Landscape
Gypsy Moth Control and the Diana Fritillary (Speyeria diana): A Carolina Landscape in Conflict
The Gypsy Moth is an exotic pest and invasive species that feeds on the leaves in the middle branches and crowns of tress, and while populations tend to persist at low levels in some areas for quite some time sudden and as yet unexplained population explosions can lead to massive defoliations (Liebhold 2003). The Speyeria diana, commonly known as the Diana fritillary, is a butterfly species that inhabits the northwest counties of South Carolina and certain surrounding areas, with recent evidence suggesting that populations might be more widespread than previously thought; unlike many other fritillary species the Diana fritillary primarily populates wooded and shaded areas (Scholtens n.d.). The overlap of these two species is fraught with complications that threaten the survival of the Diana fritillary.
Environmental Issues
There are several significant environmental issues that need to be considered when addressing the effects of defoliation on Diana fritillary in the region, and in the development of a treatment plan to deal with the Gypsy Moth population. As an invasive and destructive species, the protection of Gypsy Moth populations is not a cause for consideration, but typical methods for controlling Gypsy Moth population growth and spread have been shown o have a direct impact on Diana fritillary populations (Scholtens n.d.; Liebhold 2003). Closer examination and careful consideration of these issues is necessary in treatment plan development.
Forested areas in the region occupied by Diana fritillary butterflies are already fairly slim and face numerous threats from direct and indirect human activity as well as other issues (National Park Service n.d.; Sterner n.d.). Maintaining forested areas should be the primary consideration in the development of a treatment plan for restoring and maintaining Diana fritillary populations, however the impact of various reforestation and defoliation prevention methods must also be considered in...
Landscape Modeling Xi, Weimin; Coulson, Robert N.; Waldron, John D.; Tchakerian, Maria D.; Lafon, Charles W.; Cairns, David M.; Birt, Andrew G.; Klepzig, Kier D. (2009). Landscape modeling for forest restoration planning and assessment: lessons from the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Journal of Forestry, 191-198. Retrieved September 10, 2011 at http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_klepzig021.pdf Landscape modeling is a technique used to evaluate the projected outcomes of various land management and restoration scenarios and strategies (Xi et al. 2009:
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Heart Darkness The Postcolonial Landscape in Heart of Darkness Published in 1899, the novella Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is to this date described as an absolutely critical text in expanding the scholarly discourse on colonialism and its inherently related forces of racism, exploitation and ethnocentrism. By its intent, one finds a text that delivers an unflinching portrayal of the clearly abusive, unethical and racially-justified atrocities fueled by both the greed
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