¶ … Personality a Comparison
Erik Erikson has a very detailed and thorough picture of the developmental stages that we each go through throughout our lives. There are eight major stages within the context of Erikson's psychosocial development. Each individual goes through each predetermined stage and develops either positively or negatively based on his or her relationships with others and the external world. These stages last from an individual's first breath to their last, with several stages in adulthood. The first stage set out by Erikson is that of Trust vs. Mistrust, which occurs from birth to a year old. This stage is where infants gain a sense of basic trust for their caregivers and environment, or fail to trust, therefore leading to a general sense of mistrust. The infant learns to trust some aspects, while not trusting others which are a basic survival mechanism and the foundation of future psychosocial development. Then, from 1-3 years old the toddler goes through Autonomy vs. Doubt, where the child either gains greater independence and autonomy, or fails this and begins to doubt themselves in the process. This sense of autonomy comes from activities such as toilet training and learning language skills in order to express themselves better as individual thinkers. After this stage comes Initiative vs. Guilt, which lasts from 3 to 6 years of age. This occurs during the play age and according to the research "the conflict of initiative vs. guilt produces the strength of purpose. Children now play with a purpose, competing at games in order to win or be on top" (Feist & Feist 2008 p 244). Next is the school age, where children from 7 to 11 experience the Industry vs. Inferiority stage. During this stage children either find they industrious by mastering new skills or feel inferior by being unable to complete more difficult tasks. This is a "time of tremendous social growth," where "school-age children learn to work and play at activities directed both toward acquiring job skills and toward learning the rules...
During adolescence, there is the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage, where the individual generates a more unique personality and sense of self. Finally, in adulthood there are three stages. Intimacy vs. Isolation is similar to Freud's genital stage in that the individual begins to seek out sexual and romantic relationships. Then there is Generativity vs. Stagnation in middle age individuals where adults learn to contribute back to their society and Integrity vs. Despair in old age when adults reflect on their lives with either satisfaction or unhappiness.
However, Erikson's theory of psychosocial development differs greatly from another major popular theory, that of the psychosexual development presented by Sigmund Freud. These theories are similar in that they break up the development of cognitive and behavioral functioning into similar staged during childhood. Erikson used the initial age parameters first set out by Freud's earlier theory. Erikson was initially inspired by Freud's theory, and so they do share a number of similarities. Thus, for the development of the childhood years, the theories match up in terms of when stages start and finish. Moreover, Erikson believed the stages outlined in his theory were all predetermined, and thus experienced by everybody as they go through life. However, the actual development which occurs in those stages is profoundly different in comparing the two theories. There are several clear differences, yet the main one is that Erikson sees the main driver for development as the social relationships one has with the outside world, whereas Freud believes that it is physical and predominately sexual development which influences psychological development. Erikson focuses more on the social relationships and experiences as the main sources for development. Thus, there is a stronger emphasis on the relationships we all have and how those relationships help or hinder our psychosocial development continuously throughout our lives. This…
