Substance Abuse Case Study: Multi-Axial Diagnosis
Substance Abuse

Substance Abuse Case Study: DSM-V-TR Multi-Axial System Diagnosis

Substance Abuse Case Study: DSM-V-TR Multi-Axial System Diagnosis

Al (A.L.) is obviously in enough distress that his family felt the need to drag him, kicking and screaming, to the emergency room. Despite having a normal appetite, concentration, energy levels, interest, and sleep patterns, the alcohol abuse, deep despondency, and acute family concern suggest that this behavior is abnormal for Al and the family as a whole. This type of behavior would also be abnormal for the general public, therefore a multi-axial system diagnosis is warranted.

Axis I: 305.00 alcohol abuse; 309.28 adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, acute; 309.21 separation anxiety disorder

Axis II: 317 mild mental retardation

Axis III: none

Axis IV: marital difficulties

Axis V: GAF = 55, current.

Axis I

When Al was brought to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation, he smelled of alcohol and appeared intoxicated. The wife's…...

There were also facilities that conducted both random tests and tests based on reasonable suspicion (Drug and Alcohol Treatment in Juvenile Correctional Facilities, 2002).
In addition, of the facilities that responded to the survey 17% tested residents at the time that they were admitted to the facility, and 8% of the facilities tested the juveniles when they were released (Drug and Alcohol Treatment in Juvenile Correctional Facilities, 2002). The survey also found that drug testing was more likely to occur in correction facilities that offered substance abuse treatment (Drug and Alcohol Treatment in Juvenile Correctional Facilities, 2002). In addition, 75% of the facilities that offered substance abuse treatment conducted drug testing during the previous year, and 38% tested juveniles on a random basis (Drug and Alcohol Treatment in Juvenile Correctional Facilities, 2002).

The report also explains that treatment in juvenile corrections facilities differs greatly from state to state. The report explains…...

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References

Chan K.S., Morral A.R., Orlando M. (2003) Retention of Court-Referred Youths in Residential Treatment Programs: Client Characteristics and Treatment Process Effects. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Volume: 29 (2) pg 337+.

De Leon G, Melnick G, Kressel D, Jainchill N. Circumstances, motivation, readiness, and suitability (the CMRS scales): predicting retention in therapeutic community treatment. Am J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1994; 20(4):495-515.

Drug and Alcohol Treatment in Juvenile Correctional Facilities, 2002. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k2/YouthJusticeTX/YouthJusticeTX.htm

Hser YI, Grella CE, Hubbard RL, Hsieh SC, Fletcher BW, Brown BS, Anglin MD. An evaluation of drug treatments for adolescents in 4 U.S. cities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58(7):689-695

Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence (DUI)
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. ("2004 Traffic Safety ... " 2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking…...

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References

'2004 Traffic Safety Annual Assessment -- Early Results." (2005) Traffic Safety Facts:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved on September 21, 2005 from  http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/RNotes/2005/809897.pdf 

'Butte County ReVia® Project." (2003). DUI Courts Website. Retrieved on September 21, 2005 from  http://www.aca-usa.org/reviaproject.htm 

'California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs: An Overview." (n.d.) Retrieved on September 21, 2005 from / 'Drunk driving (United States)." (2005). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on September 21, 2005 from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving_%28United_States%29http://www.caddtp.org

However, in understanding the factors that exist in most substance abuse cases, preemptive solutions to the problem such as education and awareness, as well as early interventions in recently-onset cases can help to curb the issue significantly.
Proposed Solutions

The key to preventing substance abuse, as proposed by researchers and laymen alike, is awareness and education regarding substance abuse. Beginning in schools, religious organizations, and at home, individuals are better adept at understanding the struggles that stem from substance abuse, and such knowledge can help to eliminate a problem before it arises.

For those individuals who find themselves in the throes of substance abuse as adolescents, research has further found that early intervention or punishment can help to put the severity of the problem into the forefront of the abuser's mind in order to show the consequences of such abuse. For instance, increasing evidence has shown that specific, immediate and brief sentences…...

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References

Bachman, J., Johnston, L. And O'Malley, P. (2002). Monitoring the future: national results on adolescent drug use. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Web. Retrieved from:   [Accessed on 7 March 2012].http://www.monitoringthefuture.org 

Ilgen, M. (2011). Prevalence and characteristic of substance abuse by U.S. adolescents.

Addictive Behaviors, 36.12: pp. 1349. Web. Retrieved from: LexisNexis Database. [Accessed on 7 March 2012].

Kasen, S. (2012). Religiosity and resilience in persons at high risk for major depression.

Research that the authors report in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy -- a peer-reviewed journal -- shows that adolescents abusing substances cause "stress-related symptoms" in parents (Yuen, et al., 2011, p. 250). The stress parents experience includes: depression, anxiety, fear of danger, guilt, anger, despair as well as grief associated with failure in the parental role" (Yuen, 250). And so prior to bringing parents into intervention strategies (to assist with their children's abuse issues) -- which has been proven to be effective in many previous studies -- Yuen explains that parents may need training in terms of allowing them to become "…more emotionally independent from their adolescents' behavior" (259).
A peer-reviewed article in the Journal of Traumatic Stress (Kingston, et al., 2009, p. 65) reports that the "Cumulative exposure to multiple traumatic events" -- child sexual abuse (CSA), for example -- has been linked to "…earlier…...

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Works Cited

Brewster, Karin L., and Tillman, Kathryn Harker. (2012). Sexual Orientation and Substance

Abuse Among Adolescents and Young Adults. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6),

1168-1179.

Gingerich, Wallace J., and Wabeke, Todd. (2001). A Solution-Focused Approach to Mental

Substance abuse can be defined simply as a maladaptive use of any harmful substance for the purposes of mood-altering and not limited to the use of prohibited drugs or the misuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs with an intention other than that for which it is recommended or in a way or in quantities other than instructed (Bennett & Holloway, 2005).
Drug related crimes are brutal criminal acts that are committed by persons under the influence of the abused substance. These crimes may include crimes that occur due to the victim's or offender's drug use, crimes that emerge subsequent to the reprobate's need to support his or her drug routine, and crimes that happen as a result of drug trafficking and circulation are all referred to as drug-related crimes. These crimes can be categorized as victim/offender related crimes, economic related crimes and system related crimes

A victim/offender related crime consists of those…...

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References:

Mears, D, P. (2010). American Criminal Justice Policy: An Evaluation Approach to Increasing Accountability and Effectiveness. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.

Bean, P. (2008). Drugs and Crime. ABINGDON: Willan Publishing.

Bennett, T., & Holloway, K. (2005). Understanding drugs, alcohol and crime: Crime and justice. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International.

Reamer, F.G. (2005). Heinous crime:cases, causes, and consequences. New York: Columbia University Press.

Substance Abuse Group Psychotherapy Proposal for a Diverse Homeless Population
We find several problems associated with substance abuse people in our environment. esearches show that men are more likely to develop a substance abuse personality. As a result they lose jobs and homes. Uncountable homeless families depend on substance abuse men. A variety of group treatments are employed to meet the needs of such people during the recovery process. This essay is a substance abuse psychotherapy proposal for a diverse homeless population. A group of male gender, having age in between 35 to 44, can be treated employing an activity.

A Substance Abuse Group Psychotherapy Proposal for a Diverse Homeless Population

Substance abuse is a killing habit and it often begins early in the lives of men. During the teen or young adult years, men often start using drugs and alcohol. Initially it is just limited as a casual or social use but…...

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References

Www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2012). 2 Types of Groups Commonly Used in Substance Abuse Treatment. Retrieved June 02, 2012.

Flores, P.J. & Georgi, J.M. (2005). Substance Abuse Treatment: Group Therapy. Retrieved June 02, 2012, from  http://www.ctcertboard.org/files/TIP41.pdf .

Substance Abuse Treatment Analysis of David uffin
Most people today probably recognize his signing voice from his hits such as "My Girl," but few may remember David uffin of The Temptations music group from the latter half of the 20th century. Like many of his contemporaries, uffin fell victim to the ravages of drug abuse during the height of his career, leaving his millions of fans with a musical void in their lives. To gain some further insights into his untimely death from an overdose of cocaine, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to develop a background and an overview of uffin, his use of drugs, and an appropriate screening instrument that could be used to evaluate a similar client's stage of dependence, change or recovery. An application of this diagnostic tool to uffin's unique circumstances is followed by a discussion concerning possible placement options…...

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References

Celebrity drug rehab centers. (2012). RecoveryFirst. Retrieved from http://recoveryfirst.

org/celebrity-drug-rehab-centers.html/.

Claghorn, C.E. (1993). Biographical dictionary of American music. West Nyack, NY: Parker

Publishing.

Substance abuse is a significant problem for all Americans. esearch has revealed increased risk factors including exposure to drugs among African-American males, making a race-specific intervention program necessary to ensure recovery success rates (Wallace & Muroff, 2002). Moreover, psychological counseling and intervention programs need to be culturally sensitive if they are to be successful. Variables such as communication styles, worldviews, family values, gender roles and norms, urban vs. rural living environment, and socio-economic class status will all impact attitudes toward treatment, treatment decisions, and treatment outcomes. Moreover, comorbidity issues also vary by racial category, including comorbidity with alcohol abuse, anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and affective disorders (Ziedonis, ayford, Bryant & ounsaville, 1994). esearch comparing prevalence of substance abuse between white and black patients is contradictory in nature, with Nauert (2011) claiming that "substance abuse issues are more prevalent among African-Americans than other groups," but Broman, Neighbors & Jackson (2008) finding…...

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References

Broman, C.L., Neighbors, H.W. & Jackson, J.S. (2008). Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders Among African-Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the National Survey of American Life. American Journal of Public Health 98(6): 1107-1114.

Carroll, K.M. et al. (2009). A multisite randomized effectiveness trial of motivational enhancement therapy for Spanish-speaking substance users. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77(5), Oct 2009, 993-999.

Crits-Christoph, P., Gallop, R., Temes, C.M., Woody, G., Ball, S.A., Martino, S., & Carroll, K.M. (2009). The alliance in motivational enhancement therapy and counseling as usual for substance use problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77(6), Dec 2009, 1125-1135

Hettema, J.E., Sorensen, J.L., Uy, M. & Jain, S. (2009). Motivational Enhancement Therapy to Increase Resident Physician Engagement in Substance Abuse Education. Substance Abuse 30(3): 244-247.

In principle, the common philosophy of all Twelve Step-based programs emphasize the psychological acceptance of the problem, the extent of its detrimental effects on the lives of addicts and their families, acknowledgement of the inability of the addict to solve the problem without help, and the development of self responsibility and a social support network to help them overcome residual (or recurring) negative impulses or behaviors. Much of that is achieved through the group discussion format that allows individuals with very similar problems and experiences to express their feelings and frustrations openly and in a confidential setting.

While there are differences, those types of substance abuse programs are particular applications of the more general group therapy technique in combination with specific underlying therapeutic philosophies (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008).

Patient-centered substance abuse programs typically emphasize one-on-one counseling in behavioral, cognitive, or psychodynamic (psychoanalytical) psychological approaches. In many respects, the goals of this approach…...

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References

Appel, P.W.; Ellison, a.A.; Jansky, H.K.; Oldak, R. " Barriers to enrollment in drug

abuse treatment and suggestions for reducing them: Opinions of drug injecting street outreach clients and other system stakeholders" the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(1); (2004): 129 -- 153.

Gerrig, R. And Zimbardo, P. (2008). Psychology and Life Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Pearson.

his site contains no information directly related to the problem of substance abuse within the profession. he industry related information on the workplace environment is geared towards serving the nursing professional, and especially protecting their rights in the various nursing workplace settings. It begs the question of why, when substance abuse is a problem in the profession, the site offers no resources to the nursing professional as to where they might confidentially turn to for help with substance abuse problems, nor does it encourage the nursing professional who might be suffering such a condition to seek help. his might be as a result of the very public exposure that is inherent in its internet setting, and suggests that perhaps the industry considers substance abuse and guidance for the nursing professional who might seek help to be a condition or problem that is not best addressed on such a public forum…...

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Thompson, Noreen, Handley, Sandra M., and Uhing-Nguyen, Sheila (1997). Substance abuse in nursing: forming policies, Nursing Management 28(n2), 38-42, retrieved Gale, Abstract. This article is a staunch advocate of forming policies that include: intervention, prevention, impaired practice identification, evaluation, treatment, and reentry to nursing. It does not support revoking a nurse's license, but contends that with the proper treatment and support that nursing professionals are strong candidates to overcome their addiction and be reliable nurses.

Trinkoff, Allison M., and Stor, (1998). Substance Abuse Among Nurses: Differences between specialties, American Journal of Public Health, 88n, 581-585. Retrieved October 13, 2009 from Gale, Full Text. Trinkoff and Stor's quantitative research, first published in 1998, is one of the few articles which provide data from a study conducted by the authors, and is cited by others on the subject of substance abuse in the nursing profession. The article readily acknowledges that substance abuse is a problem in the nursing profession, and one that has existed for 150 years. The article addresses the issue in frank and forthright manner, and does not hold nurses out as special people as do some of the other articles. It also considers honestly and without bias the conditions under which people can recognize signs of substance abuse in nurses, but it makes no excuses and holds that colleagues should report nurses if they find reasonable suspicion to believe that their colleagues are abusing substances while caring for patients.

White, Lois (2004). Foundations of Nursing, Thomas Delmar Learning, Clinton Park: New York. This book contains a section on impaired nurses, and is strongly from the public perspective. It closely reviews the steps that nurses should take in documenting their peers when they suspect that the peer is abusing substances. It closely reviews the ethical responsibilities by which the nurse professional is bound in taking action to protect patients and to report peer substance abuse.

801). According to Green (2006), "Research on how gender influences substance use and substance-abuse-related problems has established clear differences between women and men in several important areas. Women typically consume less alcohol than men when they drink, drink alcohol less frequently, and are less likely to develop alcohol-related problems than men. Similarly, women are less likely than men to use illicit drugs and to develop drug-related problems" (p. 55).
Relationship between alcohol/substance abuse and physical/mental health issues. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) Guide to Drug Abuse Epidemiology (2000), "Psychoactive substances cause problems that result from complex interactions between: (a) substances with diverse, toxic, psychotropic and addictive properties; (b) individuals with varied vulnerabilities and resiliency; and (c) complex sociocultural environments" (p. 117). For young adults with an alcohol or other substance abuse disorder, the likelihood of suffering from the other addictive disorder was seven times higher than in the…...

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Interviewing techniques. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a proven approach that can be useful in counseling young adults with substance abuse disorders. In this regard, Kress and Hoffman (2008) cite the ambivalence of many young substance abusers concerning changing their behavior and report that, "Originally developed to treat substance abuse issues, MI has surged in popularity. In one review of the substance abuse literature, 73% of the studies in which MI was applied resulted in statistically significant effects, demonstrating its impact in facilitating client behavioral change" (p. 311).

Assessment tools. A number of assessment tools are available that can be used in the diagnosis and formulation of clinical interventions for young adults suffering from substance abuse disorders, including the Life History Chart, the Young Adult Behavior CheckList (YABCL; Achenbach, 1997), and structured interview questions in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Mcconaughy et al., 2000).

Physical findings. Because substance abuse can exact a heavy toll on the body besides the mind, a comprehensive physical examination is a prerequisite to the formulation of effective clinical interventions for substance abuse (Havivi, 2005). This clinician adds that, "Besides the interview, the initial assessment may include a laboratory evaluation, with

He has been called upon to train Child Protective Service personnel, Foster Grandparents, State Workforce Commission employees, and County Probation officers. Within the past 3 years, the coordinator has trained over 700 people.
They also assist service providers in the development of required policies and procedures and provide guidance to staff during the review of compliance with state and federal guidelines. Areas of training and support in pursuit of this goal include planning, developing, and providing training as part of staff development programs; assessing the effectiveness of methods such as classroom and on-the-job training, conferences and workshops; developing testing and evaluation procedures; arranging for ongoing technical training and personal development classes for staff members; monitoring, evaluating and recording the effectiveness of training activities and programs; assessing training needs through surveys, interviews with employees, interest groups, or consultation with managers and instructors; and training using a variety of instructional techniques such…...

PowerPoint Slides Transcript Slide 1
(Title Slide)
Substance Abuse in Elderly Population
Slide 2
Overview
When one thinks of substance abuse or drug addiction, the picture that is likely to come to mind is that of a young or middle-aged man with a rugged look who has wasted away as a consequence of substance and drug abuse. Cases of substance abuse in the older population have reportedly been on an upward trend. Indeed, as will be demonstrated elsewhere in this discussion, alcohol has emerged as one of the substances that is most abused among this particular population. This is alongside other substances including, but not limited to, prescription and illicit drugs.
In this discussion, I intend to highlight the prevalence of substance abuse among older adults. In so doing, I will discuss the various mental health disorders and how they impact this particular population. Further, I will also identify the most commonly abused substances in this realm…...

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References

Anxiety and Depression Association of America – ADAA (2020). Older Adults.  

Bhatt, N.V. (2020, May 7). Anxiety Disorders. Medscape.  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview#a2 

Grinspoon, P. (2020, April 1). Older adults and medical marijuana: Reduced stigma and increased use. Harvard Health Publishing.  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/older-adults-and-medical-marijuana-reduced-stigma-and-increased-use-2-2020040119321 

Grohol, J.M. (2020, May 22). Symptoms & Treatments of Mental Disorders. Psych Central.  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/ 

Graham, K., Saunders, S.J., Flower, M.C., Timney, C.B., White-Campbell, M. & Zeidman, A. (2014). Addictions Treatment for Older Adults: Evaluation of an Innovative Client-Centered Approach. Routledge.

Halverson, J.L. (2019, Oct. 7). What are the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis of major depressive disorder (clinical depression)? Medscape.  https://www.medscape.com/answers/286759-14692/what-are-the-dsm-5-criteria-for-diagnosis-of-major-depressive-disorder-clinical-depression 

Kuerbis, A., Sacco, P., Blaer, D.G. & Moore, A.A. (2014). Substance Abuse Among Older Adults. Clin Geriatr. Med, 30(3), 629-654.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (2020). Research Report: Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report.  https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/why-there-comorbidity-between-substance-use-disorders-mental-illnesseshttps://adaa.org/finding-help/older-adults 

Part 1: Treatment Planning and Individual Treatment Assessment Process
Assessing for substance abuse can be tricky, given the client’s potential for denial, their perception of social stigma related to substance abuse, and even the therapist’s own biases. Therefore, structured interviews and collateral interviews offer “a more complete picture of both the user and the impact they are having on others in their environment,” (Chapter 5, Slide 4). A diagnostic interview will yield information pertinent to a DSM diagnosis.
Milo clearly has a history of substance use behaviors that make this case easier to diagnose. The DSM-IV offers clear guidelines for diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria for substance abuse include a “maladaptive pattern” over a twelve-month period including recurrent situations that lead to failure to fulfill obligations at school, work, or home, and physically hazardous situations. Milo’s case study reveals hazardous situations (blackouts while driving), and the building up of tolerance to alcohol, as well as…...

The topic of violence is a broad one because violence is persuasive in our society, there are competing theories about the causes of violence, and violence begins to impact people at a very young age.  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there are eight types of violence children may be exposed to or experience: bullying, child maltreatment, community violence, domestic and intimate partner violence, school violence, sexual abuse and sexual violence, sex trafficking, and teen dating violence. These different types of violence not only impact children, but also adults in the community,....

Writing an essay about drug abuse, it is important to start by distinguishing it from drug usage. Most people use some type of drugs casually or recreationally.  Whether it is a morning caffeine fix, a glass of wine with dinner, over-the-counter painkillers when a headache strikes, or some recreational marijuana, substances are a part of everyday life.  While using drugs may be an acceptable way to relax, to ease pain, or to handle other issues, drug abuse can have profoundly negative effects on a person’s life.

Unfortunately, there is not a bright-line between drug use and drug abuse. ....

Yoga is said to have a number of benefits.  Whether a person is approaching it as a form of exercise, a type of meditation, or a combination of the two, yoga has documented health benefits in a wide range of applications from cancer to mental health.  We have compiled some sample topic sentences for your thesis:

1. Yoga can contribute to better heart health by helping reduce stress, reducing inflammation, providing exercise, and leading to potential weight loss.
2. One of the surprising uses for yoga is in substance abuse recovery, but it combines the exercise needed for stress....

Teen suicide is a one of the biggest health threats to teens.  This may be due to many factors, such as the fact that teenage brains are not fully developed, hormone changes from puberty, teen vulnerability to child abuse or dating violence, or the fact that many mental illnesses begin to emerge in the teenage or young adult years.  Reducing the suicide rate among teens is a consistent public health goal, though there is no guaranteed intervention that will always lead to success.  With social media usage among teens changing the way that teens socialize, there is little....