In Marge's case, we cannot immediately ascertain for certain what biological mechanisms have played a role in her episodic attacks. However, we can deduce that she is vulnerable to the general range of physiological symptoms relating to an anxiety disorder as a result of external triggers which may be socially, domestically or pressure-induced. It is also likely that her increased fear of the recurrence of her anxiety attacks is making her increasingly sensitive to their possibility.
Possible Treatments:
With respect to treatment, both biological and psychological paths are appropriate. First and foremost, it is appropriate to rule out the possibility that Marge is suffering from a heart condition. In doing due medical diligence, she should receive chest x-rays, blood tests, screening of vitals and stress tests intended to measure her heart health. In addition to elucidating any physiological causes for the symptoms she describes, greater awareness of her heart health may bring psychological equanimity to the subject.
Thereafter, Marge should be recommended for clinical therapy aimed at uncovering the root causes of her anxieties. By attempting to determine the sequence of events that tend to trigger anxiety-related panic attacks, an effective counseling course could help her to find ways of coping and preempting the onset of future attacks.
Marge may also be a candidate for medication as assistance for managing her anxieties. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM)(2011) "Antidepressants were developed to treat depression but are also effective for anxiety disorders. Although these medications begin to alter brain chemistry after the very first dose, their full effect requires a series of changes to occur; it is usually about 4 to 6 weeks before symptoms start to fade. It is important to continue taking these medications long enough to let them work." (p. 1) the NIMH indicates that the medication decision should be based on patient profiles...
While biological causes may heighten an individual's vulnerability, positive clinical psychology approaches can help to bring greater clarity to anxiety management strategies. Most importantly, proper counseling can represent the difference between the recurrence of attacks and the onset of a full-fledged disorder. According to Geyer (2001), psychology "provides a framework for understanding when and how things become less than normal for individuals and providing suggestions or solutions in that context." (Geyer, 1)
One weakness of psychological treatment is that it may be incapable of penetrating some of the core chemical predispositions discussed in the Biological Mechanisms section above. This is the primary strength of pharmaceutical treatment. Said strength is counter-balanced by the risk of side effects.
Conclusion:
Marge should likely be diagnosed with stress and anxiety attacks with the possibility of an anxiety disorder. Clinical psychological counseling is recommended to help refine this diagnosis and to discover the root cause of her condition. Marge may also benefit from a light course of anxiety-medication treatment.
Works Cited:
Dratcu, L. (2000). Panic, Hyperventilation and Perpetuation of Anxiety. Progressive Neuropsychopharmacology Biology and Psychiatry, 24(7), 1069-1089.
Geyer, P. (2001). A Normal Psychology: C.G. Jung's Psychological Types and the MBTI. Petergeyer.com.
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2011). Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. NIMH.NIH.gov.
Smith, M.; Robinson, L. & Segal, J. (2012). Anxiety Attacks and Anxiety Disorders. Helpguide.org.
WebMD. (2012). Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety & Panic Disorders Health Center.
