Theory Y Theory X
Theory X / Theory Y

Theory X / Theory Y reflects Douglas McGregor's suggestion in The Human Side of Enterprise that managers tend to fall into two categories, in terms of how they see human nature. Theory X managers take a 'carrot and stick' approach when motivating subordinates. They assume that workers are inherently resistant to labor and will do all they can to avoid doing work so as to gain the maximum amount of profit for the least amount of effort. They may assume responsibility, but will do so for personal profit alone. Theory Y managers assume that workers are internally motivated, rather than externally motivated.

The essential problem with Theory X approaches, McGregor contended, is that once basic needs are satisfied, they are no longer motivational. Once a worker has enough money for life expenses and reaches a certain salary level, continually using money to motivate him…...

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References

Chapman, Allen. (2010). Abraham Maslow. Business Balls. Retrieved July 19, 2011 at  http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm 

Engineer's life. (2011). Google. Retrieved July 19, 2011 at http://www.google.com/international/en/jobs/lifeatgoogle/englife/index.html

ERG theory. (2011). Google. Retrieved July 19, 2011 at  http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/erg/ 

Frederick Taylor. (2011). Net MBA. Retrieved July 19, 2011 at  http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/

Theory X and theory Y
According to McGregor (1969), Theory X and Theory Y explain describe the differences in management styles and the behavior of leadership. He assumed that the leaders in organization have diverse views on the skills and motivation of the members of organization.

Theory X

Theory X is a management style which embodies autocratic leadership approach to leadership. The managers who are categorized as a Theory X leaders in general believe that the subordinates fail to live up to the corporate expectations hence assume that subordinates are just influenced with rewards as well as monetary rather than fulfilling the stated corporate objectives. This theory presumes that employees dislike work and they avoid responsibility, but will always seek directions when possible. The theory therefore requires the managers to be coercive and controlling and also to be ready in punishing the unwanted behaviors (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008, pg 240).

Theory Y

Theory Y is…...

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References

Mcgregor, D. (1969). Douglas Mcgregor's Motivational Theory x Theory y Retrieved November

6, 2012 from  http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregor.htm 

Media, D., & Grace, N. (2012). The Theory & Practice of Leadership and Management Styles.

Retrieved November 6, 2012, from  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/theory-practice-leadership-management-styles-34147.html

ather than continually telling people what to do, Theory Y managers believe that people actually want to work and do a good job and that "people will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organisational objectives, without external control or the threat of punishment" (Chapman 2013). The managers who have applied this philosophy to their leadership and show great trust and confidence in the ability of workers to monitor themselves and to exercise personal judgment have always been the most respected and well-liked in my experience.
Theory Y managers also believe that workers can be motivated by other aspects of their job such as duty and a commitment to serve. In general, almost all of my managers have acknowledged the tremendous risks officers undertake as part of their duties and realize that all persons involved in law enforcement have some sense of a higher duty or power they serve…...

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References

Chapman, A. (2013). Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y Business Balls.

Retrieved from:  http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregor.htm

Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
The work of Douglas McGregor, the renowned social psychologist at MIT's Sloan School of Management who studied the theoretical foundations of human motivation in the 1960's, was premised on a binary conception of managerial perception known as Theory X and Theory Y According to McGregor, managers practicing Theory X operate under the assumption that employees are inherently lazy and unwilling to pursue greater responsibility, while managers who adhere to Theory Y assume that their workers are ambitious in the self-motivated pursuit of personal goals, and these contrasting approaches viewing a workforce necessarily informs management's choice of leadership style. Under the working conditions fostered by Theory X, management must develop strict organizational controls to assure even minimal levels of efficiency, with managers providing close supervision to assure compliance, and punitive measures used as a threat-based incentive. Conversely, the liberated style of Theory Y management empowers…...

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References

Chapman, A. (2002, March 13). 'X-Y theory' questionnaire. Retrieved from  http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregorxytheorytest.pdf 

Hindle, T. (2008, October 06). Theories x and y. The Economist. Retrieved from  http://www.economist.com/node/12370445 

McGregor, D., The Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill, 1960; annotated edn, McGraw- Hill, 2006

Leadership Styles
Theory X and Theory Y represents a dichotomous view of leadership-worker relations. Theory X "assumes that employees are naturally motivated and dislike working" (MindTools.com 2013). This theory leads to a conclusion of authoritarian management where employees need to be actively directed in their tasks and require significant supervision. Managers must supply the employees with motivation, or the work will not get done. Organizations that subscribe to this theory of motivation tend to be top-heavy, hierarchical, and with strict rules. Theory X is sometimes suitable for organizations like large-scale production environments, where there is little benefit to allowing greater employee freedom.

Theory Y, in contrast, emphasizes "a participative style of management that is de-centralized, assumes employees are happy to work, are self-motivated and creative, and enjoy greater responsibility" (MindTools.com, 2013). MUSE (2013) points out that the Theory Y style of leadership has become increasingly common in American society in recent decades,…...

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References

MUSE. (2013). The human resource element. MUSE. Retrieved November 17, 2013 from  https://class.aiuniv.edu/_layouts/MUSEViewer/Asset.aspx?MID=MU12790&aid=AT62910 

MindTools.com (2013). Theory X and Theory Y MindTools.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013 from  http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_74.htm

( Place security above other factors-to reiterate increased pay seemed to be the primary motivational factor in improving work and this was rarely and option, so security was a primary concern but responsibility was not sought. Most lacked the confidence to attempt to obtain higher levels of responsibility. Ultimately most simply followed the rules to ensure they would still have their job on the next pay period.

The X theory aspects served as an introduction to work for many people. Teaching them the boundaries of the work environment as well as work ethic they may not learn otherwise. This transitional type job is an essential one in any capitalistic society as it shows people why they should seek higher order actions and thoughts, while it allows a place for those who never recognize this.

Theory Y Setting

Conversely, I have worked in settings were skilled individuals were sought to perform higher order work…...

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References

Robbins, S.P. & Judge, T.A. (2008). Organizational Behavior: Motivation Concepts. Washington DC: PHI.

Shah, K. & Shah, P.J. (2008). "Theories of Motivation." Referenced 18th February, 2010 from: http://www.laynetworks.com/Theories-of-Motivation.html

Mind Tools (2010) "Theory X and Theory Y: Understanding team member motivation" Referenced 18th February, 2010 from:  http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_74.htm

Long-Term Employment -- Japanese organizations tend to have longer employee cycles than U.S. companies. Many U.S. companies treat employees as replaceable parts. It is far more cost-effective and efficient to retain expertise than continually retrain. This keeps the knowledge base inside the company. Providing incentives for long-term employment, then, is an essential component of Theory Z

Consensual Decision Making -- hen employees feel that they have input into decisions that affect them, their jobs, and their daily processes, they are more likely to buy into those decisions and support change management.

Individual responsibility -- Moving away from 'the union mentality' and accepting measurement based on individual performance is tough for many Americans, but the balance between the group and the individual's participation actually empowers both.

Slow Evaluation and Promotion -- Rather than taking the short-term approach, as many American company's do, it is about the long-term strategy, not the monthly ROI. This encourages…...

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WORKS CITED

Barney, J. (2004). "An Interview with William Ouchi." Academy of Management

Executives.18 (4): 108-117.

Daft, R. (2004). "Theory Z: Opening the Corporate Door for Participative Management."

Academy of Management Executives. 18 (4): 117-22.

Ramifications of Theory and Personal Management Style:
As a manager, one of the most important skills is the ability to recognize differences in various employees. Certainly, in any vocational environment, some employees will fit the classic Theory X model, requiring definite objective standards for performance and constant supervisory attention. However, many individuals do not necessarily function in the manner described by Theory X, in which case, employing that principle and its underlying assumption may compromise the quality of their work as well as the intangibles that are conducive to a productive work environment over the long-term.

Specifically, Theory Y management practices (where appropriate) tend to correspond to much greater camaraderie and to the genuine best efforts of employees.

Conversely, Theory X is associated with decreased motivation and with the relative extinguishing of any sense of personal pride, joy, or genuine sense of responsibility at work and its replacement with a culture of…...

Both observation and experiment provided the underpinning for Abraham Maslow’s theory of human motivation. Maslow (1943) posits, “man is a perpetually wanting animal,” leading to the constant striving to fulfill goals (p. 370). If and when anything prevents the fulfillment of a goal—whether the obstacle is internal or external—discomfort or psychopathy can occur (Maslow, 1943). Although Maslow’s original research was conducted decades ago, recent research on motivation and human behavior continues to substantiate Maslow’s core claims. Researchers continue to operationalize Maslow’s definitions of needs and motivation, leading to a strengthening of the original theory and expanded applications in the social sciences. Maslow himself wrote extensively to develop and mature a comprehensive theory of human motivation based on the hierarchy of needs model. The original needs hierarchy consists of five fundamental needs: for physiological comfort and fulfillment, for safety and security, for belongingness, for esteem, and for self-actualization. Although definitions of…...

In the example above, the intersection of sets a and B. would be { 2 }
X ? Y = { 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 16, 19, 21, 702 }

b) X ? Y = { 5, 11, 702 }

c) Z = { 7, 11 }

a) 1 / 2 = { a, b, c, d, e, f, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z }

b) Set 3 is a proper subset of Set 2. All of the elements in Set 3 are contained within Set 2.

4 a) { heads, tails }

b) { 2 heads, 1 head & 1 tail, 2 tails }

c) the odds of getting one head and one tail are two in four. Although Set B. only has three elements, the 1H1T element could arise from two different scenarios, head first and tail second or tail first and head second. This…...

Fragile X syndrome (also called Martin -- Bell syndrome, or Escalante's syndrome) is the most common single cause of mental retardation and the second most common inherited form of mental retardation, affecting approximately 1 in 1000 males and 1 in 2000 females (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). Fragile X syndrome is the result of a single gene mutation, a mutation of the FM1 gene, located on the X chromosome. Every person has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 individual chromosomes). Twenty two pairs of chromosomes are autosomes and one pair is an allosome, also known as sex the chromosomes. The allosomes determine the person's gender. Female infants receive two X chromosomes (one each from mother and father), whereas males receive one X chromosome (from the mother) and one Y chromosome (from the father). The site of the Fragile X mutation is on one of these X chromosomes (Sadock & Sadock, 2007).
The FM1…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, IV- Test Revision. Washington, DC: Author.

Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K.W & Spence, J.T. (Eds.) pp. 89 -- 195. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press.

Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews

"Global air temperatures have been rising at a steady trend rate of 0.5 degrees Centigrade per century since about 1750, as the world recovers from the little ice age." (Evans, Global Research, 2009
Global temperatures cooled off from 1940 through the late 1970's, which refutes the casual relationship earlier defined by scientists between rises in CO2 levels and global warming. Tsonis also points to a Washington Post article from 1922 that reports Greenland glaciers to be fast disappearing and arctic seals not engaging their warmer waters. Subsequently the period from the 1980's to 2000 showed an aggressive rise in temperature. Tsonis does agree to an element of human activity and greenhouse gas that contributes to the MDO cycle but does not believe in predictions of catastrophe associated with Global Warming. He further states that we may see reports of an on setting ice age by the early 2030's, as the…...

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Bibliography

Environmentalists 'exaggerated' threat to tropical rainforests from global warming. David Derbyshire. November 10, 2010.  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1328853/Environmentalists-exaggerated-threat-tropical-rainforests-global-warming.html 

Global warming or global cooling? S. Anklesaria Aiyari. India Times. February 27, 2005. Retrieved from:  http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/Global-warming-or-global-cooling/articleshow/1034077.cms 

Global Warming or Global Cooling? A New Trend in Climate Alarmism. Dr. David Evans. Centre for Research on Globalization -- GlobalResearch.ca. July 23, 2009. Retrieved from:  http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=14504 

Skeptics on Human Climate Impact Seize on Cold Spell. Andrew C. Revin. The New York Times -- Science. March 2, 2006. Retrieved from:  http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/science/02cold.html?_r=3&ex=1362114000&en=ac4d3adc9cb328c1&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&oref=slogin&oref=slogin

However, he reconciles these opposite views in what he designs as the new religion for man:
hile he knew that a collapse and ricorso of Vico's type into a "divine" and "barbaric" epoch was possible, he did not regard any such colossal disaster as necessary or likely. He put hope above fear, and positive over negative. He seems to have foreseen a historical transformation similar to the change from Hellenic to "Hellenistic" in ancient civilization, which, in the Roman Empire, finally did collapse into such a barbaric ricorso, or cycle. European and "estern" phases of civilization have not yet experienced Spengler's or Toynbee's "Roman paradigm" of orld State and orld Religion, and Ortega trusted that such a horrible outcome could be forever avoided by a kind of federal world order built on the model of the European Union." (Graham, 2001, p.504)

Thus, Ortega y Gasset's main attempt is to create a…...

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Works Cited

Graham, John T (2001) The Social Thought of Ortega Y. Gasset: A Systematic Synthesis in Postmodernism and Interdisciplinarity. Columbia: University of Missouri Press

Ortega y Gasset, Jose.(1998) Man and Crisis. New York W.W. Norton

The Modern Theme. (1961)New York W.W. Norton

Blaise Pascal. http://dailywisdom.gospelcom.net/archives/old/2000/04/dw-04-14-2000.html

Criminal Justice Theory and the Los Angeles County Probation Department
Criminal and antisocial behaviors have been studied in the field of criminology for many years. Criminologists are very interested to learn what types of things cause specific criminal and antisocial behaviors. hile criminal behavior and antisocial behavior are not always related, they often have close ties. Criminologists and other researchers are looking to find commonalities between certain genetic makeups and deviant behavior. They believe that many people are genetically predisposed to be violent, and if these people can be located they can be treated.

That does not mean that criminologists are in favor of testing everyone's genetic makeup on the planet to see if any of them show violent tendencies. hat they are interested in doing, however, is studying criminals who already have a history of violent and deviant behavior to see what other traits they have, and what their genetic makeup…...

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Works Cited

Anderson, R.H. (2000, January 13). Unit 5: deviance, conformity and social control. University of Colorado at Denver. Retrieved September 2, 2005, from about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fthunder1.cudenver.edu%2F%2Fsociology%2Fintrosoc%2Ftopics%2FUnitNotes%2Fweek05.htmlhttp://psychology.

Brand, C. Cycad Web Works. (2003, February). Can crime be traced to such often-mooted personality features as extraversion and lack-of-conscientiousness? Are genetic factors involved-in whatever interaction with the environment? And can any therapeutic or preventive steps by recommended? Retrieved August 29, 2005, from http://www.cycad.com/cgi-bin/Brand/quotes/q16.html

Brunet, J.R. (2002, November 15). Discouragement of Crime Through Civil Remedies: An Application of a Reformulated Routine Activities Theory. In Western Criminology Review 4 (1) Retrieved September 5, 2005, from htmlhttp://wcr.sonoma.edu/v4n1/brunet.

Casey, D. Human Genome Project. (1997, June). Introduction. Retrieved September 1, 2005, from   / primer/prim1.htmlhttp://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat 

Instead, it is rigid and reinforced with bureaucracy and red tape, thus making it a poor system for education and children.
Educating the whole child." Educating the whole child is an idea that took root in the early 20th century and is making a comeback in education. The educational model is conducted throughout the child's education - from kindergarten through high school, and recognizes the child is a complete being, with spirit, mind, and body, and each item must be addressed in the educational model. The model attempts to educate the "whole" child - heart, head, and hands, by offering education in a variety of areas, from academics to art and practical, hands-on activities. The children are encouraged to play as well as study, to help develop fully rounded personalities and ideas. Teachers also use storytelling, fairy tales, and other folk art as models for teaching and involving the children…...

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References

Editors. (2007.) Ism book. Retrieved from the Ismbook.com Web site:   March 2007.http://www.ismbook.com/intellectualism.html17 

Gur-Ze'ev, I. (1999). Knowledge, violence, and education. Retrieved from the Encyclopedia of philosophy in education Web site: March 2007.http://www.vusst.hr/ENCYCLOPAEDIA/main.htm17

Waghid, Y. (2005). Action as an educational virtue: Toward a different understanding of democratic citizenship education. Educational Theory 55 (3), 323-342. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.2005.00006.x  http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2005.00006.x