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¶ … Cancer risk factors associated with insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels in healthy women" (Barnes et al., 2009). The method for determining causality in this study was the statistical program R. In this, a variety of statistical tests were run on the data, including t-test, Chi-Squared, Fisher's exact test, and Pearson correlations. The study also sought to control for other factors. This is necessary because there are many different potential factors that can influence the development of disease. The control and study groups, and the statistical tests used, need to isolate the independent variable in order to demonstrate that it is a causal factor. This statistical work owes a lot of its underpinnings to Bradford Hill, but also the web of causation. The web of causation reflects that disease is related to many different factors. The factors may in turn influence each other. "All predisposing factors of any type and their complex relations with each other and with the disease" (Friedman, 1974) are taken into account in the web. Statistical analysis runs counter to the web, in that it seeks to isolate a single independent variable, which necessitates finding statistical means of removing the influence of the other factors. Yet, there is...
The Bradford Hill criteria indicate that statistical evidence should be produced in order to determine causality, that this evidence should be strong, consistent and reproducible. In this particular study, the sample size is sufficiently large that the data can be significant for the population studied. The different statistical tests are used to confirm the null hypothesis, and provide the consistent, reproducible evidence needed to fulfill the Bradford Hill criteria.
There are a few implications for public health policy that come from the findings in this paper. The paper showed that age at menarche and parity are both inversely associated with breast cancer risk. The were no clear associations with other risk factors and breast cancer. The authors also note that "there is no support for the mediating role of IGF proteins in the reduced breast cancer risk due to parity, and the evidence to date regarding age at menarche and circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 remains unclear"…
References
Barnes, B., Claude, J., Janys, D., Kinscherf, R., Schmidt, M., Slanger, T., Bonaterra, G. & Steindorf, K. (2009). Cancer risk factors associated with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 levels in healthy women: Effect modification by menopausal status. Cancer Causes Control. Vol. 20 (2009) 1985-1996.
Friedman, G. (1974). Prime of epidemiology. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved May 11, 2016 from http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/hanley/bios602/b-d-II-ch-1-2-3/Primer-Epi-Friedman-Ch01-03.pdf
Breast Cancer Pathophysiology Breast Cancer Advanced Pathophysiology Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. There are three general determinants associated with the cause of the disease: heredity factors, environmental factors, and hormonal factors. The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age, as 78% of cases are diagnosed in women ages 50 and older. Risk factors are distinguished by their respective etiological influences, such as family history, lifestyle, and
Preventing and Reducing the Risk of Pre-Menopausal Breast Cancer: A Proposal for Youth Education The incidence of pre-menopausal breast cancer is on the rise. In recent years many different factors have been identified that contribute to this increased risk. Among the more common include an earlier onset of menses, obesity or overweight in youth which pre-dispositions a person to breast cancer, use of hormonal replacement therapy and long-term use of oral
Breast Cancer ETIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER Breast cancer is the type of cancer that has been chosen for the assignment. Breast cancer is a cancer type that attacks the tissues in the breast of women. This cancer characterized by the presence of a lump inside the breast tissues, notable changes in the shape of the breast, the formation of dimples in the skin surrounding the breast, among others. The breast
How breast cancer changed Kobayashi’s perspectives on life and how the society has influenced on her perspectives about the disease? Introduction Breast cancer ranks among the top most common types of cancers among women all around the globe. In addition to being a dreaded disease, cancer, in general, attracts very culturally biased opinions. As a result, those who are diagnosed with cancer are ‘forced’ to manage the disease in silence, and in
Common approaches to further exploring the anxiety experienced by adolescent daughters of cancer patients have commonly included qualitative measures. Spira and Kenemore (2004) small vignettes of actual interviews are presented as to give further insight to the anxious tendencies regarding changes in familial roles and the relationship with their mother. This approach has several cons, including the in-depth exposition of intimate fears regarding such changes and loses. It can also
However, because healthy cells can repair damage more effectively, the cancerous cells in an area sustain more damage from the treatment. In order to help the healthy cells recover from the radiotherapy, after five days of treatment a patient will often have two days without the treatment. Radiotherapy may be used as a curative treatment, by which the aim is to completely cure the cancer and destroy the tumor. When