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com 

/2009/04/17/child-obesity-is-linked-to-chemicals-in-plastics/?hp.

ability of plants to respond to environmental factors such as soil temperatures. This paper examines the effects of arti-cially warmed environment using open-top chambers (OTCs). It investigates the effect of temperature changes on the growth of Dryas integrifolia. This is in light of the growing concern of the changing climatic weather condition more so in the cold climatic regions of the world. It hypothesizes the difference in growth of Dryas integrifolia exposed to OTC- treatment as compared to those in natural setting.

This study reveals that there is statistically significant difference in growth of Dryas integrifolia exposed to OTC- treatment as compared to those in natural setting. It gives a new view of the possibility that future change of climate might as well not be detrimental to the growth of natural vegetation in the arctic regions

Introduction

It is a scientific fact that plant development is subjected to environmental factors.…

References

Callaghan TV, Bjo rn LO, Chapin FS III et al. (2005). Arctic tundra and polar desert ecosystems. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment: Scienti-c Report, 243 -- 352.

CYSIP: Botany. (2012). Dryas integrifolia: Entire-leaf Mounta. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from  http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/index.html 

Fenner, M. (1998). The phenology of growth and reproduction in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Vol. 1 No. 1, 78-91.

Forchhammer, M.C., Rasch, M., & Rysgaard, S. (n.d.). A Conceptual Framework for Monitoring Climate Effects and Feedback in Arctic Ecosystems.

Statistical esearch II

Measuring a given construct within a statistical study is done by sorting the numerical data obtained during the study's administration of surveys and/or questionnaires to identify the baseline reference point. Calculating the mean, median and mode of the various data points gathered during the survey period, the data set's baseline is then utilized to quantify various constructs within the study's purview. When one refers to the Mean, this is the technical term what we know as the "average" in everyday vernacular. In other words, the mean is equal to the sum of all the numbers or quantities in a data set divided by the amount of data points added. When examining a distribution of numerical entries, the mean is best visualized as the point of balance, because when a basic data distribution is depicted as a plotted curve, the mean is equivalent to the exact peak or…

References

Bickel, D.R. (2003). Robust and efficient estimation of the mode of continuous data: The mode as a viable measure of central tendency. Journal of statistical computation and simulation, 73(12), 899-912.

Manikandan, S. (2011). Measures of central tendency: The mean. Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 2(2), 140.

Statistical esearch

In order to measure a given construct, the numerical data provided by the study's survey period is sorted to determine a baseline level. By determining the mean, median and mode from the various respondents, this baseline can be used to operationalize a particular construct. The Mean is defined as the mathematical average derived from a set of numerical figures, or the sum of every number in a given set divided by the number of figures comprising that sum. The concept of mean can be visualized as the "balance point" of any given distribution of numerical figures, and envisioning mean in this fashion is premised in basic physics, because if a basic data distribution were to appear fulcrum, the mean would be the point where perfect balance is achieved. Experienced statisticians incorporate mean within their analysis for several fundamental purposes, and "of all the measures of central tendency, the…

References

Irwin, M. (2013). Quantitative Research Designs for Nursing Practice. Research for Advanced

Practice Nurses: From Evidence to Practice, 129.

Keele, R. (2010). Nursing research and evidence-based practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett

Learning.

Health Care -- Statistical Thinking in Health Care

The HMO pharmacy is inaccurately filling prescriptions. Prescribers blame pharmacy assistants, the assistants blame pharmacists and pharmacists blame prescribers. Analysis of their system show points ripe for change in order to improve accuracy. In addition, there are multiple measures that can be applied to substantially enhance the quality of the HMO pharmacy's work.

Process Map & SIPOC Analysis

Process Map of Prescription Filling Process

Process Map of Prescription Filling Process

Prescriber determines patient needs medication

Prescriber selects medication type

Prescriber selects medication dosage

Prescriber hand-writes prescription

Prescription delivered to pharmacy

Prescription entered into pharmacy computer system by pharmacy assistant

Pharmacist selects medication

Pharmacist measures medication

Pharmacist counsels patient about prescription

Medication delivered to patient

SIPOC Analysis of Business Process

SIPOC Analysis of Business Process

Supplier

Input

Process Steps

Output

Customer

Prescriber

Patient information

Determines need for medication

Determines type of medication

Determines…

Works Cited

Bright Hub Project Management. (n.d.). Six Sigma: Network diagram examples. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from www.brighthubpm.com Web site:  http://www.brighthubpm.com/six-sigma/25326-dmaic-phase-two-measuring/ 

Caamano, F., Ruano, A., Figueiras, A., & Gestal-Otero, J. (December 2002). Data collection methods for analyzing the quality of the dispensing in pharmacies. Pharmacy World & Science, 24(6), 217-223.

DrFirst, Inc. (n.d.). Rcopia e-prescribing. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from go.drfirst.com Web site:  http://go.drfirst.com/l/8842/2012-08-02/7p276?pi_ad_id= {creative}&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D

Nair, R.P., Kappil, D., & Woods, T.M. (2010, January 20). 10 strategies for minimizing dispensing errors. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from www.pharmacytimes.com Web site:  http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2010/January2010/P2PDispensingErrors-0110

A more robust method is to conduct a factor analysis before running the regression analysis, and then to rotate the factors to insure that the factors are independent in the factor analysis ("Statistics Solutions, 2012").

9. Discuss autocorrelation (serial correlation) assumption & implication to student work

Autocorrelation (lagged correlation or serial correlation) occurs when the correlation between values in a random process at different times that is a function of the time lag or of the two times ("Statistics Solutions, 2012"). That is to say that there is a relationship between a variable and itself over intervals of time ("Statistics Solutions, 2012"). These serial correlations occur in repeating patterns when the level of a variable at a time certain affects the variable at a future time ("Statistics Solutions, 2012").

10.Discuss ways to overcome the serial correlation

When using an estimated equation for statistical inference in hypothesis testing, the residuals will…

References

Geisser, S. And Johnson, W.M. (2006). Modes of Parametric Statistical Inference, John Wiley & Sons.

____. (2012). Statistics Solutions. Retrieved  http://www.statisticssolutions.com/academic-solutions/resources/directory-of-statistical-analyses/assumptions-of-multiple-linear-regression/#sthash.hirr3Y2x.dpuf

Preventing Data Loss and Data Overload

A qualitative researcher may have to organize, document, and track large and diverse amounts of information. Consider this scenario: A researcher has interviewed 12 participants thus far and has decided to follow up with 4 of them for further interviews. Unfortunately, the researcher has placed all of the contact information on sticky notes around the computer and now cannot find the contact information for 2 of the participants. Moreover, the research supervisor is asking the researcher for a specific piece of interview transcript from one of the participants. These transcripts are all handwritten in a notebook, and the researcher has 15 unmarked notebooks where interview transcripts reside.

Would you like to be the researcher in this position? Can you think of potential problems with this organizational strategy (or lack thereof)? In this Discussion, you will consider data organization strategies so that you will not…

Management

The five management programs have the same common dependent variables. These are the average turnover, the weekly profit and the monthly staff time cost. The independent variable for this experiment is the management system that is used. There are five different management systems that are being used at the company, and they differ in their methods. The data presented show the impact of the different management systems on the different output measures (dependent variables).

The wild card is the type of store data. The company investigated this using three store categories, and presented its findings, but they were not presented with statistical analysis. As such, they should not be considered to be an independent variable.

Outcome variables are the dependent variables.. Ultimately, for this company the variables should reflect a wider variety of output measures for each store. . The output variables should be related to the success measures.…

References

Investopedia (2015). Sales per square foot. Investopedia. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sales-per-square-foot.asp 

Taylor, C. (2015). What is a simple random sample? About.com. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from  http://statistics.about.com/od/HelpandTutorials/a/What-Is-A-Simple-Random-Sample.htm 

Baldwin, S. (2006). Organisational justice. Institute for Employment Studies. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from  http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp73.pdf 

Hannan, M. & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review. Vol. 49 (2) 149-164.

Soda Volumes

Troubleshooting Bottling Errors

Due to customer complaints of low product volume an investigation was conducted to check whether these complaints had any merit. Bottles (n = 30) of soda were randomly taken off the production line and the volumes measured. The total amount of soda measured was ?X = 446.1 oz, so the mean (MX) amount of soda per bottle was ?X/n = 446.1/30 = 14.87 oz. The median value is [(n + 1)/2] = 31/2 = 15.5, so the two middle values were averaged to obtain the median. The two middle values are 14.8 and 14.8, so the median is 14.8. Since the mean and median have similar values, the distribution of soda volumes is not skewed. The standard deviation is SDX = ?{[?(X -- MX) 2]/n-1} = = ?{[(14.5 -- 14.87)2 + (14.6 -- 14.87)2 + . . . + (14.8 -- 14.87)2 + (14.6 --…

References

Introduction. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 June 2014 from  http://www.melrosechem.com/english/publicat/bottling/bottling.pdf .

Fiscal Accountability

The use of budget data for decision-making is a garbage in, garbage out scenario. If the assumptions built into the budget are poor, then the decisions made will be poor. As such, it is important that budgets are constructed with the best information and analysis available. There are different types of budgets, so the first part of the process will be to select the best type. In many organizations, static budgets are the norm, where the organization sets out a budget based on incremental changes to the previous year's budget. This technique has the benefit of being easy to implement, but it is not necessarily going to yield the most robust data. If the organization is exceptionally stable and has many years of historical data from which to draw its estimates of change, then the budget may well be accurate, but for many organizations this is a poor…

References

ALCTS (2016). Data-driven decision making. ALCTS. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from  http://www.ala.org/alcts/ianda/7meas/data 

Chen, X., Lin, Q. & Zhou, D. (2015). Statistical decision making for optimal budget allocation in crowd labeling. Journal of Machine Learning Research. Vol. 16 (2015) 1-46.

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
Describe ways in which MS Excel can be used by a manager of an organization as a tool for interpreting data
There are different ways in which a manager of an organization can employ MS Excel as a tool for data interpretation. One of the uses of MS Excel is collating, which encompasses collecting associated data items into a single item. The layout and formatting of the worksheet can enable the managers to perceive data sets in a structured and organized formation, which augments clarity of the data. The second benefit is processing. Excel cells can include functions, formulas as well as references to other excel cells, that permit one to glean information in prevailing data sets. Therefore, excel functions can facilitate the process of interpreting a data set in a manner that is suitable to the data itself and the system in position.…

Sustainability

Perceptions of sustainability improved slightly in the experimental group, however this change was not significant and the null hypothesis is not rejected (p=.32). The flag exposure did not improve perceptions of sustainability to a noteworthy degree.

Traditionality

Once more, there was statistically significant change -- and once more, it was so significant that the null hypothesis would be almost certainly rejected (p-value is effectively 0) -- but that this change was again in the wrong direction. Flag perception (or possibly the confounding variable of healthy eating desires, though that seems far less likely for this item) is correlated with a significant decrease in perceptions of traditionality, not an increase as predicted in the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis remains in place, therefore.

Conclusion

With one confounding variable between the groups, the examination of the given experimental variable (i.e. The inclusion of the flag on the product image) and its…

Operations at Apple Inc.

Statistical technique to measure the quality characteristics of Apple Inc.

Six-sigma was created in the 1980s at Motorola as a strategy to measure and enhance high-volume processing procedures. Its overall objective was to measure and dispose of waste by endeavoring to accomplish nearly perfect outcomes. The term six sigma refers to a statistical technique of measuring quality with a maximum of 3.4 imperfections out of a million. Various organizations like General Electric, Ford, and Apple Inc. have used six-sigma in their operations and have been able to save billions of dollars (Hubbard, 2009).

Six-Sigma is a statistically conscious strategy-to-process change that uses many tools to guarantee success. These tools include total quality management, statistical process control, and experimental designs. It may be facilitated with other vital activities and frameworks like a new item improvement, planning of material requirements and controls of just-in-time inventory. Initially, Six-sigma was…

References

Doole, I., & Lowe, R. (2008). International marketing strategy: Analysis, development and implementation. London: Cengage Learning.

Hubbard, M.R. (2009). Statistical quality control for the food industry. Gaithersburg, Md: Chapman & Hall Food Science Book.

Kasilingam, R.G. (2010). Logistics and transportation: Design and planning. Dordrecht [u.a.: Kluwer.

Lussier, R.N. (2012). Management fundamentals: Concepts, applications, skill development. Mason, Ohio: South-Western.

DBMS and Data Warehouses

(1) in this writing assignment, you will create a brochure advertising your services as a data repository.

Powered By Excellence

Data epository Service

Powered By Excellence is the only data repository service with globally-located data centers across each continent, each with specific security, reliability and fault redundancy systems in place.

Our staff includes world-class experts on the following platforms: IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, MySQL, Informix, Sybase, Teradata and SAS expertise in-house as part of our consulting services division.

Services Offered

Analytics Advisory Services

Big Data Consultancy - Map and Hadoop expertise for gaining insights from very large datasets)

Custom Software Development

Database Hosting

SaaS Application Support

Scalable File Storage

Private Cloud Hosting (Dedicated storage and unlimited virtual machines)

Customer Benefits

High performance with a world-class platform

24/7 Administrator Access

Unlimited Virtual Machine Use

Service Level Agreement (SLA) metrics available 24/7

Trusted Provider of Data epository Services:

ISO…

References

(Benander, Benander, Fadlalla, Gregory, 2000)

Benander, A., Benander, B., Fadlalla, A., & Gregory, J. (2000). Data warehouse administration and management. Information Systems Management, 17(1), 71-80.

Choudhary, A.K., Harding, J.A., & Tiwari, M.K. (2009). Data mining in manufacturing: A review based on the kind of knowledge. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 20(5), 501-521.

He, Z., Lee, B.S., & Snapp, R. (2005). Self-tuning cost modeling of user-defined functions in an object-relational DBMS. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 30(3), 812-812.

ig data: What does it mean for your business?

Once data about consumers was relatively difficult to amass. Now, in the digital age businesses are assaulted with a plethora of sources of consumer data. "Data now stream from daily life: from phones and credit cards and televisions and computers; from the infrastructure of cities; from sensor-equipped buildings, trains, buses, planes, bridges, and factories. The data flow so fast that the total accumulation of the past two years -- a zettabyte -- dwarfs the prior record of human civilization" (Shaw 2014). The big data revolution has the power to be as revolutionary as the Internet in the ways that businesses conduct commerce and consumers view themselves. "ig data is distinct from the Internet, although the Web makes it much easier to collect and share data. ig data is about more than just communication: the idea is that we can learn from…

Bibliography

Corbin, K. 2014. CIOs must balance cloud security and customer service. CIO Magazine.

Available at:  http://www.cio.com/article/2379776/government/cios-must-balance-cloud-security-and-customer-service.html  [2 Nov 2014]

Cukier, K.N. & Schoenberger, V. 2013. The rise of Big Data. Foreign Affairs. Available at:

 http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139104/kenneth-neil-cukier-and-viktor-mayer-schoenberger/the-rise-of-big-data  [2 Nov 2014]

Data Input, Output, Storage Devices and Determining the Speed of a Computer

This paper has made use of the different input and output methods for computers as well as studied the differences between primary and secondary storage. It also checks for the roles of different computer parts in the overall working of the computer.

In computer terminology, data is something that is unprocessed and raw, which does not have a series of clusters within it. On the other hand, information is more detailed and the better form than that of data. It is processed data, whereby it is meaningful data that can be used for manipulation in the computer networks as well as in the computer itself. This paper discusses the different types of methods of data input and output as well as storage devices and also aims at determining the speed of a particular computer.

Data is very significant…

Works Cited

Author Unknown, 2004 General Computer Basic Input/Output System Overview URL 1:  http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=299697 

Tyson, Jeff, 2004 How BIOS Works URL 2:  http://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios.htm

Applying Statistical Process Control Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

The use of applied statistics in studying a pharmaceutical manufacturing process is examined in the work of Tiani (2004) reports that health care quality is critically important in society and the quality of health care is important to all individuals. It is important that treatment is given in an accurate manner and this is particularly true of medications given to patients as it is expected that "the bottle of medicine has the specified number of tablets and that each tablet contains the specified quantity of the correct drug." (Tiani, 2004)

Legal and Regulatory Framework

There are legal and regulatory requirements set out in the law of the United States that the quality of medications be controlled in the pharmaceutical industry. The regulations are contained in federal statutes and outline "a quality control functions that emphasizes inspection and defect detection, and pharmaceutical quality control technology."…

Bibliography

Shanley, Agnes (2011) No Time for Process Control? PharmaManufacturing Magazine. Retrieved from:  http://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/articles/2010/123.html?page=full 

Janardhan, 2011, Pala Bashanam (2011) Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Embracing Process Analytical Technology. Pharma Focus Asia. Retrieved from:  http://www.pharmafocusasia.com/manufacturing/pharmaceutical_manufacturing_pat.htm 

Moore, V (2003) Statistical Process Control. Chapter 24 9 Apr 2003. Retrieved from:  http://www.uncp.edu/home/marson/360chapter24.pdf 

Guidance for Industry Process Validation: General Principles and Practices (2011) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Jan 2011. Retrieved from:  http://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/wp_downloads/pdf/FDAProcessValidationJan2011.pdf

His intention is to use an experimental approach by using statistical tools to quantify and assess program effectiveness by comparing school effectiveness ratings before implementation of the program with schools effectiveness ratings following the implementation of the program.

5. Is there anything in the procedures for collecting the information or in the instruments themselves that could bias the results or weaken the study?

The author does not describe the source of his schools merely stating the inclusive and exclusive criteria that they satisfied. The schools, all in Milwaukee, had to satisfy three main criteria: firstly that the program under study was introduced during a period when rating were available, secondly, that the number of schools introducing the program must be sufficient for statistical results, and thirdly, that there should be sufficient and adequate comparison groups. His research seems immune to bias.

The author does, however, mention the possibility of bias…

Reference

Thompson, B. (2006). Evaluating Three Programs Using a School Effectiveness Model: Direct Instruction, Target Teach, and Class Size Reduction, Third Education Group Review, 2, 1-10.

DAV using Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Kluck had started a certain project abbreviated as PMV in order to use manufacturing-style improvement techniques in insurance. SPC would be helpful to see whether PMV worked, whether DAV should continue using the process, modify it, or drop it.

DAV used SPC for tracking performance measures over time in order to improve performance of its various operations. DAV had to most importantly deliver efficient customer service that consisted of delivering customer data on time and without mistakes. They also had to retrieve this customer data on time. However, given the size and complexity of DAV it could easily run into problems and the breadth of its tasks made it difficult to measure without a certain procedure. SPC was this procedure.

In other words, DAV wished to improve its quality and timeliness of its work. It therefore decided to transplant the statistical tools form a…

References

Chron. Three Common Performance Evaluation Methods

 http://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-common-performance-evaluation-methods-23608.html 

Dransfield, R (2000) Human Resource Management, Heinemann Ed.:USA

epidemiological data, and then exploring possibility of a causal connection between lack of government funding for community-based treatments and increase in HIV incidence in queer male communities.

Both statistical descriptive and inferential tests will be employed.

The descriptive tests summarize and describe the data. These would include frequency analysis e.g. Of the amount of men diagnosed as queer, and frequency that the participants experienced homophobia. Univariate analysis would focus on one variable, e.g. frequency of homophobia, by analyzing the mean, the distribution, the central tendency, and the dispersion of the occurrence.

The distribution would provide some assumption of the pattern of the range: whether normal or skewed.

The central tendency would, in this case, measure the mean of the data, i.e. average number of males that experienced discriminatory treatment. Dispersion would be another descriptive tool that measures the spread of values around the central tendency, i.e. range and standard deviation.…

Reference

AllPsych Online:  http://allpsych.com/onlinetexts.html

Accuracy of data input is important. What method of data input would be best for each of the following situations and why:

Printed questionnaires - Beyond using a manually-based approach to capture this data and transcribing it onto computer screens, the best possible approach would be code the questionnaire so responses could be read with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software (Nibler, 1993).

Designing an on-screen software application that will allow for those giving the survey to capture their responses directly on-screen as the respondents provide their answers (Nibler, 1995).

Bank checks -- It is a best practice to rely on the Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) codes across the bottom of a check to ensure account number and routing number are correctly read. In addition to MICR codes, companies are increasingly using OCR to read the figures on the check as well.

Retail tags -- the best possible approach for…

State education agencies and local school districts needs to work to incorporate the major provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act (U.S. Department of Education, 2004a). The evaluator feels it is imperative that as teacher preparation programs, along with state and local education agencies, address the training, recruitment, and retention of highly qualified teachers and conduct counseling sessions for every American classroom.

Teacher education programs can prepare future teachers to work in true collaborative arrangements with a variety of community stakeholders and families by helping teachers and school administrators understand the mandates, timelines, and overall missions of other public human services agencies. This type of information is critical and could be easily incorporated into the general and special education teacher preparation curricula, including field experiences in schools as well as in community human service agencies (such as mental health centers or juvenile justice).

As more educators are trained and…

References

Kolbe L, J. (2006) A framework for School Health Programs in the 21st Century. Journal of School Health. Pg 75:226-228.

Lechtenberger, D.A., & Mullins, F.E. (Fall, 2004). Promoting better family-school community partnerships for all of America's children. Beyond Behavior, 14(1), 17-22.

Lewis, T.J., Powers, L.J., Kelk, M.J., & Newcomer, L. (2002) Reducing problem behaviors on the playground: An investigation of the application of school-wide positive behavior supports. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 181-190.

Miles, P., Burns, E.J., Osher, T. W, Walker, J.S., & National Wraparound Initiative Advisory Group. (2006). The Wraparound process users guide: A handbook for families. Portland, OR: Portland State University, National Wraparound Initiative, Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children's Mental Health.

For resumes, the most pretentious output method would be transforming the XML file into a PDF file. The same applies for memorandums.

Statistical reports and company annual reports are linked to output methods like: console, file, log file rolling, HTTP Post, TCP broadcast, UDP broadcast, or logging templates.

The hard disk is mostly used for storing large amounts of digital encoded data, like video data, audio data and others. It provides efficient access to large volumes of data. Nowadays, hard disks are included by mobile phones also, not just computers. Hard disk storage is very reliable and independent of particular devices.

The floppy disk is rarely used nowadays, as it is no longer necessary for data storage and transfer. Now it is suitable for storing small amounts of data when dealing with an old computer model that is not equipped with modern device drivers.

The andom Access Memory, better known…

Reference List

Dickinson, Holly & Star, Jeffrey, L., Data Input (course) 1997. University of California at Santa Barbara. Retrieved March 13, 2007 at  http://www.geog.ubc.ca/courses/klink/gis.notes/ncgia/u07.html#SEC7.5 

Optical mark recognition (2007). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved March 13, 2007 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition#Applications .

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (2007). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved March 13, 2007 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Assisted_Telephone_Interviewing .

Handheld technology: the basics. University of North Carolina. Retrieved March 13, 2007 at  http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/handheld0508-2 .

First, there is open coding, where frequently used words or concepts help separate useful data from other data that may not be useful in that particular research context. Next, the researchers turn to selective coding, which is "the process that links all categories and sub-categories to the core category thus facilitating the emergence of the 'storyline' or theory" (Corbin & Strauss, 2008, p. 155). This style of coding focuses on making relationships out of the emerging categories of more abstract qualitative data. Last, there is axial coding, which strengthens relationships between core concepts and categories. According to the research, "this process is used to make connections between categories and sub-categories and allows a conceptual framework to emerge" (Corbin & Strauss, 2008, p. 154). By using such coding methods, core concepts can help point to meaningful answers.

Moreover, data collection can be overlapping with data analysis within the context of qualitative…

References

Corbin, J.M., & Strauss, a.L. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

National Science Foundation. (1997). What is qualitative analysis. Analyzing Qualitative Data. Web.  http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/nsf97153/chap_4.htm

(362) One additional note on this half of the duel research study was that the pair of applicants with and without fictitious criminal records was rotated throughout the experiment to reduce the odds that a single applicant would alter results if assigned the rigid role of ex-con or clean record applicant.

In the second half of the research study the same set of potential employers was surveyed using a vignette method. The vignette described the scenario of applicants who matched the (tester) applicants. The employers who were screened by asking for the person in charge of hiring at the place of business were then asked to respond to the scenario by answering questions regarding if they would or would not hire or consider hiring the applicant in the vignette. Data was collected utilizing the responses to the survey questions, which avoided direct racial comparisons but simply stated the race of…

Works Cited

Pager, Devah and Lincoln Quillian.. "Walking the Talk? What Employers Say vs. What They Do." American Sociological Review 70: 2005, 355-380.

Gray, Paul S., John B. Williamson, David a. Karp, and John R. Dalphin the Research Imagination: An Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Flight Data ecorder

From a system viewpoint, prevention is a great deal less expensive than accidents. Two Boeing 737 accidents remain entirely unexplained at this time (Colorado Springs, 1992; Pittsburgh, 1994). Both airplanes had older digital flight data recorders that did not record control surface positions; that information might very well have led to an unambiguous finding of probable cause. In sharp contrast, the Aerospatiale AT-72 that crashed after extended flight in icing conditions ( oselawn, Indiana, 1994), was equipped with a modern digital flight data recorder whose data enabled investigators to discover, literally within days of the accident, that icing had disturbed airflow over the ailerons beyond the pilots' ability to maintain control. It has been suggested that a substantial fleet could have been equipped with modern flight data recorders for less than the costs of the two 737 accidents.

Some of the innovations discussed here are clearly needed…

Resources

Ashford, Peter. (2010) Flight Data Recorders: Built, Tested to Remain Intact After a Crash. Parts I & II. Technically Speaking. Avionics News.

Hopkin V.D. (2004). "Human factors in air traffic system automation." In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Human performance in automated systems: Current research and trends (pp. 319-336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hopkin V.D. (2007). "Situational awareness in air traffic control." In, R.D. Gilson, D.J. Garland, & J.M. Koonce (Eds.), Situational awareness in complex systems (pp. 171-178) Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press.

Hughes J.A., Randall D., & Shapiro D. (2002). Faltering from ethnography toward design. CSCW 92 Proceedings.