Unix Essays (Examples)

UNIX Marketability equirements

UNIX and Job Marketability, 2012

UNIX is the most-used operating system powering enterprise today, surpassing Microsoft Windows and all other operating systems combined. UNIX is also the foundation of the Linux operating systems, many variants of open source software, and is also in large part the theoretical foundation of the Google Android operating system (Sen, Singh, Borle, 2012). As a result of the pervasive adoption and widespread standardization on UNIX, the career opportunities are very significant. The salaries for positions vary by the difficult of the work being done, difficulty of replacing the person doing it, and the scope of experience a job candidate has (MacInnis, 2006). The future for those with UNIX programming and development skills is also being accelerated by the rapid adoption of Linux as the foundational operating systems of enterprises today, specifically in the areas of Enterprise esource Planning (EP) integration, transaction management…

Unix provides many more options to an administrator, and having a consultant may help decide what methods would be best for the individual circumstances; administrators making the switch from other platforms will be used to having to just make do with whatever is available rather than being able customize options for best fit.

Being the administrator of a server is a skilled task, and is not something that should be left to the vices of someone whose intelligence is suboptimal. Some software, like Windows, that is marketed to businesses attempts to make it seem like just anybody can be a system administrator. The appeal of these platforms is that the software itself will try to be the administrator and all one has to do is point, click, and use big words when speaking with other employees. These types of software will dictate policy to the user (Raymond) so that almost…

6.30. When there are no restrictions for unprivileged users and if the option for config_rdskernel configuration is set, hackers can write arbitrary values into kernel memory (by making specific types of socket function calls) since kernel software has not authenticated that the user address is actually found in the user segment. The lack of verification of the user address can provide hackers to gain privileges and access to areas that they should not have, since they are not users with an address residing in the proper user segment.

Perhaps the most insecure facet of Unix systems can be found in the usage of r-tools, which also routinely fail to verify the authenticity of user names and addresses. In theory, r-tools are supposed to function as a measure of convenience which allows privileged users the ability to login to networks and individual computers without presenting a password. Yet this same potential…

UNIX Systems have been instrumental in the information systems management of corporations and organizations for many years. Although in recent years it has been overshadowed by other operating systems, it still remains as an alternative to other systems. The purpose of this discussion is to describe the benefits and problems associated with UNIX systems.

The most beneficial aspects of UNIX are the robust nature of the system and the ability to secure the system effectively. The robust nature of the system allows organizations to manage various technological functions properly with speed and ease. The ability to secure the system allows organizations to tightly control who can access the system.

Two of the most problematic aspects of UNIX have been the differences in the versions of UNIX that were offered by various vendors and the fact that the system has not been as user friendly as other alternatives. The differences in…

Write programs that handle text streams, because that is a universal interface.'

This philosophy evolved to fully permeate every part of the programming industry. Furthermore, the philosophy of using text streams further improved Unix's universality.

In the mid-70s the cat got out of the bag. Unix spread through the academic world like wildfire and soon into the corporate world. ecause of a pre-existing anti-trust suit, AT&T -- the parent company of ell Labs -- was prevented from marketing Unix as a product, this led to its rise as a free, or open-source software. The upshot was not only the widespread dissemination of Unix, but also the development of tools and code for it in a competitive environment, leading to exponential improvements in short periods of time.

The problem came in the mid-80s, when the multiplicity of Unices fostered a well-meaning, if misguided, standardization attempt. AT&T, in partnership with Sun Microsystems,…

The Windows operating system architecture also allows for single sign-on and also relies on user name and password verification. The authentication process for a Windows operating system at the server level can also be configured to validate the identity of the person logging in at the Windows domain and Microsoft Active Directory Service levels as well. Certificates can be assigned to specific applications, databases and processes within a Windows sever-based architecture and operating system configuration (Vellalacheruvu, Kumar, 2011).

Another significant difference between UNIX and Windows security is the definition of the security model itself. UNIX defines permissions to the file level using user name and password, and can also assign security levels of a given process as well (Takeuchi, Nakayama, 2006). In many UNIX operating system versions a UID and GID-based session will be started when a user logs in and attempts a specific application or system-level process. It is…

Linux Security Strategies

Comparing Linux Security Applications

The pervasive adoption of the Linux operating system has led to a proliferation of new security tools and applications for ensuring the security of systems and applications. The intent of this analysis is to evaluate chroot jail, iptables and SELinux. These three security technologies are evaluated from the standpoint of which organizations were behind their development, in addition to an explanation of how each technology changes the Linux operating system to make it more secure. Finally the types of threats that each of the technologies is designed to eliminate is also discussed.

Analysis of chroot jail

The chroot jail command was developed and first introduced during the initial development of the Unix Version 7 operating system in 1979 to ensure that users of UNIX-based workstations could still navigate to the highest levels of directories on their systems. The Berkeley System Division (BSD) versions…

Windows, UNIX, Linux Servers: Outline

What is a computer server?

Introduction to major servers

Windows

UNIX

Linux

Windows

Why do so many people use Windows?

Advantages

Ease of use

Support

Disadvantages

Cost

Lack of flexibility

UNIX

Advantages

Scalability

Portability

Disadvantages

Not as well-supported or easy to use as Windows for average user

Still proprietary

Linux

Differences from UNIX

Advantages and disadvantages of nonproprietary technology

Windows, UNIX, Linux Servers

In computing, a server provides the necessary support for the functioning of all a user's various applications, including but not limited to "email, web and even database hosting" (Edmund 2014). Some of the most common servers are UNIX, Linux, and of course Microsoft. Because of Microsoft's ubiquity, it is often the default server that most organizations and private individuals choose. However, this is not necessarily the optimal system for all computing needs. Given the challenges of switching servers once one is selected,…

, Minoves, Garrigos, 2011). UNIX and Linux are considered the best possible operating system for managing the development of unified collaboration and workflow-based applications as a result (West, Dedrick, 2006).

For all the advantages of UNIX and Linux, the disadvantages include a development and administrator environment that is archaic and command-driven, lacking much of the usability enhancements that Apple and Microsoft both have invested heavily in. The UNIX and Linux user command lines are more adept at managing the specific features and commands at the operating system level, and often must be coordinated in a shells script to accomplish complex tasks. This has led to many utilities and add-on applications being created, which tends to confuse the novice just getting started on the UNIX and Linux operating systems. The learning curve for UNIX and Linux from a user standpoint is quite high and takes months to master at the system…

Cyber warfare, a term defined by Clarke (2010) as an action of a nation-state to effectively penetrate another nation's computer resources or networks for the sole purpose of causing malicious damage or even disruption is a major cause of national and global security concerns (p.6).In this paper, we identify some cyber warfare tools (either Attack, Defense, Exploitation), and write a scenario to execute the tools. We also identify if the tool is for UNIX or Windows hacks, outer Attacks, etc. Also identified is why you would want to use the tool as opposed to another tool which may conduct the same form, via comparison and contrast.

Cyber warfare tools

These are the tools that are used in carrying out cyber warfare activities. They may either be attack tools, defense tools as well as exploitation tools.

Exploitation tools

Vulnerability exploitation tools are the tools that are used for gathering information on…

Inhibitors to adopting (installing or upgrading) Linux (such as RedHat or SuSE) or UNIX (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris) in a Desktop-Workstation environment

Unix-like operating systems have been the top choice for use on servers for decades, but were generally considered unsuitable for end-user desktops until recently. Starting in the late 1990s, Unix-like systems, especially Linux have made significant inroads in the Windows-dominated desktop market. UNIX provides many advantages, however there are significant obstacles to deploying it in a desktop environment. The fact that most employees within an organization not already using Unix desktops have probably never used Unix may be the most obvious obstacle. Users can usually be retrained, though this does present some difficulties. In addition to the end users, system administrators must also be retrained to support and maintain Unix workstations. Most organizations use Windows on their desktop computers and are dependent on software intended for Windows. Migrating to…

Non-discretionary controls means than there is mandatory access control. In this type of system, security is enforced by a strict set of rules that creates a hierarchy of permissions that users cannot override. Essentially, this type of system is meant to hinder insider users from actually working against the system. Users cannot access crucial internal information as to become spies, thus they cannot see the internal designs of the system to stop leaks such as selling internal designs to competitors, implanting spyware or other malicious software, making critical errors that would injure the system, or access sensitive records that can be leaked to outside sources.

According to the research traditional UNIX is not non-discretionary, but rather a version of a discretionary ACL. In this, there are options as to what users have access to sensitive security information from within the system design. Unlike non-discretionary systems, typical UNIX systems categorize users…

LAN and WAN Analysis

Cuent Release

OS X Mountain Lion

Linux kenel 3.4; GNU C. Libay

Windows Seve 2008 R2 (NT 6.1.7600)

S-Net

SP

IBM AIX Vaiant

(UNIX System V Release

Range of compatible hadwae

Low

Pefomance

High fo fine-tuned applications to the pocesso and O.S. API calls (1)

Vey High fo natively-witten applications

Medium fo applications using emulation mode; vey high fo 64-bit applications

Slow fo applications emulating MS-Windows; fast fo diect API-call based applications

Vey high fo applications witten diectly to the UNIX API; suppot fo emulated API calls slows down pefomance

Copoate Acceptance

Medium

Vey High

Vey High

Medium

High

Installed Base

Millions of Uses

Millions of Uses

Millions of Uses

Thousands of Uses

Millions of Uses

Diectoy Sevices Powe

Medium; not as well defined as Micosoft

Vey Stong; suppoting taxonomies

Vey Stong with Win64-based Diectoies

Vey High; the opeating system is based on this

High

Stability…

Online Learning Business

This research report answers a good few questions pertaining to computer online learning company which intends to survey the potential market and various other related aspects before taking the plunge in the cyber sea. The orks Cited appends four sources in MLA format.

Internet startup "Computer Learning online"

Corporate training is evolving into performance support. I don't see them as courses. I see it as a knowledge resource. You work with a manager, find your deficiencies, and go online for the tools to improve." ["Steve Teal, e-learning director at Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., the $19.4 billion a year pharmaceutical company in New York."] (E-Learning News, reference 1)

This is because online computer learning classes offer not mere courses as Teal opinionates but they offer a rich array of helping study material and a complete guide that equips individuals with the much-needed awareness regarding the computerized learning of computer.…

Linux Feasibility

Linux started around 1991 because students were not satisfied with Minix. Linux operating system provided an affordable alternative for the expensive UNIX operating system. Because of affordability, Linux became popular, and Linux distributors were created. Linux was built with networking in mind hence provides file sharing. Linux can work with most computers because it does what it is told and works gracefully as a server or workstation.

Workstation and servers

Workstation is where individuals use for their productivity tasks and servers exchange data with others over a network. Server software includes web servers like mail servers, login, time and news servers which can often be accessed remotely. Workstation software includes spreadsheets, word processors, graphic editors, web browsers and mail readers. Different vendors focus on servers while others eye the desktop market.

ed Hat

ed Hat provides North Carolina-based distributor, has a web server 1.0 (SWS) which combines an…

IAC (iordan)

Any company that is a leader in an industry knows that what they sell had better be both quality and innovative in order to compete within their designated industry. iordan Manufacturing is no different. iordan has long been a company that offers both quality and innovative products in the plastic molding and parts industry. It also has a strong internal structure that works harmoniously with the objectives of the company. Despite iordan's position as a leader in their industry, the company does face some internal challenges, which work against their company objectives. This paper will look at these areas that require improvement, including finance and accounting, training budget, shipping and receiving, human resources, and the new pyramid bottle cap design for The Taylor Group. The paper will utilize the Issue, ule, Analysis and Conclusion (IAC) method in each distinct area.

Finance and Accounting

Issue: One of the chief…

hopeful and preparing to do something I deserve by achieving my Masters in Finance for several years and am eager to now be working to turn my visions in to a certainty. I have come a long way from being granted a scholarship from the Ministry of Higher Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under The King Abdullah Program, earning the opportunity to be successful in a graduate school and accomplish my Ph.D. My efforts in finding out what career I was interested in and pursuing it has been honest but challenging which has made me stronger and more determined, nonetheless now I am a prominent and reputed senior graduating this upcoming semester in May 2011at 24 years of age.

I first attended California State University at Northridge and adjusted quite well with an inner concentration in my Bachelor's program; and have always been intrigued by the research and…

Internet Way: a Unifying Theory and Methodology for Corporate Systems Development

The face of business has changed drastically since the advent of the Internet. Traditional brick and mortar businesses are finding themselves with new marketing avenues. The Internet has led to the invention of a new comer to the business world as well, the e-business. These businesses exist only on the Internet. They do not have a traditional brick and mortar structure. In these businesses, customers place orders by phone or online, Pay for it via credit card, bankcard, or e-check. The item is shipped right to the customer's door.

This new type of retail store offers many advantages over the traditional brick and mortar storefront. Often e-stores can offer items at a fraction of the cost of traditional stores. They do not have the expenses involved in maintaining a storefront. The customer must pay for shipping; however, in many…

The traditional Unix Common Desktop Environment should satisfy long-time Unix users, though most people are likely to find it to be crude and dated. The GNU Network Object Model Environment is a modern desktop environment that strives for simplicity, similar to Mac OS. Gnome has all the features modern users expect in a desktop, though experts may be disappointed by the fact that many decisions are left out of the hands of the user. Experts are more likely to prefer the K. Desktop Environment, which provides a configuration switch for nearly everything that could be done in more than one way. KDE is the most popular desktop environment for Unix.

Windows 2000 offers only the default Windows user interface. The Windows shell is dated in comparison to Gnome or KDE. Though consistency and familiarity are beneficial, Windows lacks user-interface features like multiple window focus models and virtual desktops that are…

Linux Security Technologies

The continued popularity and rapid growth of open source software in general and the Linux operating system specifically are having a disruptive impact on proprietary software. The disruptive impacts of open source software are so pervasive that they are completely re-ordering the enterprise system strategies in many corporations globally today (ooney, 2004). With this proliferation of open source software and the foundation being laid by the Linux operating system, there continues to be an urgent and escalating need for new security tools and applications and tools as well. Of the many security applications and tools available for the Linux operating system, the three that will be analyzed and assessed in this paper include chroot jail, iptables and SELinux. The analysis will include which organizations are sponsoring the development of each of these technologies, an explanation of how each of these technologies change the Linux operating system to…

Mac Cocoa API

This report is meant to be a summary and review of one of the main facets and important parts of what is commonly referred to as the most advanced operating system in the world, that being Mac Operating System version 10, or Max OS X for short. Specifically, this report shall focus on what is known as Cocoa. In a nutshell, Cocoa is the application programming interface, commonly referred to as an API, that is built in to Mac OS X. If one knows about the history of Apple, they would know that Steve Jobs was a huge part of how Max OS X and the Cocoa API came to be in the first place and a lot of this pathway ended up not involving Apple directly. hile there are other options when it comes to programming in the Apple operating system, it is Cocoa that should…

Threading is not as popular or useful on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems as it is on other systems. Threads became popular on operating systems that have high overhead for starting new processes. Starting a new process on Linux has fairly low overhead, so use of multiple cooperating processes is usually a simpler approach. (Raymond Chapter 7) Threaded applications are generally more complex and perform worse than those than use multiple cooperating processes to split up tasks. Having more options is never a bad thing, however, and some Linux programs do use threads to split up tasks and gain improved performance on multiprocessor systems. The new threading model should provide a significant performance boost for these types of applications, especially on multiprocessor servers, provided the applications are compatible with NPTL; it is not backwards compatible with LinuxThreads. The performance improvement is a strong incentive for authors of threaded applications…

Data Warehousing: A Strategic Weapon of an Organization.

Within Chapter One, an introduction to the study will be provided. Initially, the overall aims of the research proposal will be discussed. This will be followed by a presentation of the overall objectives of the study will be delineated. After this, the significance of the research will be discussed, including a justification and rationale for the investigation.

The aims of the study are to further establish the degree to which data warehousing has been used by organizations in achieving greater competitive advantage within the industries and markets in which they operate. In a recent report in the Harvard Business eview (2003), it was suggested that companies faced with the harsh realities of the current economy want to have a better sense of how they are performing. With growing volumes of data available and increased efforts to transform that data into meaningful knowledge…

Assurance and Security (IAS) Digital forensics (DF)

In this work, we take a look at three laboratory-based training structures that afford practical and basic knowledge needed for forensic evaluation making use of the latest digital devices, software, hardware and firmware. Each lesson has three parts. The duration of the first section of the three labs will be one month. These labs would be the largest labs. The Second section would consist of smaller labs. The training period duration in these labs would also generally be one month. The third section would consist of smallest labs. The duration of training period in these labs would be one week. The training will be provided in the field of software, programming concepts, flowcharting and algorithms and logical reasoning- both linear and iterative.

Part 1 Larger Labs:

Lab 1(Timeline Analysis)

Purposes and goals of the Lab (Lab VI):

Use MAC (Media Access Control, internet…

Processors

First-come -first -- served (FCF)

This system is also called other names such as run-to-completion and run-until-done. It has its advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include the facts that it is the simplest scheduling algorithm with processes dispatched according to their arrival time on the queue and that once a process has a CPU it fulfills its task to completion. It is also simple to understand and write. In short, the FC scheduling is fair and predictable.

Disadvantages, on the other hand, include the potential lengthiness of the tasks with some important jobs take secondary place to less important ones and longer jobs taking up an inordinate amount of time making shorter tasks wait.

I would not use FCF in scheduling interactive users since it does not guarantee good response time and average time is often quite long. I would not use it in a modern operating system; it can,…

Because the system has a lot of user-defined capabilities, users gain the flexibility to configure the system to meet their specific needs.

While there was a lot of detailed information in the case study, there were some information gaps. A definition of the types of faults the system detects, such as transient, permanent, or intermittent, and how the system handled the different faults would have been helpful. Also, knowing how the faults and errors were then isolated and contained would have been useful.

Since the case study was written in 1998, it would be interesting to see where the product and functionality is at today. The desire and need for highly available systems has only increased over time and it appears that the NCAPS system would have a strong lead over the competition.

eal Time and Fault Tolerant Systems

Part II

It's no secret that the Internet has grown into…

Subtopic 6: Job management and protection; include a serious discussion of security aspects

The most commonly leveled criticism of operating systems is the inherent lack of security they have (Funell, 2010). Defining operating systems to have partitioned memory is just the start, as Microsoft learned with their Windows NT platform. Dedicated memory partitions by user account can be hacked and have been (Funell, 2010). The need for greater levels of user authentication is required, including the use of biometrics for advanced systems that have highly confidential data within them. The reliance on security-based algorithms that also seek to analyze patterns of use to anticipate security threats are increasingly in use today (Volkel, Haller, 2009). This aspect of an operating system can capture the levels of activity and the patterns they exhibit, which can provide insights into when a threat is present or not. The use of predictive security technologies, in…

Network Security: Past, Present and Future

The work of Curtin (2007) states that a network is defined as "any set of interlinking lines resembling a net, a network of roads -- an interconnected system, a network of alliances." Quite simply a computer network is a system of computers that are interconnected. There are seven layers of communication types identified by the International Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) eference Model as well as the interfaces among them. Each layer is stated to be dependent on the services that the layer above it provides including the physical network hardware.

Technology: Description and Area of esearch

The most popular networks which have been used over the past twenty-five years and which include both private and public networks include the following network services: (1) UUCP -- Unix-to-Unix CoPy: This was developed originally for connecting Unix hosts together however, since that time UUCP…

networking and TCP/IP and internetworking. Also discussed are risk management, network threats, firewalls, and also more special purpose network devices. The paper will provide a better insight on the general aspects of security and also get a better understanding of how to be able to reduce and manage risk personally at the workplace and at home.

In today's world, the Computer has become a common feature in any organization anywhere in the world. This may be due to the fact that a computer can be accessed by anybody who knows how to handle it and also because it can store a lot of information both confidential and general. A computer is connected through a physical network that allows a person or many persons to share any information necessary. (Conceptual Overview of Network Security) Though network security in Information Technology is an issue that has been discussed endlessly, implementation has definitely…

" (urleson, 2004, p.21) Therefore, it is clear that a quality education is the base that supports the structure that enables success in this career field and this includes "high achievement, intelligence, and a strong work ethic." (urleson, 2004, p.21) Personal traits that are desirable in a programmer according to urleson include self-confidence, curiosity, politeness, motivated, tenacity and a stickler for details.

III. Recognizing a Good Programmer

The work of Daniel Tenner entitled: "How to Recognize a Good Programmer" states that positive indicators that an individual is a good programmer include those as follows:

1. Passionate about technology

2. Programs as a hobby

3. Will talk your ear off on a technical subject if encouraged

4. Significant (and often numerous) personal side-projects over the years

5. Learns new technologies on his/her own

6. Opinionated about which technologies are better for various usages

7. Very uncomfortable about the idea of working…

Following these rules, the formation of the numbers is intuitive: the number would be split into hundreds, tens and units and the letters combined to give the graphical representation. This was a derived version of the addition numerical system that was used in the ancient times.

An additional problem was the fact that the system proved difficult to use initially for numbers that were larger than 999. What the Greeks did was add an extra stroke before the letter to symbolize that the respective number would be multiplied by 1000. This meant that you would now be able to include any kind of larger numbers with that stroke.

With the fractions, there were different representations that the Greeks used. One of them involved marking the denominator with a double accent and sometimes writing it down twice. However, there was also the representation we are mostly used to nowadays by which…

But I came to realize that with perseverance and determination I could learn to use this typesetting.

The training was a week long. I attended class with people from all around the country. Most of them were also administrative assistants. They all had a little experience with TeX. I was the only one who had no experience whatsoever with it. The class was conducted like a regular classroom. The instructor gave us some background on TeX and then we practiced using it. I found it harder than I thought, but eventually felt like I was getting it. It was a long week and in some ways draining. My classmates were a great support. They would ask questions that I learned from and also helped answer questions I had. The small group of us became friends and agreed to keep in touch once we got back home.

Being in San Diego…

Given the monopoly of Microsoft on the IT market, Apple needs to implement highly attractive promotional strategies. For instance, given that Apple software runs on Linux operating system, the company freely distributes compact discs containing Linux and other similar versions such as Ubuntu. Those who desire to possess these CDs will register online and within one week they will receive the products at their residence.

Another issue regarding Apple's marketing mix regards the distribution and selling of the products. The producer sells their products within their own retail stores as well as within other IT specialized stores. In addition to retail stores, Apple also distributes their products towards the final customers throughout the Internet and specialized magazines. In the case of specialized magazines, the reader of an IT magazine can place an order with the aid of an order coupon in the magazine and have the products delivered to their…

Database Software

Comparing Microsoft Access, SQL, IBM DB2 and Oracle databases is presented in this analysis, taking into account the key features of ACID Compliance, Data partitioning, interface options, referential integrity, operating systems supported, and support for transactions and Unicode. Each of these factors is initially defined followed by a table comparing them across the database types.

Definition of Comparison Factors

At their most fundamental level, all databases have support for relational data models and the ability to index data through the use of a wide variety of taxonomies or organizational structures (Basumallick, Wong, 1996). elational Database Management Systems (DBMS) however all have the ability to manage transactions with the greatest efficiency given the design of these systems to support multiple transactions at once, running concurrently from each other. The characteristic of an operating system being able to manage thousands of concurrent transactions at the same time is often referred…

Oracle supports stored programs such as stored procedures and packages. This enables the developers to centralize application logic in the database. Oracle provides powerful functions and sub-queries in its SQL statements. Developers can distribute systems by database links, materialized views and distributed queries. This feature saves much cost for developing distributed systems and applications. And there's a lot of features integrated with Oracle, compare to other database it is very expensive but it is extremely powerful and fast.

D2 is a relational database system developed by IM Corporation. It has been designed for use on large mainframe computer systems running on a variety of platforms including SunOS, Solaris, Linux, Windows 95/98/NT/2000 and HP-UX. D2 supports many variety of platforms, standards and packaging options to deliver the needs of every business D2 database delivers a flexible and cost-effective database platforms achieving demand on business applications. It further leverages the resources with…

To become successful, consequences are to be applied consistently and they never are to be physically or psychologically injurious to the student. (Wiggins, Classroom Management Plan)

Features about the techniques that I like These techniques enable to mend the behavior of the students who do not respond to conventional discipline. It promotes student involvement because it makes learning attractive and fun and particularly because of the focus being provided to the expectations and needs of the students and also because of the dignity and respect provided to the students. (Wiggins, Classroom Management Plan)

Features of the techniques about which you have reservations

While the students are not accepting the consequences for breaking the rule of the class it is sometimes imperative to infuse the Insubordination ule i.e. The student will not be allowed to remain the class until the consequence is being accepted, which is a part of the technique…

The earliest operating systems were developed in the 1950s and included FORTRAN and SAGE, which was a military weapons monitoring system. Batch systems were the next types of operating systems to be created, and batch systems also eliminated the need for professional computer operators because the operating system could schedule tasks and load programs.

The early 1960s saw the development of SABRE, which was widely used in the airline industry. Operating systems flourished in the 1970s, especially through the creation of Unix. Unix, developed in ATT&T Bell Labs (now Lucent) led to the creation of Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD) and other open source coding. Finally, in the 1980s, operating systems like MS-DOS, Macintosh, and Amiga OS were created and were closely followed by such familiar systems as the Microsoft indows operating systems and the Mac OS X.

orks Cited

Milo (2000). "History of Operating Systems." Retrieved October 13, 2005 at…

Internet and Society

The Internet and American Society

In the history of humankind there have been very few inventions which have completely transformed human society. Inventions like the wheel, agriculture, astronomy and geometry have all transformed humankind from uncivilized barbarians into a creatures of culture and society. The invention of science, discovery of electricity, the atom, and other inventions have then propelled the human race forward into a more technologically society, one which is primarily an information-based society. As a result of these technological advancements, scientists have been able to create something that has again transformed human society, one which has in a relatively short time, infiltrated every aspect of scholarship, research, business, and life in general. Beginning with the computer, and an idea that many computers could be joined together and their information shared; scientists and researchers have created an interconnected system of personal, business, academic, research, library, and…

History Of Communication Timeline

TIMELINE: HITORY OF COMMUNICATION

(with special reference to the development of the motorcycle)

35,000 BCE.

First paleolithing "petroglyphs" and written symbols. This is important in the history of communication because it marks the first time humans left a recorded form of communication. Also, these written symbols became the ultimate source of later alphabets.

Wikipedia, "Petroglyph."

12,600 BCE.

Cave paintings at Lascaux show early representational art. This is important in the history of communication because the caves depict over 2000 figures, including abstract symbols. More recent research suggests these may record astronomical information.

OURCE: Wikipedia, "Lascaux."

3400 BCE.

First surviving umerian pictograms demonstrate a primitive form of record keeping. This is important in the history of communication because pictograms, together with ideograms, represent a primitive form of writing, in which a symbol either means what it looks like, or represents a single idea.

OURCE: Wikipedia, "Pictogram."

3300…

Itanium CPU

Itanium's design, the product of a partnership between Intel and HP, revolves around on a concept called EPIC (explicitly parallel instruction computing). All modern CPUs have some capacity of running multiple instructions from memory simultaneously. Most CPUs are looking for convenience to process instructions in parallel. EPIC shifts efficiency for this analysis from the CPU hardware to the programming language compiler used to effect the application.

As compilers get smarter and the Itanium platform evolves, EPIC's true ability is unveiled.

Intel's niche marketing campaign, which targets scientific, digital-media, cryptographic, large-database, and Web-caching uses, came about when the company realized Itanium's effectiveness of floating-point math and data handling. Floating-point calculations are used in a variety of things ranging from encryption to digital video encoding. Intel claims that the Itanium CPU accomplishes as many as 8 floating-point operations at the same time compared to two for its 32-bit CPUs. And…

Macs and PC. A copy of this is outlined to show and contrast the difference between Macs and PCs.

COMPAISON OF MACS AND PCS

Which is better: MACS or PCS? Macintosh computers are elegant and easy to use, but PCs are cheaper and have a vast array of products with them. The Apple computer has been around for a long time, but PCs are found in more stores. The best way to decide which is better for you is to try using both of them and comparing what is best. This is an information age dependent upon digital information.

A computer system refers to the computer and all of its equipment. Equipment like speakers, printers, keyboard, scanner, etc. is called peripheral equipment, sometimes shortened to peripherals'. The central processing unit (CPU) is considered to be 'the computer" (Hitmill 2).

There are several computer systems that are available. The two most…

icrosoft Office is the most popular comprehensive bundle of productivity applications in the world. It contains word publishing, spreadsheet, presentation, e-mail, and database software and is most often used with the icrosoft Windows operating system. It can also be used with the Apple acintosh. The icrosoft Office suite enjoys almost universal worldwide familiarity. The most recent version of S Office is Office XP, which is designed specifically to be compatible with the Windows XP environment.

Functionally, Sun StarOffice is very similar to icrosoft Office. The chief difference is that it is written using open source code and may be altered by programmers to match their specifications. It is the most popular system for Linux and Unix-based computers and utilizes an XTL-based interface. It is considered an 'alternative' to the Windows system because it is popular with developers, who often criticize icrosoft for the fact that the source code is unavailable…

Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, DB2, and Oracle are four of the most important and widely used database management systems (DBMS) in use in today's information technology field. This paper compares the four DBMS in terms of ten major factors: 1) price, 2) platform compatibility, 3) support services, 4) support for ERP and CRM high-end systems, 5) open or proprietary, 6) Ease of integrating information with other databases 7) support for data requirements for mobile and embedded devices, 8) reputation, 9) stability and backup, 10) recommended users.

All in all, this analysis shows that SQL and other open-source databases are excellent for providing support for medium-load business applications and ebsites. In contrast, proprietary databases like DB2 and Oracle seem to be much better suited to heavy-load business applications (Biggs). Despite this assertion, Microsoft's SQL Server 7.0 marked its aggressive and largely highly effective move towards heavier applications in government, finance,…

usiness Deliverables

Project Objectives and Justification

Company X is a consulting firm whose business and services involve hiring and deployment of IT professionals to clients. asically, company X assists clients to find applicants who may fit their employment needs.

The current operational procedures of Company X involve traditional methods of data access and storage, in that most of the essential information they need are basically paper-based. ecause we are already in the age of information, automated by technological developments, this paper finds it essential that Company X should improve its operational methods and processes.

The objective of this paper is to provide a proposal for automation of Company X's information access and storage. The application is to be called as Applicant MIS/DSS. y studying Company X's current operational flow, specifically in phases that involve access and storage of information, this paper aims to provide the company with a solution that,…

C++ programming language. Specifically, it will discuss the creation of the language and some of its applications. C++ is one of the most important programming languages in use today. It has revolutionized the computing world, and applications using the language are utilized by millions of people around the world every day.

Bell Labs scientist Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ Programming Language between 1983 and 1985. Initially, Stroustrup simply added some features to the C. Programming Language, and called it "C with Classes." Stroustrup added more alterations and functions and finally came up with C++, an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language. C++ evolved from a long line of languages that began in the 1960s with languages like FOTAN and Combined Programming Language (CPL) ("History," 2000). CPL eventually evolved into C (which first stood for "Cambridge" where it was developed, and later "Christopher," for Christopher Strachey, the scientist who helped develop it (Lohr, 2001,…

Debugging

Software quality assurance requires a continual stream of performance data including insights into which actions or tasks led to software code becoming more scalable, reliable and usable. At the center of software quality assurance is reliance on techniques for measuring variation in the quality of each individual code component, and the overall code base of an application (Kosar, 622). The concept of debugging has arisen out of the need for discovering logic errors or what is sometimes called "bugs" in the software code which cause specific features or the entire application to not work correctly (Kosar, et.al.). The origins of debugging and best practices in using them are defined in this paper.

Analysis of Debugging Techniques

Contrary to the many descriptions of debugging as being a somewhat random technique used for finding erroneous sections of code in a complex software program, the most effective approaches rely on a very…

Strategy of E-Procurement and IT Architecture

1a) Planned Strategy in E-procurement

A large number of organizations adopting electronic commerce (e-commerce) have identified e-procurement as an effective strategy that can be used to enhance the competitive market advantages. In a business environment, a traditional procurement faces challenges of a paperwork workload associated that includes a purchase order, delivery order, and statement of work, invoice, and payment. All these process increase an organizational cost of production. Typically, e-procurement eliminates this workload by assisting management purchasing or supplying goods and services electronically at lowest possible costs using the paperless transactions.

A report carried out by the CIPS (2013) reveals that the goal of e-procurement is to use the latest information technology to link suppliers and customers thereby improve the value chain process. In essence, the e-procurement is a critical component of e-commerce, and the major goal of an e-procurement process is to enhance…

Further, Oracle also has templates and process definitions for the electronics components market as well. Lastly the financial modules with Oracle can also be used for local government reporting in addition to SOX compliance.

For the small business of $2M their needs are drastically different than the $100M distributor that has offices across multiple geographies. The $2M company for purposes of this example is a manufacturer of air conditioning spare parts and is heavily manufacturing based. Their customer base is primarily throughout the U.S. Their primary need is for an accounting system that can has Accounts eceivable, Accounts Payable, General Ledger, Billing, Inventory Management, distributed order management and sales order management, all core functions of an accounting system (Collins, 2006). In addition this small manufacturer also needs support for Debt Collection, electronic payment processing, online payroll, timesheets and purchase requisition as well. All of these features can be found in…

Each of the databases exports a view of its tables or objects that conforms to the shared data model, so that queries can be expressed using a common set of names for properties and relationships regardless of the database. The queries are then translated so that they are actually run against the local data using local names in the local query language; in the reverse direction results may be scaled, if needed, to take account of a change of measurement units or character codes (Applehans, et al. 2004). The technological test of these systems is to create programs with the intelligence necessary to divide queries into sub-queries to be interpreted and sent to local databases, and after that to merge all the results that come back. Great progress has been made in methods for setting up efficient dispersed query execution and the constituent that does this is frequently called an…

Another approach is to define a test suite of applications, shell scripts and commands often run from a UNIX-based system that can simultaneously manage multiple tasks to test the e-commerce site and its applications (Shaw, 79). Another approach is to have an internal software quality audit of the site and stress test the key applications including the catalog and online ordering applications, in addition to the catalogs (Shaw, 82). Larger websites will do all of these and have a strategy in place for stress testing their sites to ensure a high level of performance and security over the long-term.

The best approach to finding a solution to any problems that arise is isolate each by the type of system that the problem is arising from and complete an audit of the sequence of events that cause the problem. Security audits are increasingly being used to track down how hackers are…

Finally, consideration of the Intel-based server function is relevant for support of the Microsoft Exchange email environment. In all cases, the Company holds licensure but is not the manufacturer of the solutions to the products used in the HR Department recovery strategy. Only it engineering staff with assistance from those product suppliers will offer full provision to risk management and immediacy during the recovery.

Recovery time objectives (RTO) and Recovery Point Objectives (RPO) to the CLIENT's Human Resource network in Lincoln are targeted as > 24 hours to point of completion. To this end, in terms of cost, the CLIENT's highest cost to risk factor is where Electronic Vaulting listed as #4 might be determined as priority during the course of initial assessment of a disaster at the site. The Lincoln location is a Warm Site #3 to Cold Site #2 in reference to the reported Survey data. It is…

Both ADP and enterprise replication are processes that are critical to having an enterprise-wide system perform at an optimal level (Chen, Chen, Maa, 2002).

The disadvantages of using Directory Services are the costs associated initially for creating and keeping them current, the need to have a staff of engineering and software experts on-hand to add functionality to the system as needed, and the complexity of integration across different Directory Services architectures at the operating system level. Directory Services can be extremely complex and when used for role-based access within enterprises, can lock employees out of their own files and systems and the ones they need to use for their jobs as well if only a slight variation is made in the security levels of the users. There is also the downside risk of technology obsolescence as many companies will standardize on a vendors' specific version fo Directory Services, only to…

This information was used to assess the level of compliance by drivers with company policies and procedures, as well as to ensure that all transportation of product was performed in a safe and efficient fashion.

Application of Engineering Knowledge and Skills: This project required an extensive review of existing GPS technologies and how they could be used to capture the requisite telemetry from the GPS-equipped vehicles in a real-time manner. In addition, the requisite telecommunications required to provide this information was thoroughly investigated and an optimal solution was developed that was based on these findings.

Delegated Tasks and How They Were Accomplished: With approval from the company's general manager, two tasks that were part of the overall engineering project were delegated to other team members who had the requisite expertise in order to successfully complete the project by the management-imposed deadline. These two tasks were as follows:

1. Recapitulation and…

The following diagram represents the structure of the idea.

Figure 2. Project flow pursuant to Plan Abu Dhabi 2030: Urban Structure Framework Plan

Objectives of the Study

The overarching objective of this study is to build a solid portfolio management application that connects all the local governments of Abu Dhabi emirates in ways that will allow them to collaborate on various projects pursuant to Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 through one unified system from their offices without wasting time on face-to-face meetings, as well as introducing the potential for the leaking of information through channels that provide the opportunity for unauthorized access. This objective also include the need to develop a solid it security infrastructure by building strategies, recruiting qualified staff, implementing the latest technologies and best practices as identified in the research.

The study was guided by the following specific objectives:

1. Achieve cost effectiveness once the portfolio management software…

Computer

IT Security Implementation

Provide a summary of the actual development of your project.

Because small corporations have to work under conditions of conflicting information technology in many instances, the requirement of maintaining these systems details entails far too many time-consuming processes that have to be carried out. This allows for the business to work in a logical order and promotes a more logical approach to the making of business decisions. The end result is organizational progress and consistent profitability. Thus, the lack of having an IT Security Policy Plan in place may keep the organization from reaching its organizational potential. This project's main objective and expected outcome entails designing a network security plan for implementation and then detailing the process of implementing the program. The purpose is to address the various aspects of having a written and enforceable technology security policy as well as describing an overview of the…

" (Muntenu, 2004)

According to Muntenu (2004) "It is almost impossible for a security analyst with only technical background to quantify security risk for intangible assets. He can perform a quantitative or qualitative evaluation using dedicated software to improve the security of the information systems, but not a complete risk assessment for the whole information system. Qualitative assessment based on questionnaires use in fact statistical quantitative methods to obtain results. Statistical estimation represents the basis for quantitative models." Muntenu states conclusion that in each of these approaches the "moral hazard of the analyst has influence on the results because human nature is subjective. He must use a sliding window approach according to business and information systems features, balancing from qualitative to quantitative assessment." (2004) qualitative study of information systems security is reported in a study conducted in U.S. academic institutions in the work of Steffani a. urd, Principal Investigator for…

The SBOH seems set to proceed with mandatory HIV reporting by name. That alternative is presently used by 30 other states. It is presently used by ashington for the other 52 infectious diseases with mandatory reporting. In that regard, it is an easy option to implement. Moreover, because name reporting is done already with AIDS, there is little room to justify different treatment for HIV than is already being given the full-blown version of the disease. There are concerns about privacy, given that unlike AIDS patients, HIV patients can live for decades. Reporting by name would have implementation issues for doctors and would give Public Health the most accurate and timely information possible to help them combat the spread of the disease. The privacy concerns stem largely from a distrust within the most afflicted communities of authorities, in particular the state government. There is the possibility that a significant portion…

An oveview of seveal honeypots and thei espective applications, thei level of involvement, and demonstated value to date ae povided in Table 1 below.

Table 1.

Types of honeypots by level of involvement.

Honeypot Name/Type

Desciption

BackOffice Fiendly

BOF (as it is commonly called) is a vey simple but highly useful honeypot developed by Macus Ranum et al. At NFR. It is an excellent example of a low involvement honeypot. BOF is a pogam that uns on most window-based opeating systems. All it can do is emulate some basic sevices, such as http, ftp, telnet, mail, o Back Oifice. Wheneve someone attempts to connect to one of these pots, BOF is listening and will then log the attempt. BOF also has the option of "faking eplies," which gives the attacke something to connect to.

Specte

Specte is a commecial poduct and what I would call anothe 'low involvement' poduction honeypot.…

This option would, however, allow the opportunity to eliminate the issues that stem from the existing policy and incorporate all of our objectives into our new policy.

The third alternative would also require approval from Congress, but would represent a less radical change. Such changes to the law could include bulking up the protections for homosexuals against harassment (in light of the lack of enforcement on the Don't Harass side of the policy); raising the threshold for discharge; the implementation of due process into the discharge process; or changing the discharge status to protect pension and benefit rights in light of a good service record. This alternative may be easier to implement than an entirely new policy because it would leave the homosexual ban nominally intact. This compromise could potentially be more palatable to both Republicans and military leadership.

The fourth alternative would provide a means to gather more information…

We do not anticipate success is securing a non-voted debt issue. Given the time frame for the completion of the Commons project, the city will weigh our request vs. The upcoming needs for school repairs and roadwork. Education is a touchstone issue for voters, and roadwork affects all voters in the city. hould council decide to issue any of their remaining non-voted debt capacity, it is unlikely they would choose to use it for the Commons project ahead of those two other priorities.

Voted debt, however, they can issue. If the public votes 60% in favor, council will not face the same concerns about opportunity cost. We will not be competing for money with schools. A voter-approved special levy would function in much the same way (financed through property tax increases) but requires only a 50% vote in favor. Although the capacity for such special levies is only $90 million,…