Welfare Essays (Examples)

Welfare is postulated as a privilege, but to many in the know, they urge that the term is a misnomer and, far from it being a privilege, it cripples the recipient.

The definition of welfare is actually too vast and ill-rounded for it to be pinned down. It is sometimes termed 'social solidarity' (The National eview, 2005) and the best definition we can give it is that the government or non-government entities, or a combination of the two, provides certain 'privileges' or distribution of goods to the less privileged members of society in order to accord them, at least, the fundamentals of living. These goods (such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, health services or housing) come with certain provisos, such as means testing or other conditions, and the category of people who receive it are very sharply and critically delineated. The system, too, is intended to be only for…

References

Gilens, Martin (1996). Race and Poverty in America: Public Misperceptions and the American News Media. Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 4, p. 516

Hallerod, B. & Larsson, D. (2008) Poverty, welfare problems and social exclusion International Journal of Social Welfare, 17, 15-25

The National Review. ( 2009-02-12). Ending Welfare Reform as We Knew It." http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NTY3NzZhNDBkNjU5MjAzZTE4YmQ4MmU5MTk2YTIxNTQ=n.

Schram, Sanford F (2005). Contextualizing Racial Disparities in American Welfare Reform: Toward a New Poverty Research. Perspectives on Politics 3, no. 2, pp. 253-268.

S. can face in terms of bankruptcy and poverty if the overall gap in the knowledge of the masses regarding social security is not filled. The sudden rise shown in the chart from the analysis done in 2004 is not an estimate that the government or voluntary organizations want to counter especially with the global financial crises that is currently weakening economic structures in the U.S. As well as the world. Many members of the government and the voluntary organizations setup for the provision of welfare benefits agree that the poverty and bankruptcy levels will likely get worse then the predicted measures if the measures to control them and the measures to spread awareness on the social security aspect are not set in place immediately.

Minimum wages and welfare:

In my opinion, one of the basic things that made a huge difference at Staten Island under one of the welfare…

References

Abramovitz, M. (2002) In Jeopardy: The Impact of Welfare Reform on Nonprofit Human Service Agencies in New York City. New York: Task Force on Welfare Reform, New York City Chapter, National Association of Social Workers, United Way of New York City.

Alexander, J., Nank, R., & Stivers, C. (1999) Implications of Welfare Reform: Do

Nonprofit Survival Strategies Threaten Civil Society? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector

Quarterly, 28(4): 452-475.

Welfare State

Over the past century, the welfare state in the United States has developed into a way of life as more and more people have become dependent upon it, both as consumers and producers of its services. As a result, we live in a large, expensive system of bureaucratic service delivery that consumes a good deal of the wealth created by Americans annually.

As the welfare system has increased in size, it has become increasingly difficult to scale back. In addition, many people have a vested interest in maintaining and expanding it. However, many argue that the need for a welfare state is decreasing and that the welfare state has outlived its usefulness.

asically, the welfare system does two things. For one, it provides many universal services, such as education, health care and retirement pensions. Secondly, it provides mean-tested payments that support those with little or no income. Unemployment,…

Bibliography

Richman, Sheldon. (2001). Tethered Citizens: Time to Repeal the Welfare State. The Future of Freedom Foundation.

Gentchev, Nicholas. (January 8, 2001). The birth of the welfare state. Newsday.

Paul, Ron. (February 13, 2003). Oppose the Federal Welfare State. Retrieved from the Internet at  http://www.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul80.html .

In our research, we find that there is something of a convergence of both philosophical ethicality and practical economy that emphasizes the value of the Neo-Classical approach. This may be said to draw its perspective from the utilitarian school of philosophical thought. According to the text by Albert & Hahnel, "by utilitarianism is here meant the ethical theory that the conduct which, under any given circumstances, is objectively right, is that which will produce the greatest amount of happiness of the whole; that is, taking into account all whose happiness is affected by the conduct." (Albert & Hahnel, 1)

This seems to espouse a view of social welfare which states that the degree to which the poorest amongst a nation's citizens are pulled up to the standards established by the rest of society is the degree to which the society itself can be said to have achieved a certain economic…

Works Cited:

Albert, M. & Hahnel, R. (?). Traditional Welfare Theory. A Quiet Revolution in Welfare Economics.

Besley, T. (2002). Welfare Economics and Public Choice. London School of Economics and Political Science.

EEA. (1994). Definition of Welfare Economics. .

WAU. (?). Neo-Paretian Welfare Economics: Misconceptions and Abuse. .

ather than providing welfare recipients a "hand-out" in the form of perpetual financial and other social services support, some observers suggest that a "hand-up" is more appropriate. In this regard, one approach that has proven highly effective in both reducing the prevalence of unwed teen mothers and helping these individuals -- and others -- get off welfare and stand on their own two feet is the WorkFirst program used in the State of Washington. The WorkFirst welfare reform program is intended to help welfare recipients find employment, gain advancement once they secure work, and ultimately become self-reliant and free of the need for continuing government assistance. Participants in the WorkFirst initiative are provided with broad-based assistance, including transportation, child care assistance, training in basic skills as well as vocational training; moreover, participants also receive food, clothing, and healthcare while they are active in the program. One of the fundamental goals…

References

Davis, Kathy, "Breaking the Cycle: Welfare Dependency and Family Planning," Policy & Practice of Public Human Services 60(4): 16-17.

Harris, Kathleen Mullan. Teen Mothers and the Revolving Welfare Door (Philadelphia: Temple

University Press, 1999).

O'Connor, Brendon, "The Intellectual Origins of 'Welfare Dependency," Australian Journal of Social Issues 36(3): 221-222.

elfare System Changes: Early Outcomes

The issue of welfare reform was the catch phrase, hot button topic for the majority of the two preceding decades in the United States. The questions that regional, state and federal government officials raised about the existing system and its exponential growth quickly developed from a snowball to an avalanche. The main concern expressed by the rhetoric was the alarming growth of the allocations being allotted to social service programs. The resulting rhetoric reflected through a prism that molded it into the idea that welfare had the wrong general purpose and needed to become less a way of life, as some people have seen it and more a transitional step toward self- sufficiency. Though the program's names have changed and many issues, both real and perceptual have been addressed by reform real changes have not been realized and the current economic downturn will prove just…

Works Cited

Bernstein, Jared. "Chapter 4 Welfare Reform and the Low Wage Labor Market: Employment,

Wages, and Wage Policies" in Hansan, John E., and Robert Morris, eds. Welfare Reform, 1996-2000: Is There a Safety Net?. Westport, CT: Auburn House, 1999.

Cammisa, Anne Marie. From Rhetoric to Reform?: Welfare Policy in American Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.

Hansan, John E., and Robert Morris, eds. Welfare Reform, 1996-2000: Is There a Safety Net?. Westport, CT: Auburn House, 1999.

Welfare

The American welfare state is best viewed through the lens of a liberal point-of-view. In fact, the American welfare state can only be viewed through the liberal lens, because a conservative lens tends to disavow the efficacy of social welfare programs. In the United States, conservative views discount the role of government whereas liberal points-of-view champion the ability of government to create a better society via collective quality of life improvements.

The American welfare state has not been as strong as it could be, partly because it is not rooted in strong traditions. Social welfare programs such as those that began during the New Deal have become somewhat entrenched, but there have been many instances in which the United States proves itself ambivalent toward social welfare programs. The American ideology and mythos is built on the myth of meritocracy, which is part of the problem.

Three economic schools of…

As for the "right" amount of social welfare system, it is difficult to judge. One key question becomes how much is a population willing to be taxed in order to fund the social safety net? In general, it seems that the Japanese model is more sustainable in that it combines taxes, governmental funding, and business contribution to find a funding balance that provides comprehensive care to the population while not reaching the egregious tax burdens of many European countries.

eferences:

Text

Blau, J. And M. Abramovitz. (2004). The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy. Oxford: Oxford

Democratic Deficit and the European Union - Comparing the institutions and political systems of Europe to other modern democracies one finds that they do not always appear particularly democratic and they often do not share a clear locus of political power or control. This phrase has particular meaning when discussing the European Union, which is…

References -- Text (Chapter 17) and "Voter Turnout in European Election Lower than Ever," (January 29, 2010). EurActiv.Com. Cited in:  http://www.euractiv.com/en/elections/voter-turnout-european-election-lower/article-117868 .

Government subsidies significantly offset childcare costs, thereby helping a family's net income to rise, as happened in Colorado where the income of single mothers on TANF rose by 54% on average due to not having any childcare costs. In terms of health benefits TANF allows its recipients to continue being eligible for Medicaid even after becoming employed so they do not have to be concerned about health care costs.

The Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP) began in April 1994 and was continued until being modified by TANF in January 1998. Gennetian, Miller, and Smith (July 2005) conducted a six-year research study into the impact that MFIP had upon families, including those headed by single parents. Through their work they found that the employment, earnings, welfare receipt, and income of single-parent families increased under MFIP up through the study's fourth year, after which these economic outcomes faded over time. The study…

References

Acs, G., Coe, NB, Watson, K, & Lerman, RI. "Does work pay? An analysis of the work incentives under TANF." Retrieved April 2, 2007 from Urban Institute Website:  http://www.urban.org/publications/308033.html 

Gennetian, LA, Miller, C, & Smith, J. "Turning welfare into a work support: six-year impacts on parents and children from the Minnesota Family Investment Program." Retrieved April 2, 2007 from the MDRC Website:  http://www.mdrc.org/publications/411/execsum.html

Welfare History

Chapter 7 List the Specific eforms that oosevelt Obtained in 1935-36.

Franklin oosevelt's New Deal took a 'Left turn' in the Second New Deal of 1935-36 after the Supreme Court had ruled several important First New Deal programs unconstitutional, particularly the National ecovery Act and Agricultural Adjustment Act. With the Social Security Act of 1935, FD created the basis for a federal welfare state that provided old age pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to the disabled and impoverished children. Its benefits were modest and limited at first, and Southern Senators had insisted on the exclusion of agricultural and domestic workers, who were mostly black. In addition, it was funded by regressive payroll taxes rather than general revenue, partially because FD wished to conceal its true nature as an entitlement (Jannsson, 2008, pp. 237-38). Almost as important as this New Deal centerpiece was the Wagner Act or National Labor…

Reference

Jannsson, D.S. (2008). The Reluctant Welfare State: Engaging History to Advance Social Work, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning.

What's more, 'poverty is most common among female-headed families' (Dye, 96). Conversely, families with two parents have a greater chance of avoiding poverty altogether. Blacks and Hispanics find themselves in poverty more so than Whites. Poverty many times is a temporary condition. In other words, when a person or family falls below the poverty line, they tend to rise above it at some point in the future. Considering the abovementioned groups, it is reasonable to say that young minorities who come from single-mother homes comprise the majority of those in transitory poverty.

Attempts to reform welfare are inherently limited as some portions of it are, as previously stated, bound for the middle class. Take, for example, Social Security. It 'is such a politically volatile topic that presidents have resorted to independent and nonpartisan commissions to recommend reform, rather than undertake to initiate reforms themselves' (Dye, 105). The programs that benefit…

References

Dye, T. (2004). Understanding Public Policy, 11th edition. Prentice Hall.

Economic Statistics Briefing Room (2005). Income. From www.whitehouse.gov/.

Federal Register (2005). Poverty Guideline. Federal Register (70, 33).

Frazer, N. (1994). Reinventing the Welfare State. Boston Review.

It is at this point when new ideas will be studied and analyzed as part of the process. This will ensure that a variety of perspectives are taken into account by government officials. (Bardach, 2000)

In the case of the PRWORA, this process means looking at the impact of these changes on recipients. Over the last several years, many officials are realizing that more people need the help of these programs to deal with the lingering challenges from the stagnant recovery. This has resulted in some of the provisions receiving greater amounts of scrutiny (i.e. The TANF). (Lichter, 2002)

As a result, actuaries are examining the lasting impact of these changes by reducing the number of people who are a part of the programs. While at the same time, it is concentrating on how these shifts are hurting those that are most vulnerable in society. Evidence of this can be…

Schmidt, S. (2000). Welfare Reform. NBER. Retrieved from:  http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10850.pdf 

Theodore, N. (2001). Welfare Reform. Urban Geography, 22 (5), 490 -- 492.

Zubri, D. (2006). Differences that Matter. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

A 1990's report that a New York-based firm, Manpower Demonstration esearch Corporation, filed states, "is the first carefully controlled research on the effect of time limits, which represent a radical departure from welfare policies of the past six decades and were among the most bitterly disputed provisions when Congress rewrote the nation's welfare laws" (Vobejda, 1998). This is referring to the Florida study that is in the earlier section of this paper.

Studies show that when faced with limitations on assistance they are more active in pursuing other options or in this case, employment or school. Vobejda concludes that studies like the Florida study referred to as the Family Transition Program, promoted the idea of allowing families to retain the welfare payments and receive a majority of their work training earnings. Of the 929 families tracked by the program that were set to lose their benefits by June of 1997,…

References

Francis, D. "Effects of Welfare Time Limits." National Bureau of Economic Research. 2010. Retrieved on May 7, 2010 from  http://www.nber.org/digest/jul01/w8153.html 

Vobejda, B. "Cut Off Welfare by Time Limits, Most Found Jobs, Fla. Study Finds." The Washington Post. Washington Post Newsweek Interactive Co. 1998. HighBeam Research. 7 May. 2010 .

"WELFARE REVOLUTION IS HAVING an IMPACT TIME LIMITS and WORK REQUIREMENTS CAUSING WELFARE ROLLS to DECLINE.(News/National/International)." Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO). Thomson Scientific, Inc. 1996. HighBeam Research. 7 May. 2010 .

Consistent with this, other findings propose that women are more likely than men to take part in violence in the home whereas men are more likely than women to take part in violence in public places.

Even though there is some evidence that mental illness is associated with violence, it appears that the bigger contributing factor is that of outside influences. Substance abuse appears to be the greatest contributing factor, but it can be something as insignificant as one's living arrangements or even just their gender. Overall people with mental health problems do not appear to be at an increased risk of violence.

References

Appelbaum, P.S., Robbins, P.C., Monahan, J. (2000). Violence and delusions: data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157,

p. 566-572.

Cottle, C. (2004). The role of social context in the prediction and management of violence among persons with mental illness. Dissertation…

The expansion of the article then proceeds to logically and statistically provide strength to the authors' arguments.

The authors minimize the probability of bias by carefully considering both the historical and current opposition views: 1) That the welfare reform legislation would result in disaster in terms of poverty and hunger; and 2) that any results to the contrary is connected to the financial stability of the country rather than directly to the reform program.

The authors, however, disprove both of these opposition views by means of historical and statistical fact. Their views are strengthened by the use of legitimate and highly respected sources such as the U.S. Census Bureau and USDA Economic Research Service. They use data from these and other entities to prove irrefutably that no historical period of financial stability can be compared to the results…

Furthermore, it is agreed that those who are working tend to earn low wages, about $7.00 per hour on average, thus making it difficult for them to support their families (Sawhill pp). Another concern is that the poverty rate has not fallen as much as the caseload (Sawhill pp). Fewer poor children are receiving assistance, and the incomes of the poorest one-fifth of single-parent families have continued to fall (Sawhill pp). Many families remain in deep poverty, and according to some reports, requests for emergency assistance have grown (Sawhill pp). Overall, some 700,000 families were significantly worse off in 1999 than their counterparts in 1995 (Sawhill pp).

Since welfare reform was implemented during an unprecedented economic expansion, questions remain about how much of the good news should be attributed to the 1996 law and how much to a strong economy or to the growth of other programs such as the…

Works Cited

Sawhill, Isabel. (2001, June 22). From Welfare to Work.

Brookings Review. Retrieved July 23, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Sommerfeld, David. (2002, March 01). Race, welfare reform, and nonprofit organizations. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. Retrieved July 23, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Welfare. Retrieved July 23, 2005 at http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575466/Welfare.html

For the year June 2000 there were 5,780,543 TANF families as against 14,111,992 TANF families during January 1993. (Total TANF ecipients by State)

Graph

The following graph shows the percentage of the U.S. population on Welfare since 1960. As it can be seen that there was a gradual rise from the year 1960 when the program was launched till 1972 after which there was a plateau phase till 1978. It remained range bound from 1979 till 1990 with minor rise and fall. The years 1993 and 1994 was the peak with more than 5.5% of the U.S. population covered under TANF. After 1994, coverage came down sharply from 1996 till 1999 when it was 2.5%. (Statistics: Percentage of U.S. Population on Welfare since 1960)

Percentage of the U.S. Population on Welfare Since 1960 http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/news/stats/uspops.gif

eferences

Action Alert- Ask for a Multiyear TANF Extension with Significant Child Care Funding. etrieved at…

References

Action Alert- Ask for a Multiyear TANF Extension with Significant Child Care Funding. Retrieved at  http://www.results.org/website/article.asp?id=965Accessed  on 12 May, 2005

Administration for Children and Families: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program. Retrieved at  http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/exsumcl.htm . Accessed on 12 May, 2005

Besharov, Douglas J. The Past and Future of Welfare Reform. Retrieved at  http://www.welfareacademy.org/pubs/welfare/pastandfuture.pdf . Accessed on 12 May, 2005

Gorman, Angie O. Playing the Rules and Still Losing Ground. Retrieved at  http://www.americamagazine.org/gettext.cfm?articleTypeID=1&textID=2419&issueID=397Accessed  on 12 May, 2005

Indian Welfare Act

There are few things in life as traumatic as losing a child. Unfortunately, this is a phenomenon that plagues humanity on a daily basis. Children are lost in many ways. Some die, some are kidnapped. Others are lost through adoption. For some mothers, adoption is an informed decision made on the basis of what the individual believes is right for her child. However, there is also a phenomenon of adoption that occurred during the 1960s and 1970s, in which mothers were more or less coerced in giving up their children for adoption. In many cases, this coercion also occurred without informed consent, where mothers were asked to sign documents without receiving full disclosure regarding the nature of such documents. This occurred disproportionately among Indian children, many of whom were forcibly removed from their parents during the 1960s and 1970s. This resulted in the Indian Child Welfare Act,…

References

"Indian Child Welfare Act -- Termination Of Parental Rights -- Adoptive Couple V. Baby Girl." Harvard Law Review 127.1 (2013): 368-377. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.

Jacobs, Margaret D. "Remembering The "Forgottern Child": The American Indian Child Welfare crisis Of The 1960S and 1970S. "American Indian Quarterly 37.1/2 (2013): 136-159. Academic Search Premier. Web, 24 Apr. 2014.

The second issue is the economic disparity between men and women, and the differences in their earning capabilities. Not only are women more likely to be single parents, they are also less likely to be given jobs then men, and are also apt to earn less at these jobs. The fact that even full-time employment in many cases did not provide enough of a living to support a family is a key indicator that something is wrong with society. Welfare is an attempt to address this problem, and even it falls short. This also leads to a feeling of injustice which is definitely felt by many on welfare, and is used to justify continuing payments by certain individuals DeParle mentions. In general, however, the families he depicts are struggling against external practical constraints and the inner struggle and strained energy reserves that this causes, with very real inhibitive effects on…

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Essay Prompt:
REPORTS should be as long as necessary, but no longer. Grading will be based on content, grammar, and style (i.e., professional appearance/neatness counts). Typically, the report should contain at least 12 double-spaced pages of real substance real substance does not include regurgitation of case background or tables, graphs, or appendices. However, your report should include all necessary,…

Mothers -- Transitioning from elfare to Corporate America

elfare in the United States is both a complex and controversial subject. The issue focuses on several aspects of public policy: economics, cultural diversity, actualization, incentives, education/training, taxation and even the actual role of the government. e first begin this study with an overview of the idea of a state welfare system, its origins, development, purpose, and particularly view the manner in which the welfare system has changed since the Great Depression. It is then important to understand the implications of the 1988 Family Support Act (FSA) and the change in attitude and policy regarding welfare, and the newer focus on finding ways to train, retrain, or educate those on welfare so they can find gainful employment -- particularly those who move into the corporate world. Challenges, interventions, and potential outcomes are examined, among which looking at the juxtaposition between the fiscal…

Works Cited

Burnett, R. (2010, May 28). Social Welfre: Does it Really Help or Does it Really Hurt? Retrieved from The Cypress Times: http://www.thecypresstimes.com/article/Columnists/The_Hard_Truth/SOCIAL_WELFARE_DOES_IT_REALLY_HELP_OR_DOES_IT_REALLY_HURT/30509

Galster, G. (Ed.). (1996). Reality and Research: Social Science and U.S. Urban Policy since 1960. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

Gyamfi, P., Brooks-Gun, J., & Jackson, A. (2005). Moving Towards Work: The Effects of Employment Experiences on Welfare-Dependent Women and their Children. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 12(2-3), 39-62.

Hamilton, G. (2002, July). Moving People from Welfare to Work. Retrieved from MDRC Policy Analysis:  http://www.mdrc.org/publications/52/summary.html

Nearly all of the existing models for financial redistribution available in American politics isolate potential applications on lines of income, while others divide along racial, ethnic, and religious lines to help insure the same standard of living for all of those in need -- adults and families included.

The current situation in America highlights the need to isolate welfare recipients further, by more than just income and instead to also take into account the idea of regional differences that foster not only varied opportunities of employment, but also a wide array of external sources of lifetime substance. Because America is still trying to balance the difference of tax revenues, budget allotments, and other sources of welfare subsidy, it is most important that both social scientists and legislators illuminate the regional discriminations that exist between the urban and rural poor.

Deavers, Kenneth L. "Social Science Contributions to Rural Development Policy in…

" (Barron et. al. 1994) third sociological explanation of individualist precepts is found in social learning theory:

Social learning theory tells us that people adopt others (particularly influential persons) as models for their own behavior. Widespread corruption and lawbreaking by society's leaders may therefore have a profound disinhibiting effect on the rest of the population. According to this thesis, the prevalence of crime and corruption leads to further crime and corruption. Thus, crime is, according to such an explanation, not merely related to antecedent conditions, such as poverty and general disadvantage, but can gather its own momentum. (Gabor, 1990)

Evaluate 2 of the sociological explanations:

The concept that all one needs to stop poverty is "rational self-interest and self-maximizing behavior" is ignorant of the real world at best and cruel beyond words at worst.

Social learning theory, it seems on reflection, would excuse almost any behavior on the grounds that…

References

 http://www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=97923049' target='_blank' REL='NOFOLLOW'>

275).

By conducting a peer led focus group the interaction between the participants allows for sharing of stories and experiences and opens up the lines for a deeper, more meaningful discussion. Instead of the participants directing their responses to questions and statements asked of the researcher to the researcher, participants will be able to converse with one another. The researcher will still be a part of the focus group, but his role will not be as prominent as it would be in a traditional style focus group. Instead, the researcher will observe, take notes and steer the group in the right direction if they start to discuss other topics which are not a part of the study.

Conclusion

Because this research deals with the dynamics of welfare recipients as opposed to how many people are on welfare, a qualitative approach is best. The only information that could be dealt with…

References

Berg, B.L. (2009). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (7th edition ed.). Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon.

Childstats.gov - America's Children in Brief: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2010 - Economic Circumstances. (n.d.). Childstats.gov - Home. Retrieved December 8, 2010, from  http://www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/eco.asp 

Lofland, J., Snow, D.A., Anderson, L., & Lofland, L.H. (2005). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis (4th ed. ed.). Gwenn Wilson: Wadsworth Publishing.

Murray, C. (2006). Peer led focus groups and young people. Children and Society, 20(4), 273-286.

Instead, the welfare system encouraged perpetual social dependency and provided a reason for poor people not to work at all when the most reliable method of achieving financial independence (besides continuing education) is precisely, to begin working at minimum wage jobs while gradually learning skills and establishing contacts and a record of regular employment that are essential in the long- term goal of qualifying for better work in time (Healey, 2003 p56).

The Need for Welfare Reform:

While elements of government assistance programs are still subject to epidemic abuse (Schmalleger, 2007 p104), the reconfiguration mandated by Congress in 1996 are designed to rectify some of the most glaring problems plaguing the federally administrated programs previously. First and foremost, the new state-run welfare programs must, by federal law, establish caps limiting welfare eligibility to discourage perpetual (even permanent) reliance on public funds as a substitute for making the necessary effort and…

Bibliography

Healey, Joseph F. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change. London: Pine Forge (2003).

Henslin, James M. Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon (2002).

Macionis, John J. Sociology 9th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall (2003).

Schaefer, Richard T. Racial and Ethnic Groups. New York: Harper-Collins (2001).

Secondly, social welfare programs try to benefit most people. The recipients are not just poor households, the elderly, veterans, or students, but also farmers, petroleum companies, and affluent homeowners who receive support through tax deductions. And thirdly, social welfare does not substantially reduce income inequality. That is because the affluent receive far greater support from government-supported welfare than the poor. For example, deductions the affluent homeowners receive is worth $337 billion annually, which, as Macionis notes, "worth ten times as much as what the government spends to provide food assistance to low-income people" (43).

As Lauer and Lauer note, deriving from the study of consumer advocate Ralph Nader, there are four areas in the welfare system that are advantageous to the rich. Bailouts are given to large corporations to safeguard them from bankruptcy. Resource depletion, which allows large corporations to have the rights to minerals and timber leased at "bargain-basement…

Works Cited

Lauer, Robert, and Lauer, Jeanette. Social Problems and the Quality of Life, 12th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2011. Print.

Macionis, John. Social Problems, 3d edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall: 2008. Print.

Wildman, David, "Corporate Welfare vs. Social Welfare," Web. 22 March 2011

government welfare. Discussed: should the government provide fewer or more benefits for single parents on welfare. Thesis, three reasons to support, at least 4 quotes and paraphrases on each page from experts.

Should the Government Provide More or Fewer Benefits for Single Parents on elfare?

elfare reforms have been a continuous debate for years. The latest reform regarding single parents and government benefits has stirred controversy and initiated studies to determine the effects of new policies. hile many critics believe the new reforms are too harsh and simply increase the number of poverty level families, the new policies with reduced benefits are making a positive significant impact in reducing the number of single parent recipients and placing them in the employment arena. Therefore, the government should provide less benefits to single parents on welfare.

Many critics argue that the economy is responsible for caseload declines (New B7). However, according to…

Works Cited

Adkisson, Richard V. "Welfare reform: What are the numbers, and does anyone care?" Journal of Economic Issues. March 01, 2001; pp 184.

New, Michael. "Helping the Poor: Strong Work Requirements are the way out of Welfare." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 01, 2002; pp B7.

Welfare Reform - More Research Needed on TANF Family Caps and other Policies for Reducing Out-of-Wedlock Births." Government Accounting Office Report. September 11, 2001. http://ask.elibrary.com/getdoc.asp?pubname=Government_Accounting_Office_Report&puburl=http~C~~S~~S~www.emediamillworks.com&querydocid=:bigchalk:U.S.;Lib&dtype=0~0&dinst=0&author=&title=WELFARE+REFORM+%2D+MORE+RESEARCH+NEEDED+ON+TANF+FAMILY+CAPS+AND+OTHER+POLICIES+FOR+REDUCING+OUT%2DOF%2DWEDLOCK+BIRTHS++&date=09%2D11%2D2001&query=welfare+and+single+parents&maxdoc=24&idx=5.(accessed 12-01-2002).

POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS & IMPLICATIONS FO SOCIAL POTECTION POLICY & POGAMS IN AFICA

SOCIAL POTECTION POLICY AND POGAMMES IN AFICA

Analysis and Implications for Social Protection Policy and Programs in Africa

Analysis and Implications for Social Protection Policy and Programs in Africa

the role of the welfare state

The perception of welfare state requires the government to promote and protect the social well-being of citizens and their economic situation. This is guided by the doctrine of public responsibility, capital sharing, and equal opportunity. The general term covers a wide variety of social and economic organization. Social welfare is an imprecise and encompassing term. In most cases, it is defined in terms of interventions and organized activities or some other elements that suggest programs and policies aimed at improving the well-being of individuals at risk and responding to recognized social problems. (Handa, Devereux, and Webb, 2011) have shown that the concept…

References

Atkinson, A.B. (1995). "Incomes and the Welfare State. Cambridge" Cambridge University Press

Bender, K., Kaltenborn, M. & Pfeiderer, C. (2013). "Social Protection in Developing Countries: Reforming Systems" Routledge

Berg, A & Ostry, J.D (2011). Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin?" IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/11/08, International Monetary Fund

Bradley, D., Huber, E., Moller, S., Nielson, F. & Stephens, J.D. (2003) "Determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies" American Sociological Review 68:3:

However, there have been both positive and negative outcomes from these changes. Some of the positive changes are: reduced welfare caseloads, they have increase unemployment / income levels for the recipients' and it improves family security. While some of the negative outcomes would include:: low wages, dead end jobs, difficulty obtaining health / child care and inconsistent performance from social workers. This is significant, because it shows how the law has made an impact upon reducing the overall amounts of waste. Like any change there will be obvious positive and negatives outcomes. In the case of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, these changes would impact the way various social services are provided, to low income individuals and families.

ibliography

Types of Poverty. (n.d.). Haki Kazi.org. Retrieved from http://www.hakikazi.org/zwp/types_of_poverty.htm

Types of Poverty. (2007). Society Forward. Retrieved from http://societyforward.blogspot.com/2007/08/7-types-of-poverty.html

Anderson, S. (2004). Difficulties After Leaving TANF. Social Work. 49…

Bibliography

Types of Poverty. (n.d.). Haki Kazi.org. Retrieved from  http://www.hakikazi.org/zwp/types_of_poverty.htm 

Types of Poverty. (2007). Society Forward. Retrieved from  http://societyforward.blogspot.com/2007/08/7-types-of-poverty.html 

Anderson, S. (2004). Difficulties After Leaving TANF. Social Work. 49 (2), pg. 185.

Grogger, J. (n.d). Conflicting Benefits. Rand. Retrieved from  http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/rr.12.02/benefits.html

Last year, 76 minors were homicide victims."

The child has lost her life and the government is now trying to take actions to revamp the system. Under the new system, Children's Trusts will be set up "at the local level to bring experts - psychologists, social workers, education officials - together, with a local director ultimately accountable."

There may appear to be few similarities between EPL and current social welfare policy but when we closely study their impact, we fail to accept the notion that a lot has changed. EPL was ineffective in controlling child-related problems. Children were subjected to cruel working conditions, they had hardly any proper means of nutrition and overseers probably did not care much about them. The same is true today. While there are protection agencies, social workers and others working for welfare of children, there is little if any improvement in their condition especially in…

REFERENCE:

1. Mark Rice-Oxley, Child-abuse tragedy spurs British overhaul of social services; the government unveiled a plan last week to keep better records on children and streamline the bureaucracy.(WORLD) the Christian Science Monitor; 9/16/2003

2. Bliss (1908), "Elizabethan Poor Laws" pp. 918-920.

In this case there are differences due to the income level of the person who is replying.

The Americans who are making more than $34,000 a year generally say that the persons getting aid from welfare could manage their own lives without help from the government if they really tried, while the replies from the lower income groups feel that they could not manage. This continues on in the opinion of the comparatively richer group to say that the people getting poverty assistance could manage without assistance as they get the assistance without having to do anything for it. This continues on with persons having little knowledge of the changes in law that has come up. Only half the respondents were aware of the changes in the law. However of the persons who are aware of the changes in the law 61% think that the new law is working well,…

References

America's most costly welfare recipients are Fortune 500 companies. Cato Institute News Releases. June 30, 1999. Retrieved at  http://www.cato.org/new/catonew-06-99.html . Accessed on 30 June, 2005

Bumpass, Larry. Ryder, N.B. The Changing Contexts of Parenting in the United States. Retrieved at  http://parenthood.library.wisc.edu/Bumpass/Bumpass.html . Accessed on 29 June, 2005

Cauchon, Dennis. State, local spending up despite downturn. USA Today. 14 January, 2003. Retrieved at  http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-01-14-state-budgets-usat_x.htm . Accessed on 30 June, 2005

Danziger, Sheldon; Loury, Glenn; Murray, Charles; Wilkins, Roger. Does Welfare Cause Illegitimacy? 9 April, 1994. Retrieved at http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/murray-loury-welfareAccessed on 29 June, 2005

TOUGH LOVE, a Documentary about the Child Welfare System
Directed by Emmy-nominated director, Stephanie Wang, Tough Love depicts the life and struggle of a couple, Patrick (hailing from Seattle) and Hannah (hailing from the city of New York), as they traverse the US child welfare structure’s red tape to reclaim custody over their kids. The two have undergone the trauma of having their children taken away by governmental authorities. The film features vérité-type footage, besides exclusive views of child welfare courts, portraying a personal and intimate record of the couple’s challenges and victory while they tackle prior mistakes and try to assert their eligibility to enjoy another chance at raising their children. All through the course of the movie, the kids’ foster parents are shown, in addition to judges in charge of the case and child welfare specialists who can clearly grasp the working of this complicated system (Stephanie, 2015).…

Interpretive sociology does not agree with the thought that behavior is related to society as effect is related to cause since this entire idea is dysfunctional with that which composes social life in reality. Interpretive sociology holds that understanding of our fellow man should be the pursuit of each day as sense is made of their individual societal existence. Seeking to understand is the concept held in interpretive sociology instead of the seeking of an explanation. Therefore it is understood that "structural" or that of Marxism and Functionalism (i.e. The interpretive/interactionist/social action sociologies) as well as Weber's interactionism, ethnomethodology and the Structural arguments in sociology that a "science of society" is likely. Therefore, there exists an agreement even among the interpretive sociologies. The natural science argument is based on "cause and effect" principles. That claim that the behavior of humans is the effect of some cause in society or class…

Bibliography

Townsend, Peter (1970) the Concept of Poverty. Heinemann Weber, Max (1958) the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

Gilbert (1999) Social Research Update No. 27 University of Surrey Department of Sociology

Marx, Karl (1970) first published 1870 capital Vol.1 Penguin.

Sanjeev Prakash is Director of the Environment, Technology and Institutional

UK elfare

The following review of current literature is categorized by a number of variables. Statistics and Data initiate the report and is quickly followed up with Policy Literature. From there, an Academic Literature Review focusing on five articles (with corresponding studies and citations) takes place. After the Academic Review comes a Relevant Campaigning Review and a Media Review. Finally, a quick conclusion ties the literature together in a neat little bow.

The charts below provide data that allows researchers to understand exactly how significant the problem is. Chart A (see below) shows the rates of pregnancies in the UK broken down by age. As is evident, since 1990 pregnancy rates for older women have been rising significantly, while the rates for those woman under 29 years of age (including teenagers) have been holding steady, or slightly declining for the most part. Since current public policy was first initiated in…

Works Cited

Arai, L.; (2003) British policy on teenage pregnancy and childbearing: The limitations of comparisons with other European countries, Critical Social Policy, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 89 -- 102

Bingley, P.J., Douek, I.F., Rogers, C.A. And Gale, E.A.M. (2000) Influence of maternal age at delivery and birth order on risk of Type 1 Diabetes in childhood: Prospective population-based family study, British Medical Journal, Vol. 321, pp 420 -- 424.

Brewer, M.; Ratcliffe, A.; dSmith, S.; (2011) Does welfare reform affect fertility: Evidence from the UK, Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp. 245 -- 266

Doling, J. & Ford, J.; (2007) A union of homeowners? European Journal of Housing Policy, Vol. 7, pp. 113 -- 127.

United States is a country of settlers, anti-immigrant sentiment has permeated public discourse and is damaging the social fabric of the nation. Early anti-immigrant sentiment is symbolized most powerfully by the Nativist movement, which closely resembled white supremacy (Committee on US-Latin American Relations, 2014). What fueled anti-immigrant sentiment included fears of losing jobs and other conflict theory perspectives showing how immigrants are perceived of as threats to the existing social order (Social Work Speaks). The NASW Policy Statement supports the rights of immigrants and refugees to live without discrimination.

Committee on US-Latin American Nations (2014). Similar Anti-immigrant rhetoric used throughout US history. Retrieved online: https://cuslar.org/2014/10/23/similar-anti-immigrant-rhetoric-used-throughout-u-s-history/

NASW Policy Statement

Social Work Speaks

The pre-Civil War/antebellum era was tumultuous, with a series of failed political compromises leading to a breakdown of morals and ethics. At the same time, there were reform movements most notably the abolitionist movement, that took root as a…

benefiting from U.S. social welfare funds? Is it just the poor, or are other groups also receiving financial benefits from the U.S. Treasury? This paper delves into those issues and provides credible resources to ferret out the real facts.

Not for people in poverty exclusively: After pointing out that the Reagan Administration's conservative agenda created an "historic shift" in welfare benefits, journalist Mimi Abramovitz reports that subsequent to the Reagan cuts social welfare programs in fact dole out more taxpayer money to "middle and upper classes" than to poor people (Abramovitz, 2001). The federal government (in 2000) spent $235.9 billion on assistance programs for those in the low income bracket, and yet some $793.9 billion of taxpayer money went to programs that "do not use poverty or need as a criteria…" (Abramovitz, 299). Moreover, the Social Security (and other social insurance programs) "grants" increase with inflation, allowing the purchasing power…

Works Cited

Abramovitz, M. (2001). Everyone Is Still on Welfare: The Role of Redistribution in Social

Policy. Social Work, 46(4), 297-307.

Ahmad, F., and Iverson, S. (2013). The State of Women of Color in the United States. Center for American Progress. Retrieved October 2, 2014, from http://wwwamericanprogress.org.

Lawler, J. (2013). The Hidden Welfare State Is Regressive. The Mark-Up. Retrieved

He believes that social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are both to the greatest benefit to the least advantaged and that offices and positions of authority be open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (Piccard).

Rawls contends that in order for distributive justice to work social and economic process must exist under suitable political and economic institutions. He calls for the establishment of four background institutions or branches, in the government to ensure equity of justice. The allocation branch ensures that the pricing system is competitive and that no individual or corporation forms unreasonable market power. The stabilization branch endeavors to bring about reasonably full employment opportunities for those that want to work. The transfer branch guarantees a certain level of well-being. Finally, the distribution branch strives to preserve an approximate justice in distributive shares by means of taxation and the necessary adjustments…

Works Cited

James, Louis. "Libertarian Party on Welfare & Poverty." On the Issues. Source LP News. 1 April 1999. 13 Fedruary 2011.

Loo, Dennis. "Libertarianism and Poverty." The Ethical Spectacle. April 2003. 13 Fedruary 2011.

Piccard, Dick. "A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls." Ohio.edu. 4 April 2005. 13 Fedruary 2011.

Rawls, John. "An Egalitarian Theory of Justice." A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.

Family preservation services have been defined as short-term, family-focused services designed to assist families in crisis by improving parenting and family functioning while keeping children safe (Services, N.d.). While it has typically been the case that many social service departments would rely on the foster care system for child safety issues, family preservation services became a popular alternative when it was recognition to be more beneficial for the children who need a safe and stable family environment. It has been realized that separating children from their families, such as is the case when they would enter foster care, can be traumatic for them and leave them with negative consequences that can last indefinitely. Therefore, instead of looking at the child as a sole individual, the family preservation perspective broadens the scope of the welfare to include the entire family unit.

The model for the services is founded on the belief…

Mental Health, and Welfare

Society, mental health and welfare:

A problem related to counseling (under-insurance) and a social problem (the lack of adequate healthcare coverage)

The course text Social action: A mandate for counselors discusses the ethical implications of such issues as race and social injustice in the counseling profession. However, perhaps even more important than these factors is the issue of class, specifically the affordability of counseling on an individual basis. Wealthier individuals with better insurance or who can afford to pay 'pout of pocket' often have the luxury of 'talk' therapy that poorer people, or people without adequate health insurance, lack. This creates a 'haves' versus 'have not' situation in terms of the availability and the quality of counseling. Poorer individuals with minimal insurance coverage for mental health care are often offered fewer counseling sessions, or have their psychological complaints treated as medical disorders, rather than fully addressed…

References

Considering some practical matters. (2011). AMHA (American Mental Health Alliance).

Retrieved June 8, 2011 at  http://www.americanmentalhealth.com/index.tpl?page=10737827503031878 

Harris, G. (2011, March 6). Talk doesn't pay. The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2011 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/health/policy/06doctors.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=psychiatrist%20talk%20therapy&st=cse

Ethics and Best Practices

Social assistance as a tool to combat marital issues

Michelle's former husband would probably be inclined to resort to unorthodox methods of accessing her files. As a consequence, I would get actively involved in providing him with the opportunity to see things from a general perspective. By emphasizing the fact that he risks facing legal problems if he continues to harass his wife, I would attempt to enable him to move on with his life and accept that Michelle does not want to see him anymore. My role is to respect Michelle's position in this situation and this would require that I employ a hostile attitude with regard to showing her husband information concerning the woman.

Michelle is likely to cooperate with me in the process of informing her husband with regard to the condition their relationship is in. The fact that she has a history…

Addams included a large amount of environmental reforms in her program for Hull House. One of the most prominent incorporated her labors to address the unhealthful heaps of garbage in immigrant areas because of a lack of public interest. The mayor of Chicago ultimately appointed Addams garbage inspector for her region a job that she took very seriously. Addams managed garbage collectors and took violators of garbage policies to court. Even though Addams and her associates frequently started reforms, the immigrants had a dynamic role as well, helping in knowledge gathering and its communication to their neighbors (Settlement House Movement, 2011).

ichmond's devotion and professionalism, along with her scientific charity has been documented and developed over the years. Her casework practice, managerial talents, research, and stress on social work education fashioned a professional environment in what was beforehand thought to be just charity work. This professionalized social work permitted philanthropic…

References

Settlement House Movement. (2011). Retrieved March 23, 2011, from Web site:

http://www.pollutionissues.com/Re-Sy/Settlement-House-Movement.html

Smith, Mark K. (2002). Casework and the Charity Organization Society. Retrieved March 23,

2011, from Web site:  http://www.infed.org/socialwork/charity_organization_society.htm

The model used is that of the logistic egession in which the elation between the length of employment and job etention has been established. The model depicts vaiance in the levels of the dependent and independent vaiables between the two paametes of the study. This is the eseach design in the aticle. Desciptive statistics entails some demogaphic findings that guided the study and data exploation. The deteminants ae caied upon the hied wokes in vaies companies. Males and females ae used in vaious ways. They depict thei elative infomation as egads infomation in welfae befoe and afte hie. Fom the eseach, males ae shown to be eaning moe than compaably educated and expeienced females hied in the fedeal sevice. Females ae oveepesented along the lowe-level fedeal employees. The high level of female employees in the fedeal system shaes the same epesentation among women in the national setting. The study involves…

references keep changing from one cohort of employees to another. As such, the employment rates in the United States of America, most of which are mired by high rates of unemployment, are predictable from the various methods used to carry out the study. The research concludes that the welfare-to-work employees do not have lower rates of job retention as when compared to non-welfare-to-work employees. This is contrary to what the study had hypothesized earlier.

Reference

Gooden, S. T & Bailey, M. (2001). Welfare and Work: Job-Retention Outcomes of Federal

Welfare-to-Work Employees. Public Administration Review Vol. 61, No. 1: pp. 83-91

Parental Rights and Children's Welfare

Sociological Analysis on Parental Rights vs. Children's Welfare: Structural-Functionalist, Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives

Studying the structure and dynamics of society entails not only analyzing the elements that comprise it, but also the general or 'bigger picture' of what society is -- that is, analysis of social structure and dynamics must be at the macro and micro levels. Indeed, sociological phenomena are analyzed and studied by social scientists using various theoretical perspectives formulated in order to provide researchers, as well as their audience, a look into the various interpretations that people give to explain specific events or realities experienced by the society and the individual. In the field of sociology, among these theoretical perspectives are the structural-functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist traditions.

A particular example illustrating the discussion above is the analysis of parental rights and children's welfare, considered as an essential sociological phenomenon affecting…

International Social Welfare Organizations

Over the last several decades, the role of the social worker has been continually evolving. Part of the reason for this, is because a wide variety of problems have emerged that are highlighting the challenges facing many societies around the globe. This significant, because it means the responsibilities for social workers are adapting (based upon these shifts). To fully understand these transformations requires reviewing and critiquing four different articles on the subjects. Once this occurs, it will provide the greatest insights as to how the roles and responsibilities of social workers are continually changing.

International Social Welfare Organizations

The article titled International Social Welfare Organizations is discussing the role of NGO's in addressing a variety of social issues. Currently, there are about 50 thousand NGOs that are operating around the world (which is increasing). The reason why, is because there has been a shift in political…

Bibliography

International Social Welfare Organizations. (n.d.).

Campfens, H. (1996). Partnerships in International Social Development. International Social Work, 39, 201 -- 223.

Karabanow, J. (2003). International Social Welfare Organizations. International Social Work, 46 (3), 369 -- 386.

Peters, J. (2001). NGOs in the Service of Imperialism (128 -- 139). Globalization Unmasked. Halifax: Fernanan.

history there has been a major hypocrisy when it comes to children and the way they have been treated. On the one hand children are the most precious commodity on earth. They are the future politicians, doctors, and evangelists that will grow up to lead the world. They are the people who will eventually cure disease, invent marvelous contraptions and change the world. By all intents and purposes children are the world's most precious commodity and those in the United Kingdom are included in the lot. However throughout the history of the United Kingdom children for the most part have not had a lot of rights or protections afforded them. In more recent history this pattern began to change and as those changes took place the true nature of the wrongs of the past came to light. As the United Kingdom continued to work toward change the issue of children's…

References

Graham Hiscott,(2002). UK law on hitting children outdated., Birmingham Post, pp 6.

Author not available (1999). UK GOVERNMENT: UK moves to safeguard children's rights., M2 PressWIRE.

Children's rights in the UK (Accessed 5-5-2003)

 http://www.unicef.org.uk/aboutunicef/issues/rights4.htm

Immigrant Welfare Policy Summary & Critique

Immigration into the United States has historically come in waves, with the current upward trend beginning in 1965 and gaining steam through the 1980s, to the point where nearly one million immigrants a year, on average, have been admitted to the United States throughout the 1990s and the current decade. any of these newer immigrant gained legal status as U.S. citizens through back or side doors, such as entering the country with a temporary visa and then applying for citizenship, or even seeking citizenship after living as an illegal immigrant for some years. Such side-door entry has had a significant impact not only on the number of immigrants made citizens each year, but also on the ability of these immigrants to adequately provide for themselves and their families without depending on federal assistance.

This has inextricably tied the issue of immigration to that of…

Martin and Midgley (2006) do not really present an argument in their paper, but rather an overview of the current immigration situation. The same is largely true of Currie's article concerning Medicaid (1997). Both of these articles detail the complexities ofteh problems this country is facing, but fail to provide any sense of appropriate direction. Martin and Midgley especially merely detail the trends that have been observed in immigration, without offering any real solutions on how to deal with the ongoing immigration explosion. In suggesting that we could be experiencing a historical immigration peak before dipping into the trough the follows, the authors reaffirm their own conclusions without providing any immediately useful value judgments. The converse, however -- that is, behaving as though this were not a peak but simply a new trend in immigration -- renders the rest of their historical argument moot.

Currie provides somewhat more useful exploration and analysis of the conclusions he draws from his hard data. Yet while clearly suggesting that Medicaid reform is necessary in regards to immigrants, if only to make the program more equitable across regional, familial, and ethnic lines, he fails to note the added costs of medical care for children and other immigrants who are either not eligible for or are not receiving Medicaid benefits. There is a brief mention in the editor's note of emergency costs outstripping preventative care, but more in depth explanations and analyses are needed to make this argument logically viable (which it certainly is).

The shorter articles that comprise this reading deal with specific areas of the immigration aid issue in similarly quantitative ways, while rarely mentioning the qualitative aspects or making recommendations. The logic used is impeccable, but the scant number of real conclusions drawn in these articles does not make this especially impressive. For instance, while Ku (2001) and Capps et al. (2005) respectively note the lower rates of heath insurance amongst immigrants and the lower success rates of immigrant children in the No Child Left Behind Act, neither provides information regarding a response to these issues other than suggesting that reform is necessary. The same is true of Ruby's (2004) article concerning the need to ensure success for children in the early years of formal schooling. Few would argue that things like health insurance and adequate education are less beneficial or necessary to immigrants than they are to U.S. citizens; the questions is who ought to -- and who is wiling to -- pay for these things. This country has always had an interesting relationship with the concept of taxation, and this issue lies at the heart of the matter.

absolute measure" of poverty is not an accurate measure of policy in the United States. The "absolute measure" is based on the threshold below which any family is unable to meet basic needs for living, or those having not enough income for food, shelter and clothing. The thresholds are generally based on the economy food plan, since it was determined that families spend one third of their after tax income on food, or are adjusted based on changes to the Consumer Price Index. However, this method is not realistic in terms of modern society. The "absolute method" does not account for income such as food stamps, school lunches, or public housing, nor does it account for income expenses such as taxes, child support payments, medical costs, health insurance premiums, or child care. The model for poverty in the United States should be adapted to account for disposable income, and use…

" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, nd) Key provisions of the standards include protection in the areas of: (1) access to medical records; (2) notice of privacy practices; (3) limits on uses of personal medical information; (4) prohibition on marketing; (5) strong state laws; (6) confidential communications; and (7) complaints. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, nd)

III. EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT (ERISA)

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) is a federal law that places standards that are minimum to be met for "most voluntarily established pensions and health plans in private industry to provide protection for individuals in these plans." (U.S. Department of Labor, 2008) the requirements of ERISA include the provision of plan information and fiduciary responsibilities to participants and makes a requirement of establishment of "a grievance and appeals process for participants to get benefits from their plans; and gives participants the…

Bibliography

Employee Retirement Income Security Act - ERISA (2008) U.S. Department of Labor - Health Plans and Benefits. 19 Jan 2008. Online available at  http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/health-plans/erisa.htm 

Office for Civil Rights - HIPAA (nd) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Online available at  http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa/bkgrnd.html 

Protecting the Privacy of Patient's Health Information (2003) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 14 Apr 2003. Online available at  http://www.hhs.gov/news/facts/privacy.html 

Public Law 104-191 (1996) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. 104th Congress. Online available at  http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/pl104191.htm

Young Adults Housing Policy Does the Welfare System Encourage or Discourage Young Adults to ecome Pregnant in UK

The specific purpose of this research is to scrutinize the impacts of the UK enefits System on the growing demographic of teenage mothers. ut in order to track down the list of genuine impacts, one must first understand how the system works. Generally speaking, each credible or qualified group is broadly categorized into whether they are taxable or non-taxable. That is to say, those groups of deserving people such as the sick or the low income groups are entitled to the various bonuses they receive, provided that they fulfill a certain taxation criteria. {Inland Revenue, 2001}

Literature Review

Ingham (2005) in this article gives a detailed background and development of the Teenage Pregnancy Policy in England over the last few years which has become part of the National Policy. It gives the…

Bibliography

Arai, L. (2003).British policy on teenage pregnancy and childbearing: the limitations of comparisons with other European countries. Critical Social Policy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 23(1): 89 -- 102; 030496.

Ingham, R. (2005, September).Teenage Pregnancy Policy in England. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, Journal of NRSC, Vol. 2, No. 3.

Journal of Child Health Care, (2001, December). Review: Teenage pregnancy: a reflective analysis

5: 143-149,

But during the Bush Administration, great ideological and personal rifts occurred between members of the G8. The U.S. rejected the Kyoto Protocols on emissions, and refused to ratify the treaty. And "in September 2008, Russia's President Medvedev said Moscow did not fear being expelled from the G8 following criticism of its actions in Georgia," when "U.S. officials had said Russia's membership was at stake," in what ultimately emerged as an empty threat ("Profile: G8,' BBC, 2009). The Obama Administration, despite its great popularity, must work to mend these rifts and create consensus. But hostility to the U.S. has grown, as the current worldwide recession is largely seen as being caused by deregulation of the U.S. financial industry. Finally, the G8 meetings have been plagued by security issues as often violent opponents of globalization demonstrate outside of meetings decry the clout of an organization based upon the wealth of its members,…

Works Cited

"G8 -- The group of 8." Global Knowledge Contents. April 15, 2009

 http://www.editiondesign.com/fgf/knowledge/article004.html 

"Profile: G8." BBC News. August 18, 2008. April 15, 2009.

 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3777557.stm

This in turn generates a kind of societal morality. As a consequence, social order becomes an incorporated trait of everyday life. According to the theory, what people see as standards are indirect behavioral rules. Infringements of the standard lead to diverse amounts of punishment depending on how common the standard may be. Chastisements can come in the shape of being disqualified from one's social group, critical looks, or imprisonment in the case of harsh infringements like killing or assault (Jeanty, 2010).

As sociologists and historians examine social work, they often see a profession the spirit of which is social control. For them the language of therapy, assisting, or even empowerment masquerades a coercive center. Various recent literature of the vocation, conversely, has confronted the attitude of those researchers who depend on case reports as proof of what social workers in fact do in the field has highlighted empowerment in the…

References

Burford, Gale and Adams, Paul. (2010). Restorative justice, responsive regulation and social work. Retrieved March 23, 2011, from Web site:

 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYZ/is_1_31/ai_n6065937/ 

Chapter 4: The role of the social worker. (2006). Retrieved March 23, 2011, from Web site:

 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/02/02094408/8

Animal Advocacy Organizations

There are many local, national, and international organizations that advocate for the rights and welfare of animals, domestic and wild. Two of those organisations are PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) and the ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals). In this paper, the two will be compared and contrasted.

PETA & ASPCA

The ASPCA was the very first humane society to exist in North America, according to their website. Henry Bergh founded the ASPCA in 1866, who believed that animals have the right to be respected by humans, and to be treated kindly, and to be protected under the law. In fact the ASPCA was the first humane organization that has been granted "legal authority to investigate and make arrests for crimes against animals… [although the ASPCA] fulfills its mission through nonviolent approaches" (ASPCA).

PETA was founded in 1980, and their…

Works Cited

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). (2011). How to Recognize

Cruelty / About the ASPCA. Retrieved September 1, 2011, from  http://www.aspca.org .

Benz, Kathy, and McManus, Michael. (2005). PETA accuses lab of animal cruelty.

CNN.com. Retrieved September 1, 2011, from http://articles.cnn.com.

Evidence-based nursing interventions that will provide quality care to vulnerable populations

There is evidence in innovative health programs whose outcomes are Hospice care with increased patient and caregiver satisfaction costs lower than the conventional care; programs with community-based care reduces the severity of symptoms and results in a rapid functioning; for the frail elderly, it results in improved satisfaction; Patient empowerment, especially with the frail elderly and disabled adults, brings satisfaction and knowledge about their care; for the mentally ill, it lowers the rate of homelessness and for patients with diabetes or congestive heart failure, it decreases the morbidity. Usually, the beneficial effects were limited to the duration of the intervention (Aday, 2001).

There is evidence for enhanced patient satisfaction in the health care that emphasize continual care, multidisciplinary approaches, patient empowerment, and innovative approaches. Health care providers should also practice evidence-based care as it demonstrates the effectiveness. Patients with…

children actually came to be respected on account of the important role they play in the social order. Society previously believed that parents should be provided with the power to decide what they wanted to do with their children and the Bible actually emphasizes that Abraham was unhesitant about sacrificing his son, thus showing that the child was little more than a tool in his hands. As society progressed children continued to be treated with discrimination and those whose parents were unable to care for them resorted to becoming outcasts constantly in need of basic resources.

Society actually promoted attitudes that directly harmed children and saw the opportunity to exploit their vulnerability. Throughout time children were used as labor and were sexually abused by unscrupulous individuals. hile attitudes change during recent centuries, it was not until an 1838 Pennsylvania court removed children from the custody of their parents that the…

Works cited:

"Protecting Children When Families Cannot"